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Parasitology Nov 2023Of the 5 human malarial parasites, and are the most prevalent species globally, while and are less prevalent and typically occur as mixed-infections. , previously... (Review)
Review
Of the 5 human malarial parasites, and are the most prevalent species globally, while and are less prevalent and typically occur as mixed-infections. , previously considered a non-human primate (NHP) infecting species, is now a cause of human malaria in Malaysia. The other NHP species, , , , , and cause malaria in primates, which are mainly reported in southeast Asia and South America. The non- NHP species also emerged and were found to cross-transmit from their natural hosts (NHP) – to human hosts in natural settings. Here we have reviewed and collated data from the literature on the NHPs-to-human-transmitting species. It was observed that the natural transmission of these NHP parasites to humans had been reported from 2010 onwards. This study shows that: (1) the majority of the non- NHP mixed species infecting human cases were from Yala province of Thailand; (2) mono/mixed infections with other human-infecting species were prevalent in Malaysia and Thailand and (3) and were found in Central and South America.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Malaria; Plasmodium knowlesi; Primates; Asia, Southeastern; Plasmodium vivax
PubMed: 37929579
DOI: 10.1017/S003118202300077X -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023In 2021, India contributed for ~79% of malaria cases and ~ 83% of deaths in the South East Asia region. Here, we systematically and critically analyzed data... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
In 2021, India contributed for ~79% of malaria cases and ~ 83% of deaths in the South East Asia region. Here, we systematically and critically analyzed data published on malaria in pregnancy (MiP) in India.
METHODS
Epidemiological, clinical, parasitological, preventive and therapeutic aspects of MiP and its consequences on both mother and child were reviewed and critically analyzed. Knowledge gaps and solution ways are also presented and discussed. Several electronic databases including Google scholar, Google, PubMed, Scopus, Wiley Online library, the Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium library, the World Malaria Report, The WHO regional websites, and ClinicalTrials.gov were used to identify articles dealing with MiP in India. The archives of local scientific associations/journals and website of national programs were also consulted.
RESULTS
Malaria in pregnancy is mainly due to () and (), and on rare occasions to spp. and too. The overall prevalence of MiP is ~0.1-57.7% for peripheral malaria and ~ 0-29.3% for placental malaria. Peripheral infection at antenatal care (ANC) visits decreased from ~13% in 1991 to ~7% in 1995-1996 in Madhya Pradesh, while placental infection at delivery unit slightly decreased from ~1.5% in 2006-2007 to ~1% in 2012-2015 in Jharkhand. In contrast, the prevalence of peripheral infection at ANC increased from ~1% in 2006-2007 to ~5% in 2015 in Jharkhand, and from ~0.5% in 1984-1985 to ~1.5% in 2007-2008 in Chhattisgarh. Clinical presentation of MiP is diverse ranging from asymptomatic carriage of parasites to severe malaria, and associated with comorbidities and concurrent infections such as malnutrition, COVID-19, dengue, and cardiovascular disorders. Severe anemia, cerebral malaria, severe thrombocytopenia, and hypoglycemia are commonly seen in severe MiP, and are strongly associated with tragic consequences such as abortion and stillbirth. Congenital malaria is seen at prevalence of ~0-12.9%. Infected babies are generally small-for-gestational age, premature with low birthweight, and suffer mainly from anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and clinical jaundice. Main challenges and knowledge gaps to MiP control included diagnosis, relapsing malaria, mixed infection treatment, self-medication, low density infections and utility of artemisinin-based combination therapies.
CONCLUSION
All taken together, the findings could be immensely helpful to control MiP in malaria endemic areas.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Abortion, Spontaneous; Anemia; India; Malaria; Malaria, Vivax; Placenta; Thrombocytopenia
PubMed: 37927870
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1150466