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Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jul 2024Whopping cough (or Pertussis) is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. The disease is highly transmissible and can be fatal in...
Whopping cough (or Pertussis) is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. The disease is highly transmissible and can be fatal in children under two years old. Since the introduction of vaccine immunization in 1940, Pertussis incidence decreased worldwide. In Brazil, the immunization was introduced in 1977 using the whole cell (wP) vaccine. Despite the high vaccination coverage, an unexpected increase in the number of observed Pertussis cases was observed in 2012. In this year, 2257 cases were reported exceeding the average incidence rate of <1000 cases per year until 2010. This outbreak reached a peak level in 2014 and ended in 2018 according to the Brazilian National Surveillance System (SINAN). To understand the relationship between the outbreak and the vaccination, bacterial isolates (n = 136) from the Brazilian Midwest region obtained during the outbreak were submitted to genotyping of two vaccine loci: ptxP and fim3. Most of isolates (102) were obtained from nursing children (29 days to 2 years old). Genotyping of 94 isolates revealed that fim3-24/ptxP-3 was the most prevalent genotype (68%) associated with the outbreak peak. Two additional genotypes were also observed: fim3-1/ptxP-3 (15%) and fim3-3/ptxP-3 (17%). Conversely, the fim3-1/ptxP-2 genotype, which is harbored by the strain used in the wP vaccine (Bp137), was not observed. These results showed that B. pertussis circulating strains in the outbreak analyzed were different from the strain used for Pertussis immunization in Brazil. These observations provide insights that could be used to target vaccination programs to prevent future whooping cough outbreaks in Brazil.
Topics: Brazil; Humans; Disease Outbreaks; Whooping Cough; Bordetella pertussis; Pertussis Vaccine; Genotype; Infant; Child, Preschool; Female; Male; Infant, Newborn; Child; Antigens, Bacterial; Virulence Factors, Bordetella; Fimbriae Proteins
PubMed: 38679113
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105599 -
Aging Apr 2024In the past, some observational studies have highlighted the correlation between gut microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, it is still unknown if the...
BACKGROUND
In the past, some observational studies have highlighted the correlation between gut microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, it is still unknown if the composition of gut microbiota shows a causal effect on the risk of IBS.
AIM
To conduct Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis of the samples to study the probable causal relationship between the gut microbiota, their taxonomic groups, and the risk of IBS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, the summarized data regarding 211 gut microbiota and their IBS genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were collected from public databases. The causal estimates were determined using five MR techniques, where Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) regression was employed as the major MR technique. Herein, MR-PRESSO and MR-Egger intercept tests were conducted to prevent horizontal pleiotropy. Cochran's test was used to evaluate heterogeneity using the IVW and MR-Egger techniques.
RESULTS
IVW results showed that gut microbes, belonging to Class ( = 0.04; OR = 1.45), Family XIII ( = 0.03; OR = 1.34), Family ( = 0.003; OR =1.24), and UCG004 ( = 0.049; OR = 1.19) increased the risk of IBS, while ( = 0.03; OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69-0.98) and ( = 0.02; OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.98) decreased the risk of IBS.
CONCLUSIONS
This study presented novel insights that highlighted the causal relationship between gut microbiota and IBS, and offered new treatment strategies for preventing or treating IBS.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38669090
DOI: 10.18632/aging.205771 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases May 2024To determine changes in Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis detection rates, we analyzed 1.43 million respiratory multiplex PCR test results from US facilities...
To determine changes in Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis detection rates, we analyzed 1.43 million respiratory multiplex PCR test results from US facilities from 2019 through mid-2023. From mid-2022 through mid-2023, Bordetella spp. detection increased 8.5-fold; 95% of detections were B. parapertussis. While B. parapertussis rates increased, B. pertussis rates decreased.
Topics: Bordetella parapertussis; United States; Humans; Bordetella Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Bordetella pertussis; History, 21st Century; Child; Child, Preschool; Whooping Cough; Adult; Adolescent; Infant; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 38666607
DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231278 -
The Journal of Infection Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; China; Whooping Cough; Child; Child, Preschool; Infant; Adolescent; Female; Male; Bordetella pertussis
PubMed: 38663755
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106170 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024For several years, we have been committed to exploring the potential of -derived outer membrane vesicles (OMV) as a promising third-generation vaccine against the...
For several years, we have been committed to exploring the potential of -derived outer membrane vesicles (OMV) as a promising third-generation vaccine against the reemerging pertussis disease. The results of our preclinical trials not only confirm its protective capacity against infection but also set the stage for forthcoming human clinical trials. This study delves into the examination of OMV as an adjuvant. To accomplish this objective, we implemented a two-dose murine schedule to evaluate the specific immune response induced by formulations containing OMV combined with 3 heterologous immunogens: Tetanus toxoid (T), Diphtheria toxoid (D), and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S). The specific levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a triggered by the different tested formulations were evaluated using ELISA in dose-response assays for OMV and the immunogens at varying levels. These assays demonstrated that OMV exhibits adjuvant properties even at the low concentration employed (1.5 μg of protein per dose). As this effect was notably enhanced at medium (3 μg) and high concentrations (6 μg), we chose the medium concentration to determine the minimum immunogen dose at which the OMV adjuvant properties are significantly evident. These assays demonstrated that OMV exhibits adjuvant properties even at the lowest concentration tested for each immunogen. In the presence of OMV, specific IgG levels detected for the lowest amount of antigen tested increased by 2.5 to 10 fold compared to those found in animals immunized with formulations containing adjuvant-free antigens (p<0.0001). When assessing the adjuvant properties of OMV compared to the widely recognized adjuvant alum, we detected similar levels of specific IgG against D, T and S for both adjuvants. Experiments with OMVs derived from (OMV) reaffirmed that the adjuvant properties of OMVs extend across different bacterial species. Nonetheless, it's crucial to highlight that OMV notably skewed the immune response towards a Th1 profile (p<0.05). These collective findings emphasize the dual role of OMV as both an adjuvant and modulator of the immune response, positioning it favorably for incorporation into combined vaccine formulations.
Topics: Bordetella pertussis; Animals; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Mice; Th1 Cells; Whooping Cough; Female; Immunoglobulin G; Pertussis Vaccine; Antibodies, Bacterial; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Mice, Inbred BALB C; SARS-CoV-2; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Humans; COVID-19; Tetanus Toxoid
PubMed: 38650936
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387534 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Previous studies have suggested a link between gut microbiota and skin diseases, including erysipelas, an inflammatory skin condition. Despite this, the precise nature...
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have suggested a link between gut microbiota and skin diseases, including erysipelas, an inflammatory skin condition. Despite this, the precise nature of the relationship between erysipelas and gut microbiota remains unclear and subject to debate.
METHODS
We conducted a Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis using publicly available summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to explore the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and erysipelas. Instrumental variables (IVs) were identified using a comprehensive set of screening methods. We then performed MR analyses primarily using the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method, complemented by alternative approaches such as MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode. A series of sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) test, and a leave-one-out test, were executed to ensure the robustness and validity of our findings.
RESULTS
We identified potential associations between erysipelas and various gut microbiota, including (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.06-1.43; p=0.006), (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.67-0.90; p=0.001), and others. Notably, associations with , , , , , and were also observed. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these associations.
CONCLUSION
Our MR analysis suggests both potentially beneficial and harmful causal relationships between various gut microbiota and the incidence of erysipelas. This study provides new theoretical and empirical insights into the pathogenesis of erysipelas and underscores the potential for innovative preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Topics: Humans; Erysipelas; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Genome-Wide Association Study; Skin; Bacteroidetes; Clostridiales
PubMed: 38638831
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1371591 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024
Topics: Humans; Whooping Cough; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Pandemics; COVID-19; Bordetella pertussis; China; Antibodies, Bacterial; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 38626299
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2340765 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jul 2024This study investigates placental antibody transfer following recombinant pertussis vaccination in pregnancy in a real-world setting. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
AIM/OBJECTIVE
This study investigates placental antibody transfer following recombinant pertussis vaccination in pregnancy in a real-world setting.
METHODS
This postmarketing observational study recruited pregnant women vaccinated with monovalent recombinant acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine (aP; n = 199) or combined to tetanus-diphtheria (TdaP; n = 200), or Td-vaccine only (n = 54). Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Cord blood was collected postdelivery and pertussis toxin (PT)-IgG, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)-IgG, and PT-neutralizing antibodies (PT-Nab) were assessed.
RESULTS
No adverse pregnancy, delivery, or neonatal outcomes attributed to aP TdaP, or Td vaccination were reported. High anti-PT antibody levels were detected in cord samples from women vaccinated with aP (geometric mean concentration [GMC] PT-IgG 206.1 IU/ml, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 164.3-258.6; geometric mean titer [GMT] PT-Nab 105.3 IU/ml, 95% CI: 81.7-135.8) or TdaP (GMC PT-IgG 153.1 IU/ml, 95% CI: 129.1-181.5; GMT PT-Nab 81.5 IU/ml, 95% CI: 66.4-100.0). In the Td-only group, anti-PT antibodies were low (GMC PT-IgG 6.5 IU/ml, 95% CI: 4.9-8.8; GMT PT-Nab 3.8 IU/ml, 95% CI: 2.8-5.1). The same was found for FHA-IgG. Recombinant pertussis vaccination at <27 or 27-36 weeks gestation induced similar cord pertussis antibody levels.
CONCLUSION
This first real-world study confirms that recombinant pertussis vaccination in the second or third trimester of pregnancy results in high levels of passive immunity in infants. Thai Clinical Trial Registry: TCTR20200528006.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Whooping Cough; Immunoglobulin G; Fetal Blood; Vaccines, Synthetic; Pertussis Vaccine; Young Adult; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Infant, Newborn; Pertussis Toxin; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Bordetella pertussis; Vaccination
PubMed: 38609035
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107047 -
PeerJ 2024is a Gram-negative bacterium found in various animals, including humans, where it has been associated with various infections. Knowledge of the basic biology of is...
is a Gram-negative bacterium found in various animals, including humans, where it has been associated with various infections. Knowledge of the basic biology of is essential to understand the evolutionary strategies of niche adaptation and how this organism contributes to infectious diseases; however, genomic data about is very limited, especially from non-human hosts. In this work, we sequenced 12 genomes isolated from healthy free-living brown-throated sloths () in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (São Paulo, Brazil), and compared them with genomes from isolates of human origin, in order to gain insights into genomic diversity, phylogeny, and host specialization of this species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these strains are structured according to host. Despite the fact that sloth isolates were sampled from a single geographic location, the intra-sloth diversity was divided into three clusters, with differences of more than 1,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms between them, suggesting the circulation of various lineages in sloths. Genes involved in mobilome and defense mechanisms against mobile genetic elements were the main source of gene content variation between isolates from different hosts. Sloth-specific genome features include an IncN2 plasmid, a phage sequence, and a CRISPR-Cas system. The broad diversity of defense elements in (14 systems) may prevent further mobile element flow and explain the low amount of mobile genetic elements in genomes. Gene content variation may be important for the adaptation of to different host niches. This study furthers our understanding of diversity, host adaptation, and evolution of , by presenting and analyzing the first genomes of non-human isolates.
Topics: Animals; Sloths; Phylogeny; Brazil; Alcaligenaceae
PubMed: 38584940
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17206 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Apr 2024We report a record high pertussis epidemic in Denmark since August 2023. Highest incidence was in adolescents, while peak incidence in infants was lower vs previous...
We report a record high pertussis epidemic in Denmark since August 2023. Highest incidence was in adolescents, while peak incidence in infants was lower vs previous epidemics in 2019 and 2016. Among infants aged 0-2 months, over half (29/48) were hospitalised and one infant died, underlining the disease severity in the youngest. To protect infants, pertussis vaccination in pregnant women was introduced in January 2024 in the national vaccination programme. Improved vaccination surveillance in pregnant women is being implemented.
Topics: Infant; Adolescent; Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Whooping Cough; Bordetella pertussis; Vaccination; Pregnant Women; Incidence; Denmark; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 38577803
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.14.2400160