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European Journal of Obstetrics &... Jun 2024Ectopic pregnancy is a crucial problem in Gynaecology. Previous studies concerning the medical treatment of ectopic pregnancies, have used only β-hCG (beta- human...
OBJECTIVES
Ectopic pregnancy is a crucial problem in Gynaecology. Previous studies concerning the medical treatment of ectopic pregnancies, have used only β-hCG (beta- human chorionic gonadotropin) values, to monitor the successful response to treatment. The current study was a PhD (Doctorate of Philosophy) thesis research, which has evaluated the vascularity indices' changes. The values of vascularity indices could be used, in combination with β-hCG values and the gestational sac dimensions, in every medically treated ectopic pregnancy. The results could be used, for monitoring the course of all medically treated ectopic pregnancies.
STUDY DESIGN
72 women of reproductive age have taken part in the study. They have been admitted due to secondary amenorrhea, positive β-hCG test, with or without vaginal bleeding. The participants took part voluntarily and were allocated in two groups. The first group consisted of 37 women, who were possible normal or threatened intrauterine pregnancies (control group). The second group consisted of 35 women, whose sonographic findings suggested ectopic pregnancy, and qualified for methotrexate treatment (study group). Sonographic control and measurement of the vascularity indices (PI - RI) (Pulsatility index - Resistance index) of the ectopic pregnancy was conducted, in combination with β-hCG values for every admitted or outpatient woman.The dimensions of the gestational sac of both groups were measured during four consecutive periods of time. The control group has shown progressively increasing sac dimensions, whereas, in the study group sac dimensions were more stable or growing gradually smaller. The exception where those ectopic pregnancies that ruptured, which have also shown a gradual enlargement of the sac.
RESULTS
The endometrial thickness of the study group was gradually decreasing up to 76 % per day, and the more eminent, but not statistically significant decrease, was observed in the single dose regiment of methotrexate. Moreover, the quantitative PI and RI were evaluated, and the main finding was that there were no statistically significant decreases in any of the two groups. Concerning the study group, methotrexate treatment was successful, since there was a decrease of up to 80 %, whereas a clearly significant correlation was found between the β-hCG levels and the RI.
CONCLUSION
The vascularity indices could be used safely, in combination with β-hCG levels and the decrease of the gestational sac dimensions, as criteria for the evaluation of response to medical treatment of ectopic pregnancies.
PubMed: 38778876
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2024.100316 -
Frontiers in Reproductive Health 2024Despite increasing global commitment to meeting the family planning needs of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), there is limited research on how they prioritize...
INTRODUCTION
Despite increasing global commitment to meeting the family planning needs of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), there is limited research on how they prioritize contraceptive method and service delivery characteristics. In this qualitative study, we examine the specific elements that drive the contraceptive choices of Kenyan AGYW, and apply our findings to the development of attributes and levels for a discrete choice experiment (DCE).
METHODS
Our four-stage approach included data collection, data reduction, removing inappropriate attributes, and optimizing wording. Between June-October 2021, we conducted in-depth interviews with 30 sexually-active 15-24 year-old AGYW in Kisumu county, Kenya who were non-pregnant and desired to delay pregnancy. Interviews focused on priorities for contraceptive attributes, how AGYW make trade-offs between among these attributes, and the influences of preferences on contraceptive choice. Translated transcripts were qualitatively coded and analyzed with a constant comparative approach to identify key concepts. We developed and iteratively revised a list of attributes and levels, and pre-tested draft DCE choice tasks using cognitive interviews with an additional 15 AGYW to optimize comprehension and relevance.
RESULTS
In-depth interview participants' median age was 18, 70% were current students, and 93% had a primary sexual partner. AGYW named a variety of priorities and preferences related to choosing and accessing contraceptive methods, which we distilled into six key themes: side effects; effectiveness; user control; privacy; source of services; and cost. Bleeding pattern was top of mind for participants; amenorrhea was generally considered an intolerable side effect. Many participants felt more strongly about privacy than effectiveness, though some prioritized duration of use and minimizing chance of pregnancy above other contraceptive characteristics. Most AGYW preferred a clinic setting for access, as they desired contraceptive counseling from a provider, but pharmacies were considered preferable for reasons of privacy. We selected, refined, and pre-tested 7 DCE attributes, each with 2-4 levels.
CONCLUSIONS
Identifying AGYW preferences for contraceptive method and service delivery characteristics is essential to developing innovative strategies to meet their unique SRH needs. DCE methods may provide valuable quantitative perspectives to guide and tailor contraceptive counseling and service delivery interventions for AGYW who want to use contraception.
PubMed: 38774834
DOI: 10.3389/frph.2024.1360390 -
Journal of Endometriosis and Uterine... Jun 2024Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a bleeding from the uterine corpus that is abnormal in regularity, volume, frequency or duration. It encompasses heavy menstrual...
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a bleeding from the uterine corpus that is abnormal in regularity, volume, frequency or duration. It encompasses heavy menstrual bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding and intermenstrual bleeding, which are common symptoms among women of reproductive age, impacting their overall well-being. Menstruation involves interactions between endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, immune cell influx, and changes in endometrial vasculature. These events resemble an inflammatory response with increased vessel permeability, tissue breakdown, and the arrival of innate immune cells. However, the mechanisms of menstrual cessation are poorly understood. AUB can be related to structural causes (polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy/hyperplasia) and nonstructural conditions (coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic). While transvaginal ultrasound is the primary method for the screening of intracavitary lesions, saline infusion sonohysterography is more accurate to detect endometrial polyps and submucous leiomyomas, while hysteroscopy with biopsy remains the reference method for a definitive diagnosis. The main goals in managing AUB are addressing and correcting the underlying primary cause, if possible, and establishing a regular bleeding pattern or amenorrhea, which can be done with antifibrinolytic agents, progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists, or surgical interventions, each one with specific indications and limitations. Further research is necessary to assess the effectiveness and the long-term effects of various medical and surgical treatments. Meanwhile, the availability of diagnostic methods such as transvaginal ultrasound and hysteroscopy and the universal distribution of medical treatments for AUB should be prioritized by policymakers to minimize the diagnostic and treatment delay and thus reduce the risk of AUB-related anemia and the need of hysterectomy.
PubMed: 38764520
DOI: 10.1016/j.jeud.2024.100071 -
Journal of Ovarian Research May 2024Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), characterized by amenorrhea before age 40 years, occurs in 20% of female FMR1 premutation carriers....
BACKGROUND
Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), characterized by amenorrhea before age 40 years, occurs in 20% of female FMR1 premutation carriers. Presently, there are no molecular or biomarkers that can help predicting which FMR1 premutation women will develop FXPOI. We previously demonstrated that high FMR4 levels can discriminate between FMR1 premutation carriers with and without FXPOI. In the present study the relationship between the expression levels of FMR4 and the ovarian reserve markers was assessed in female FMR1 premutation carriers under age of 35 years.
METHODS
We examined the association between FMR4 transcript levels and the measures of total antral follicle count (AFC) and serum anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels as markers of ovarian follicle reserve.
RESULTS
Results revealed a negative association between FMR4 levels and AMH (r = 0.45) and AFC (r = 0.64). Statistically significant higher FMR4 transcript levels were found among those FMR1 premutation women with both, low AFCs and AMH levels.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings reinforce previous studies supporting the association between high levels of FMR4 and the risk of developing FXPOI in FMR1 premutation carriers.
Topics: Humans; Female; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein; Ovarian Reserve; Adult; Biomarkers; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency; Heterozygote; Fragile X Syndrome; Mutation; Ovarian Follicle; Young Adult
PubMed: 38760837
DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01425-0 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases May 2024Chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene is a rare intestinal disease caused by loss-of-function SLCO2A1 mutations, with clinical and genetic characteristics...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene is a rare intestinal disease caused by loss-of-function SLCO2A1 mutations, with clinical and genetic characteristics remaining largely unknown, especially in Chinese patients. This study aims to reveal clinical and genetic features of Chinese CEAS patients, highlighting the previously unreported or unemphasized characteristics.
METHODS
We enrolled 12 Chinese patients with chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022. Clinical and genetic data of these patients were collected and analyzed.
RESULTS
58.3% of patients were male, who also had primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, whereas female patients did not have primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Apart from common symptoms associated with anemia and hypoalbuminemia, abdominal pain, ileus, diarrhea, and hematochezia were present. 4 of the 5 female patients had early-onset amenorrhea, though the causal relationship remained to be clarified. Endoscopy and computed tomography enterography revealed that lesions can occur in any part of the digestive tract, most commonly in the ileum. Pathology showed multiple superficial ulcers with adjacent vascular dilatation, and loss of SLCO2A1 expression, particularly in gastrointestinal vascular endothelial cells. Genetic analysis confirmed SLCO2A1 mutations in all patients and identified 11 new SLCO2A1 variants for CEAS.
CONCLUSIONS
This study reports new clinical, pathological, and genetic findings in 12 Chinese patients with chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene. This study provides insights into the pathogenesis of this disease. However, studies with larger sample sizes and more in-depth mechanism research are still required.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Organic Anion Transporters; Adult; Intestinal Diseases; Mutation; Young Adult; Adolescent; Middle Aged; China; Asian People; Chronic Disease; East Asian People
PubMed: 38755710
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03177-y -
Cureus Apr 2024Gestational diabetes mellitus's (GDM's) prevalence in Sri Lanka ranges from 5.5% to 11.5%. It is associated with maternal and perinatal complications, emphasizing the...
INTRODUCTION
Gestational diabetes mellitus's (GDM's) prevalence in Sri Lanka ranges from 5.5% to 11.5%. It is associated with maternal and perinatal complications, emphasizing the need for early screening and intervention. This study aims to determine the predictive effect of early pregnancy lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose for GDM.
METHODS
It is a prospective cohort study of 172 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at a tertiary hospital in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Prediction was derived by calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in multivariable logistic regression, assessing lipid and glucose effects on GDM risk.
RESULTS
The study included 172 participants (mean age: 29.84±5.38). GDM's prevalence was 16.9%, and 57.14% of these mothers were obese. Significant differences in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values were observed between the first visit and at 24-28 weeks. GDM mothers showed elevated total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Triglyceride (TG) levels correlated significantly with FPG at the Point of Assessment (POA), identifying a 0.945 mmol/L cutoff with 75% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity. Logistic regression confirmed a significant TG-GDM relationship. There is an association between FPG levels measured in early pregnancy and the likelihood of developing GDM later on. Specifically, when FPG levels in early pregnancy surpass a cutoff value of 3.94 mmol/L, there is an increased risk of GDM, indicated by an OR of 3.81 Conclusion: Early pregnancy FPG and TG levels are potential markers for predicting GDM. FPG shows higher predictive efficacy than TG. Total cholesterol, LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) lack predictive ability.
PubMed: 38745817
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58245 -
Cureus Apr 2024Concerns about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic's possible impact on sexual and reproductive health have grown significantly. In this narrative review, the latest research on the... (Review)
Review
Concerns about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic's possible impact on sexual and reproductive health have grown significantly. In this narrative review, the latest research on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on several facets of sexual and reproductive health is reviewed. The review starts initially by going through the possible consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on female menstrual cycles. The virus may interfere with the menstrual cycle, which could affect hormone synthesis and endometrial reactions, according to newly available evidence. Menstrual blood loss may be impacted by COVID-19's potential to influence endothelial cell function and systemic hemostasis. Hypothalamic amenorrhea may be brought on by severe COVID-19 disease. There is little research on this subject, although most women resume their regular menstrual cycles after 1-2 months of recuperation. The review also examines how SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments. There are few clinical data, although some research points to potential effects on embryo quality. Overall, ART results, however, did not materially change from the time before the epidemic. Obstetric problems are more likely when SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester. Even though the maternal death rate is still low, pregnant women, especially those with comorbidities, are more likely to experience serious sickness. The review emphasizes how the COVID-19 vaccine affects menstrual cycles, showing brief, modest modifications without serious health hazards. Also included are the psychological effects of family planning choices during the pandemic. In conclusion, this narrative review offers a thorough assessment of the complicated and changing effects of SARS-CoV-2 on sexual and reproductive health. The different requirements of people and couples during and after the pandemic are highlighted, underscoring the necessity for ongoing study and specialized healthcare practices.
PubMed: 38738039
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57944 -
International Medical Case Reports... 2024Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) is an effective permanent method of birth control that is surgically performed to block the woman's fallopian tube and prevent the egg...
BACKGROUND
Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) is an effective permanent method of birth control that is surgically performed to block the woman's fallopian tube and prevent the egg from meeting the sperm. It is preferred by women or couples who have achieved their reproductive potential and do not desire pregnancy. BTL carries a low risk of method failure with a subsequent pregnancy which is likely to be ectopic. We present a case of two consecutive ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancies following an interval BTL.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 40-year-old female, with 7 living children, who previously underwent an interval BTL, presented with acute abdominal pain for 2 days and amenorrhea for 6 weeks. She was stable but had generalized abdominal tenderness, guarding and rebound tenderness, and cervical motion tenderness. Her urine HCG was positive, and a trans-abdominal ultrasound scan revealed a tender echo-complex right adnexal mass, free fluid in the Cul-de-sac, and an empty uterine cavity, consistent with a ruptured right ectopic pregnancy. An emergency exploratory laparotomy was done with findings of a ruptured right distal tube containing products of conception, hemoperitoneum, and previous tubal ligation and left salpingectomy. A right total salpingectomy was done, and the excised right tube containing the mass was sent for histological examination, which revealed chorionic villi and hemorrhagic vascular decidual tissue in the fallopian tube, features suggestive of tubal ectopic pregnancy.
PubMed: 38737215
DOI: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S463007 -
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Due to a higher risk of maternal complications during pregnancy, as well as pregnancy complications such as stillbirth, SARS-CoV-2 contamination during pregnancy is a...
Due to a higher risk of maternal complications during pregnancy, as well as pregnancy complications such as stillbirth, SARS-CoV-2 contamination during pregnancy is a putative stress factor that could increase the risk of perinatal maternal mental health issues. We included women older than 18 years, who delivered a living baby at the Geneva University Hospitals' maternity wards after 29 weeks of amenorrhea (w.a.) and excluded women who did not read or speak fluent French. We compared women who declared having had COVID-19, confirmed by a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2, during pregnancy with women who did not, both at delivery and at one month postpartum. We collected clinical data by auto-questionnaires between time of childbirth and the third day postpartum regarding the occurrence of perinatal depression, peritraumatic dissociation, and peritraumatic distress during childbirth, measured, respectively, by the EPDS (depression is score > 11), PDI (peritraumatic distress is score > 15), and PDEQ (scales). At one month postpartum, we compared the proportion of women with a diagnosis of postpartum depression (PPD) and birth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD), using PCL-5 for CB-PTSD and using diagnosis criteria according DSM-5 for both PPD and CB-PTSD, in the context of a semi-structured interview, conducted by a clinician psychologist. Off the 257 women included, who delivered at the University Hospitals of Geneva between 25 January 2021 and 10 March 2022, 41 (16.1%) declared they had a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during their pregnancy. Regarding mental outcomes, except birth-related PTSD, all scores provided higher mean values in the group of women who declared having been infected by SARS-CoV-2, at delivery and at one month postpartum, without reaching any statistical significance: respectively, 7.8 (±5.2, 8:4-10.5) versus 6.5 (±4.7, 6:3-9), = 0.139 ***, for continuous EPDS scores; 10 (25.0) versus 45 (21.1), = 0.586 *, for dichotomous EPDS scores (≥11); 118 (55.7) versus 26 (63.4), = 0.359 *, for continuous PDI scores; 18.3 (±6.8, 16:14-21) versus 21.1 (±10.7, 17:15-22), 0.231 ***, for dichotomous PDI scores (≥15); 14.7 (±5.9, 13:10-16) versus 15.7 (±7.1, 14:10-18), = 0.636 ***, for continuous PDEQ scores; 64 (30.0) versus 17 (41.5), = 0.151 *, for dichotomous PDEQ scores (≥15); and 2 (8.0) versus 5 (3.6), = 0.289 *, for postpartum depression diagnosis, according DSM-5. We performed Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests, depending on applicability for the comparison of categorical variables and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests for continuous variables; < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Surprisingly, we did not find more birth-related PTSD as noted by the PCL-5 score at one month postpartum in women who declared a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2:15 (10.6) versus no case of birth related PTSD in women who were infected during pregnancy ( = 0.131 *). Our study showed that mental outcomes were differently distributed between women who declared having been infected by SARS-CoV-2 compared to women who were not infected. However, our study was underpowered to explore all the factors associated with psychiatric issues during pregnancy, postpartum, depending on the exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Future longitudinal studies on bigger samples and more diverse populations over a longer period are needed to explore the long-term psychic impact on women who had COVID-19 during pregnancy.
PubMed: 38727484
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090927 -
Heliyon May 2024The plants of L. genus have been traditionally used to cure aches, sore throats, fevers, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual weakness, diarrhea, stomach... (Review)
Review
The plants of L. genus have been traditionally used to cure aches, sore throats, fevers, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual weakness, diarrhea, stomach problems, amenorrhea, menstrual disorders, kidney stones, and pain. The review aims to give a comprehensive account of the current state of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of the genus, as well as to describe the potential area of future avenues. Information on the genus was obtained from internet sources such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and so on by using appropriate keywords, including ethnobotanical, pharmacological, pharmaceutical, bioactivity, phytochemistry, and botanical features of the genus. This review identified 14 species in the genus that have a phytopharmacological investigation, including a Burm. f., L., L., Pers., Blanco., Roxb., Rendle., Koidz., Engl., (Jacq.) Sarg., Wild., Torr., Engl., and Lam. This genus contains many classified phytoconstituents, such as terpenoids, organic acids, flavonoids, and volatile compounds. Their extracts and pure substances have been shown to have the same anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, urease-inhibiting, and antidiarrheal properties as their traditional uses. In terms of current information on ethnopharmacology, phytochemicals, and pharmacological uses, the data acquired in this review could be beneficial and needed for future research. Some phytoconstituents (for instance, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and eugenol) and extracts (for example, leaves, seeds, and ripe fruits extracts of ) showed tremendous results in preliminary testing with promising antimicrobial, anticancer, and urease inhibitory effects. Further research and clinical investigations are needed to develop them as lead compounds and neutraceuticals, which may provide an advance over traditional medicinal systems.
PubMed: 38726115
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29707