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PloS One 2023Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is a common disease among athletic horses that can negatively impact health and performance. The pathophysiology of this EGGD...
Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is a common disease among athletic horses that can negatively impact health and performance. The pathophysiology of this EGGD remains poorly understood. Previous studies using controlled populations of horses identified differences in the gastric glandular mucosal microbiome associated with disease. The objective of this study was to compare the gastric microbiome in horses with EGGD and those without across multiple barns and differing management practices. We hypothesized that alterations in the microbiome of the gastric glandular mucosa are associated with EGGD. A secondary objective was to perform a risk factor analysis for EGGD using the diet and management data collected. Microbial populations of biopsies from normal pyloric mucosa of horses without EGGD (control biopsies), normal pyloric mucosa of horses with EGGD (normal biopsies) and areas of glandular mucosal disruption in horses with EGGD (lesion biopsies) were compared. Lesion biopsies had a different microbial community structure than control biopsies. Control biopsies had a higher read count for the phylum Actinomycetota compared to lesion biopsies. Control biopsies also had an enrichment of the genera Staphylococcus and Lawsonella and the species Streptococcus salivarius. Lesion biopsies had an enrichment of the genera Lactobacillus and Actinobacillus and the species Lactobacillus equigenerosi. These results demonstrate differences in the gastric glandular microbiome between sites of disrupted mucosa in horses with EGGD compared to pyloric mucosa of horses without EGGD. Risk factor analysis indicated that exercise duration per week was a risk factor for EGGD.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Stomach Diseases; Gastric Mucosa; Risk Factors; Horse Diseases; Microbiota; Stomach Ulcer
PubMed: 38060520
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295697 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Dec 2023Acetic acid (AC) is a major by-product from fermentation processes for producing succinic acid (SA) using . Previous experiments have demonstrated that sodium bisulfate...
Acetic acid (AC) is a major by-product from fermentation processes for producing succinic acid (SA) using . Previous experiments have demonstrated that sodium bisulfate (NaHSO) can significantly decrease AC production by GXAS137 during SA fermentation. However, the mechanism of AC reduction is poorly understood. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of the strain were compared through Illumina RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 210 DEGs were identified by expression analysis: 83 and 127 genes up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, in response to NaHSO treatment. The functional annotation analysis of DEGs showed that the genes were mainly involved in carbohydrates, inorganic ions, amino acid transport, metabolism, and energy production and conversion. The mechanisms of AC reduction might be related to two aspects: (i) the lipoic acid synthesis pathway (LipA, LipB) was significantly down-regulated, which blocked the pathway catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to synthesize acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) from pyruvate; (ii) the expression level of the gene encoding bifunctional acetaldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase was significantly up-regulated, and this effect facilitated the synthesis of ethanol from acetyl-CoA. However, the reaction of NaHSO with the intermediate metabolite acetaldehyde blocked the production of ethanol and consumed acetyl-CoA, thereby decreasing AC production. Thus, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of AC decreased underlying the treatment of NaHSO and will deepen the understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms of .
Topics: Acetic Acid; Acetyl Coenzyme A; Fermentation; Succinic Acid; Ethanol; Gene Expression Profiling; Acetaldehyde
PubMed: 38000010
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-036 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility of last-resource antimicrobials for veterinary pathogens is urgently needed from a one-health perspective. The objective of...
Monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility of last-resource antimicrobials for veterinary pathogens is urgently needed from a one-health perspective. The objective of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility trends of Spanish porcine bacteria to quinolones, cephalosporins, and polymyxins. Isolates of , , and were isolated from sick pigs from 2019 to 2022. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was determined based on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) following an internationally accepted methodology. The MIC categorization was based on distributing the range of MIC values in four categories, with category one being the most susceptible (lowest MIC value) and category four the least susceptible (highest MIC value). Moreover, clinical susceptibility (susceptible/non-susceptible) was also determined according to the CLSI and EUCAST clinical breakpoints. A logistic and multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze the susceptibility data for dichotomized and categorized MIC data, respectively, for any pair of antimicrobial/microorganism. In general terms, the antimicrobial susceptibility of pig bacteria to these antimicrobials remained stable or increased in the last four years in Spain. In the case of and quinolones, a significant temporal trend was observed where isolates from 2020 had significantly increased odds of being more susceptible than isolates from 2019. In the case of and polymyxins, a significant temporal trend was observed where isolates from 2020 and 2021 had significantly increased odds of being more susceptible than isolates from 2019 and 2020, respectively. Finally, significant odds of being less susceptible were only observed for cephalosporins and for 2020 versus 2019, stagnating for the rest of study period. These results provide sound data on critically important antimicrobials in swine medicine.
PubMed: 37998776
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111575 -
Medicine Nov 2023Actinobacillus ureae (A. ureae) is an unusual commensal of human respiratory flora, rarely causing human infection. The predisposing factors, identification, clinical... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Actinobacillus ureae (A. ureae) is an unusual commensal of human respiratory flora, rarely causing human infection. The predisposing factors, identification, clinical features, and antibiotic therapy of A. ureae are seldomly reported. Herein, we present a case of 64-year-old man affected by A. ureae pneumonia after intracranial surgery.
PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES
A 64-year-old male was admitted with vomiting, drowsiness, and a severe disturbance of consciousness and was later diagnosed with cerebral hemorrhage by computed tomography images. After a craniocerebral surgery, the patient suffered from intractable pneumonia, experiencing treatment failure with multiple anti-bacterial agents. Sputum culture yield pure colonies of A. ureae, confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
INTERVENTIONS
Minocycline (100 mg p.o. per 12 hours) with a course of 15 days was administrated for this patient.
OUTCOMES
The respiratory symptoms, presenting as intermittent coughing with purulent and yellowish sputum, were gone. A 3-month follow-up examination showed a complete resolution of radiological findings.
LESSONS
Clinically, the actual incidence of A. ureae pneumonia may be higher than that we generally recognized, and clinicians should consider A. ureae as a possible etiologic agent in patients with predispositions. Currently, A. ureae may be susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, and third-generation cephalosporins. Other antibacterial agents, such as tetracycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and aminoglycosides also respond well and can be a choice in the treatment of A. ureae infections.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Actinobacillus; Actinobacillus Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pneumonia
PubMed: 37986302
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036087 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Oct 2023( HPS) is a prominent pathogenic bacterium in pig production. Its infection leads to widespread fibrinous inflammation in various pig tissues and organs, often in...
( HPS) is a prominent pathogenic bacterium in pig production. Its infection leads to widespread fibrinous inflammation in various pig tissues and organs, often in conjunction with various respiratory virus infections, and leads to substantial economic losses in the pig industry. Therefore, the rapid diagnosis of this pathogen is of utmost importance. In this study, we used recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology to establish a convenient detection and analysis system for that is fast to detect, easy to implement, and accurate to analyze, known as RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a analysis. The process from sample to results can be completed within 1 h with high sensitivity (0.163 pg/μL of DNA template, < 0.05), which is 10 -fold higher than the common PCR method. The specificity test results show that the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a analysis of did not react with other common pig pathogens, including type II and IX, , , , , and ( < 0.0001). The RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay was applied to 15 serotypes of clinical samples through crude extraction of nucleic acid by boiling method, and all of the samples were successfully identified. It greatly reduces the time and cost of nucleic acid extraction. Moreover, the method allows results to be visualized with blue light. The accurate and convenient detection method could be incorporated into a portable format as point-of-care (POC) diagnostics detection for at the field level.
PubMed: 37958075
DOI: 10.3390/ani13213317 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Oct 2023Anaerobic bacteria often use antiporters DcuB (malate/succinate antiport) or DcuA (l-aspartate/succinate antiport) for the excretion of succinate during fumarate...
Anaerobic bacteria often use antiporters DcuB (malate/succinate antiport) or DcuA (l-aspartate/succinate antiport) for the excretion of succinate during fumarate respiration. The rumen bacterium is able to produce large amounts of succinate by fumarate respiration, using the DcuB-type transporter DcuE for l-malate/succinate antiport. Asuc_0142 was annotated as a second DcuB-type transporter. Deletion of Asuc_0142 decreased the uptake rate for l-[C]aspartate into cells. Properties of transport by heterologously expressed Asuc_0142 were investigated in an mutant deficient of anaerobic C4DC transporters. Expression of Asuc_0142 resulted in high uptake activity for l-[C]fumarate or l-[C]aspartate, but the former showed a strong competitive inhibition by l-aspartate. In loaded with l-[C]aspartate, [C]succinate or [C]fumarate, extracellular C4DCs initiated excretion of the intracellular substrates, with a preference for l-aspartate/succinate or l-aspartate/fumarate antiport. These findings indicate that Asuc_0142 represents a DcuA-type transporter for l-aspartate uptake and l-aspartate/C4DC antiport, differentiating it from the DcuB-type transporter DcuE for l-malate/succinate antiport. Sequence analysis and predicted structural characteristics confirm structural similarity of Asuc_0142 to DcuA, and Asuc_0142 was thus re-named as DcuA. The bovine rumen fluid contains l-aspartate (99.6 µM), whereas fumarate and l-malate are absent. Therefore, bovine rumen colonisers depend on l-aspartate as an exogenous substrate for fumarate respiration. encodes HemG (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) and PyrD (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) for haem and pyrimidine biosynthesis. The enzymes require fumarate as an electron acceptor, suggesting an essential role for l-aspartate, DcuA, and fumarate respiration for growing in the bovine rumen.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Malates; Escherichia coli; Dicarboxylic Acids; Aspartic Acid; Escherichia coli Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters; Anaerobiosis; Fumarates; Succinates; Succinic Acid
PubMed: 37906508
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001411 -
Microorganisms Sep 2023Antimicrobial resistance is an important health issue in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of three of the...
Antimicrobial resistance is an important health issue in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of three of the most important bacteria involved in porcine respiratory disease. A total of 465 isolates were tested during the 2017-2022 period for antimicrobial susceptibility for (n = 137), (n = 207), and (n = 121) by disk diffusion method. The results were interpreted by CLSI breakpoints, where available. High rates of susceptibility (from 90 to >99%) were observed for cefquinome, ceftiofur, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. isolates showed high resistance to streptomycin (77%), gentamycin (45%), tilmicosin (39%) erythromycin (33%), oxytetracycline (19%), and tetracycline (18%). For , the highest rates of resistance were observed for streptomycin (98%), tetracycline (75%), oxytetracycline (72%), doxycycline (52%), and erythromycin (51%). presented a high rate of resistance for streptomycin (63%), tilmicosin (29%), oxytetracycline (13%), and tetracycline (14%). Bacteria isolates maintained high susceptibility against antimicrobial agents usually used against the mainly respiratory tract pathogens of swine. Resistance for streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and tilmicosin was high for all the tested pathogens.
PubMed: 37894069
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102410 -
Veterinary Sciences Oct 2023The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory...
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), (.) (n = 713), (n = 198), () (n = 165) and (n = 180). (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and (.) (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 ( 0.001), ( = 0.032) and ( < 0.001). -positive samples were more likely to be positive for ( < 0.001) and ( 0.046), but less likely for ( = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent.
PubMed: 37888553
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100601 -
Porcine Health Management Oct 2023A farm in North-West Germany experienced a high morbidity and mortality in their sow herd. Sows showed fever, lethargy, oedema, mucosal discharge and dyspnoea. Necropsy...
A farm in North-West Germany experienced a high morbidity and mortality in their sow herd. Sows showed fever, lethargy, oedema, mucosal discharge and dyspnoea. Necropsy revealed a severe fibrinous and purulent polyserositis. Haematological and histological examinations confirmed septicaemia. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus was isolated in high yields from major organs. Sequence typing of this isolate (21/455) revealed a new sequence type showing a significantly higher proliferation rate in comparison to two other isolates. Other infectious agents (influenza A virus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, african swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) were excluded by routine diagnostic examinations. A climate check revealed an insufficient air supply in the area for the gestating sows. This case describes the first disease outbreak in swine due to S. zooepidemicus in Germany.
PubMed: 37875963
DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00344-8 -
Porcine Health Management Oct 2023Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important health challenges in humans and animals. Antibiotic susceptibility determination is used to select the most...
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important health challenges in humans and animals. Antibiotic susceptibility determination is used to select the most suitable drug to treat animals according to its success probability following the European legislation in force for these drugs. We have studied the antibiotic susceptibility pattern (ASP) of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) isolates, collected during the period 2019-2022 in Spain. ASP was measured by determining minimum inhibitory concentration using standardized laboratory methods and its temporal trend was determined by logistic regression analysis of non-susceptible/susceptible isolates using clinical breakpoints.
RESULTS
It was not observed any significant temporal trends for susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to ceftiofur, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tulathromycin and tildipirosin during the study period (p > 0.05). Contrarily, a significant temporal trend (p < 0.05) was observed for quinolones (enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin), tetracyclines (doxycycline and oxyteracycline), amoxicillin, tiamulin and tilmicosin. On the other hand, it was not observed any significant temporal trends for susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida to quinolones (enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin), amoxicillin, ceftiofur, florfenicol and macrolides (tildipirosin, tulathromycin and tilmicosin) during the study period (p > 0.05). Contrarily, a significant temporal trend (p < 0.05) was observed for tetracyclines (oxyteracycline), tiamulin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
CONCLUSIONS
In general terms, pig pathogens (APP and PM) involved in respiratory diseases analysed herein appeared to remain susceptible or tended to increase susceptibility to antimicrobials over the study period (2019-2022), but our data clearly showed a different pattern in the evolution of antimicrobial susceptibility for each combination of drug and microorganism. Our results highlight that the evolution of antimicrobial susceptibility must be studied in a case-by-case situation where generalization for drug families and bacteria is not possible even for bacteria located in the same ecological niche.
PubMed: 37858281
DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00341-x