-
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing...
The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing perception, recognition, and signal transduction in response to pathogens are well studied in the context of damaging intruders, the current understanding of plant cell wall rebuilding and active defense strategies in response to plant virus infections remains poorly characterized. Pectins can act as major elements of the primary cell wall and are dynamic compounds in response to pathogens. Homogalacturonans (HGs), a main component of pectins, have been postulated as defensive molecules in plant-pathogen interactions and linked to resistance responses. This research focused on examining the regulation of selected pectin metabolism components in susceptible (-, Col-0-TuMV) and resistance (-, -TuMV) reactions. Regardless of the interaction type, ultrastructural results indicated dynamic cell wall rebuilding. In the susceptible reaction promoted by RbohF, there was upregulation of (pectin methylesterase) but not , confirmed by induction of PME3 protein deposition. Moreover, the highest PME activity along with a decrease in cell wall methylesters compared to resistance interactions in -TuMV were noticed. Consequently, the susceptible reaction of and Col-0 to TuMV was characterized by a significant domination of low/non-methylesterificated HGs. In contrast, cell wall changes during the resistance response of and to TuMV were associated with dynamic induction of , , , and genes, confirmed by significant induction of PMEI2, PMEI3, and GAUT1 protein deposition. In both resistance reactions, a dynamic decrease in PME activity was documented, which was most intense in -TuMV. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in cell wall methylesters, indicating that the domination of highly methylesterificated HGs was associated with cell wall rebuilding in and defense responses to TuMV. These findings suggest that selected PME with PMEI enzymes have a diverse impact on the demethylesterification of HGs and metabolism as a result of -TuMV interactions, and are important factors in regulating cell wall changes depending on the type of interaction, especially in resistance responses. Therefore, PMEI2 and PMEI3 could potentially be important signaling resistance factors in the -TuMV pathosystem.
Topics: Pectins; Cell Wall; Disease Resistance; Plant Diseases; Arabidopsis; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Arabidopsis Proteins; Potyvirus; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
PubMed: 38791293
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105256 -
Genes May 2024To investigate the role of candidate genes for salt-alkali tolerance in cucumber ( L.), this study screened in the glutathione pathway from previous transcriptome data...
To investigate the role of candidate genes for salt-alkali tolerance in cucumber ( L.), this study screened in the glutathione pathway from previous transcriptome data for cloning and functional analysis. Clone cucumber contains one 675 bp open reading frame, containing one GST-N-Tau domain and one GST-C-Tau domain, and is expressed in cytoplasm. After successfully constructing overexpression vectors of CsTAU1 (+) and CsTAU1 (-), they were transferred into cucumber varieties 'D1909' (high salt alkali resistance) and 'D1604' (low salt alkali resistance) for salt-alkali resistance identification. It was found that under salt-alkali stress, CsTAU1 (+)-overexpressing plants showed strong resistance to salt-alkali stress, while CsTAU1 (-)-overexpressing plants showed the opposite situation. qRT-PCR analysis was performed on other glutathione pathway-related genes in -overexpressing plants. The expression patterns of LOC101219529 and LOC105434443 were the same as , and the introduction of (+) increased the chlorophyll, α-Naphthylamine oxidation, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) content of cucumber. The research results provide a theoretical basis for cultivating salt-alkali-tolerant cucumber varieties.
Topics: Alkalies; Cloning, Molecular; Cucumis sativus; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Glutathione Transferase; Plant Proteins; Plants, Genetically Modified; Salt Stress; Salt Tolerance; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 38790241
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050613 -
Genes Apr 2024Salt stress has a detrimental impact on food crop production, with its severity escalating due to both natural and man-made factors. As one of the most important food... (Review)
Review
Salt stress has a detrimental impact on food crop production, with its severity escalating due to both natural and man-made factors. As one of the most important food crops, wheat is susceptible to salt stress, resulting in abnormal plant growth and reduced yields; therefore, damage from salt stress should be of great concern. Additionally, the utilization of land in coastal areas warrants increased attention, given diminishing supplies of fresh water and arable land, and the escalating demand for wheat. A comprehensive understanding of the physiological and molecular changes in wheat under salt stress can offer insights into mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat. In this review, we summarized the genes and molecular mechanisms involved in ion transport, signal transduction, and enzyme and hormone regulation, in response to salt stress based on the physiological processes in wheat. Then, we surveyed the latest progress in improving the salt tolerance of wheat through breeding, exogenous applications, and microbial pathways. Breeding efficiency can be improved through a combination of gene editing and multiple omics techniques, which is the fundamental strategy for dealing with salt stress. Possible challenges and prospects in this process were also discussed.
Topics: Triticum; Salt Tolerance; Plant Breeding; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Salt Stress; Salinity
PubMed: 38790202
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050573 -
Genes Apr 2024The ionic toxicity induced by salinization has adverse effects on the growth and development of crops. However, researches on ionic toxicity and salt tolerance in plants...
The ionic toxicity induced by salinization has adverse effects on the growth and development of crops. However, researches on ionic toxicity and salt tolerance in plants have focused primarily on cations such as sodium ions (Na), with very limited studies on chloride ions (Cl). Here, we cloned the homologous genes of , , from upland cotton (), which were significantly induced by NaCl or KCl treatments. Subcellular localization showed that GhCLCc-1A/D were both localized to the tonoplast. Complementation of mutant with rescued its salt-sensitive phenotype. In addition, the silencing of the gene led to an increased accumulation of Cl in the roots, stems, and leaves of cotton seedlings under salt treatments, resulting in compromised salt tolerance. And ectopic expression of the gene in reduced the accumulation of Cl in transgenic lines under salt treatments, thereby enhancing salt tolerance. These findings elucidate that positively regulates salt tolerance by modulating Cl accumulation and could be a potential target gene for improving salt tolerance in plants.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Chloride Channels; Chlorides; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gossypium; Plant Proteins; Plants, Genetically Modified; Salt Tolerance; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 38790184
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050555 -
Communications Biology May 2024In recombinant protein-producing yeast strains, cells experience high production-related stresses similar to high temperatures. It is possible to increase recombinant...
In recombinant protein-producing yeast strains, cells experience high production-related stresses similar to high temperatures. It is possible to increase recombinant protein production by enhancing thermotolerance, but few studies have focused on this topic. Here we aim to identify cellular regulators that can simultaneously activate thermotolerance and high yield of recombinant protein. Through screening at 46 °C, a heat-resistant Kluyveromyces marxianus (K. marxianus) strain FDHY23 is isolated. It also exhibits enhanced recombinant protein productivity at both 30 °C and high temperatures. The CYR1 mutation is identified as responsible for FDHY23's improved phenotype, characterized by weakened adenylate cyclase activity and reduced cAMP production. Introducing this mutation into the wild-type strain greatly enhances both thermotolerance and recombinant protein yields. RNA-seq analysis reveals that under high temperature and recombinant protein production conditions, CYR1 mutation-induced reduction in cAMP levels can stimulate cells to improve its energy supply system and optimize material synthesis, meanwhile enhance stress resistance, based on the altered cAMP signaling cascades. Our study provides CYR1 mutation as a novel target to overcome the bottleneck in achieving high production of recombinant proteins under high temperature conditions, and also offers a convenient approach for high-throughput screening of recombinant proteins with high yields.
Topics: Cyclic AMP; Recombinant Proteins; Kluyveromyces; Signal Transduction; Thermotolerance; Mutation; Fungal Proteins; Hot Temperature
PubMed: 38789513
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06341-z -
Physiological Reports May 2024This study aimed to determine whether heat acclimation could induce adaptations in exercise performance, thermoregulation, and the expression of proteins associated with...
This study aimed to determine whether heat acclimation could induce adaptations in exercise performance, thermoregulation, and the expression of proteins associated with heat stress in the skeletal muscles of Thoroughbreds. Thirteen trained Thoroughbreds performed 3 weeks of training protocols, consisting of cantering at 90% maximal oxygen consumption (VO) for 2 min 2 days/week and cantering at 7 m/s for 3 min 1 day/week, followed by a 20-min walk in either a control group (CON; Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT] 12-13°C; n = 6) or a heat acclimation group (HA; WBGT 29-30°C; n = 7). Before and after heat acclimation, standardized exercise tests (SET) were conducted, cantering at 7 m/s for 90 s and at 115% VO until fatigue in hot conditions. Increases in run time (p = 0.0301), peak cardiac output (p = 0.0248), and peak stroke volume (p = 0.0113) were greater in HA than in CON. Pulmonary artery temperature at 7 m/s was lower in HA than in CON (p = 0.0332). The expression of heat shock protein 70 (p = 0.0201) and 90 (p = 0.0167) increased in HA, but not in CON. These results suggest that heat acclimation elicits improvements in exercise performance and thermoregulation under hot conditions, with a protective adaptation to heat stress in equine skeletal muscles.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Conditioning, Animal; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Acclimatization; Male; Hot Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Oxygen Consumption; Heat-Shock Response
PubMed: 38789393
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16083 -
Environment International Jun 2024Exposure to high and low ambient temperatures can cause harm to human health. Due to global warming, heat-related health effects are likely to increase substantially in... (Review)
Review
Exposure to high and low ambient temperatures can cause harm to human health. Due to global warming, heat-related health effects are likely to increase substantially in future unless populations adapt to living in a warmer world. Adaptation to temperature may occur through physiological acclimatisation, behavioural mechanisms, and planned adaptation. A fundamental step in informing responses to climate change is understanding how adaptation can be appropriately accounted for when estimating future health burdens. Previous studies modelling adaptation have used a variety of methods, and it is often unclear how underlying assumptions of adaptation are made and if they are based on evidence. Consequently, the most appropriate way to quantitatively model adaptation in projections of health impacts is currently unknown. With increasing interest from decisionmakers around implementation of adaptation strategies, it is important to consider the role of adaptation in anticipating future health burdens of climate change. To address this, a literature review using systematic scoping methods was conducted to document the quantitative methods employed by studies projecting future temperature-related health impacts under climate change that also consider adaptation. Approaches employed in studies were coded into methodological categories. Categories were discussed and refined between reviewers during synthesis. Fifty-nine studies were included and grouped into eight methodological categories. Methods of including adaptation in projections have changed over time with more recent studies using a combination of approaches or modelling adaptation based on specific adaptation strategies or socioeconomic conditions. The most common approaches to model adaptation are heat threshold shifts and reductions in the exposure-response slope. Just under 20% of studies were identified as using an intervention-based empirical basis for statistical assumptions. Including adaptation in projections considerably reduced the projected temperature-mortality burden in the future. Researchers should ensure that all future impact assessments include adaptation uncertainty in projections and assumptions are based on empirical evidence.
Topics: Humans; Climate Change; Acclimatization; Hot Temperature; Adaptation, Physiological; Global Warming
PubMed: 38788417
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108761 -
BMC Genomics May 2024The increase in temperatures due to the current climate change dramatically affects crop cultivation, resulting in yield losses and altered fruit quality. Tomato is one...
BACKGROUND
The increase in temperatures due to the current climate change dramatically affects crop cultivation, resulting in yield losses and altered fruit quality. Tomato is one of the most extensively grown and consumed horticultural products, and although it can withstand a wide range of climatic conditions, heat stress can affect plant growth and development specially on the reproductive stage, severely influencing the final yield. In the present work, the heat stress response mechanisms of one thermotolerant genotype (E42) were investigated by exploring its regulatory gene network. This was achieved through a promoter analysis based on the identification of the heat stress elements (HSEs) mapping in the promoters, combined with a gene co-expression network analysis aimed at identifying interactions among heat-related genes.
RESULTS
Results highlighted 82 genes presenting HSEs in the promoter and belonging to one of the 52 gene networks obtained by the GCN analysis; 61 of these also interact with heat shock factors (Hsfs). Finally, a list of 13 candidate genes including two Hsfs, nine heat shock proteins (Hsps) and two GDSL esterase/lipase (GELPs) were retrieved by focusing on those E42 genes exhibiting HSEs in the promoters, interacting with Hsfs and showing variants, compared to Heinz reference genome, with HIGH and/or MODERATE impact on the translated protein. Among these, the Gene Ontology annotation analysis evidenced that only LeHsp100 (Solyc02g088610) belongs to a network specifically involved in the response to heat stress.
CONCLUSIONS
As a whole, the combination of bioinformatic analyses carried out on genomic and trascriptomic data available for tomato, together with polymorphisms detected in HS-related genes of the thermotolerant E42 allowed to determine a subset of candidate genes involved in the HS response in tomato. This study provides a novel approach in the investigation of abiotic stress response mechanisms and further studies will be conducted to validate the role of the highlighted genes.
Topics: Solanum lycopersicum; Heat-Shock Response; Gene Regulatory Networks; Genotype; Thermotolerance; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Plant Proteins; Heat-Shock Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 38783170
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10393-0 -
Scientific Reports May 2024The development of genotypes that can tolerate high levels of salt is crucial for the efficient use of salt-affected land and for enhancing crop productivity worldwide....
The development of genotypes that can tolerate high levels of salt is crucial for the efficient use of salt-affected land and for enhancing crop productivity worldwide. Therefore, incorporating salinity tolerance is a critical trait that crops must possess. Salt resistance is a complex character, controlled by multiple genes both physiologically and genetically. To examine the genetic foundation of salt tolerance, we assessed 16 F1 hybrids and their eight parental lines under normal and salt stress (15 dS/m) conditions. Under salt stress conditions significant reduction was observed for plant height (PH), bolls/plant (NBP), boll weight (BW), seed cotton yield (SCY), lint% (LP), fiber length (FL), fiber strength (FS), potassium to sodium ratio (K/Na), potassium contents (K), total soluble proteins (TSP), carotenoids (Car) and chlorophyll contents. Furthermore, the mean values for hydrogen peroxide (HO), sodium contents (Na), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and fiber fineness (FF) were increased under salt stress. Moderate to high heritability and genetic advancement was observed for NBP, BW, LP, SCY, K/Na, SOD, CAT, POD, Car, TSP, FL, and FS. Mean performance and multivariate analysis of 24 cotton genotypes based on various agro-physiological and biochemical parameters suggested that the genotypes FBS-Falcon, Barani-333, JSQ-White Hold, Ghauri, along with crosses FBS-FALCON × JSQ-White Hold, FBG-222 × FBG-333, FBG-222 × Barani-222, and Barani-333 × FBG-333 achieved the maximum values for K/Na, K, TSP, POD, Chlb, CAT, Car, LP, FS, FL, PH, NBP, BW, and SCY under salt stress and declared as salt resistant genotypes. The above-mentioned genotypes also showed relatively higher expression levels of Ghi-ERF-2D.6 and Ghi-ERF-7A.6 at 15 dS/m and proved the role of these ERF genes in salt tolerance in cotton. These findings suggest that these genotypes have the potential for the development of salt-tolerant cotton varieties with desirable fiber quality traits.
Topics: Gossypium; Salt Tolerance; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Genotype; Potassium; Salt Stress; Phenotype
PubMed: 38782928
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60778-0 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) May 2024In eusocial insects, worker longevity is essential to ensure colony survival in brood-free periods. Trade-offs between longevity and other traits may render long-living...
In eusocial insects, worker longevity is essential to ensure colony survival in brood-free periods. Trade-offs between longevity and other traits may render long-living workers in brood-free periods more susceptible to pesticides compared to short-lived ones. Further, colony environment (e.g., adequate nutrition) may enable workers to better cope with pesticides, yet data comparing long vs. short-living workers and the role of the colony environment for pesticide tolerance are scarce. Here, we show that long-living honey bee workers, Apis mellifera, are less susceptible to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam than short-lived workers, and that susceptibility was further reduced when workers were acclimatized under colony compared to laboratory conditions. Following an OECD protocol, freshly-emerged workers were exposed to thiamethoxam in summer and winter and either acclimatized within their colony or in the laboratory. Mortality and sucrose consumption were measured daily and revealed that winter workers were significantly less susceptible than summer workers, despite being exposed to higher thiamethoxam dosages due to increased food consumption. Disparencies in fat body activity, which is key for detoxification, may explain why winter bees were less susceptible. Furthermore, colony acclimatization significantly reduced susceptibility towards thiamethoxam in winter workers likely due to enhanced protein nutrition. Brood absence and colony environment seem to govern workers' ability to cope with pesticides, which should be considered in risk assessments. Since honey bee colony losses occur mostly over winter, long-term studies assessing the effects of pesticide exposure on winter bees are required to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
PubMed: 38780664
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02758-8