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BMC Plant Biology Mar 2024Chalkiness is a common phenotype induced by various reasons, such as abiotic stress or the imbalance of starch synthesis and metabolism during the development period....
BACKGROUND
Chalkiness is a common phenotype induced by various reasons, such as abiotic stress or the imbalance of starch synthesis and metabolism during the development period. However, the reason mainly for one gene losing its function such as NAC (TFs has a large family in rice) which may cause premature is rarely known to us.
RESULTS
The Ko-Osnac02 mutant demonstrated an obviously early maturation stage compared to the wild type (WT) with 15 days earlier. The result showed that the mature endosperm of Ko-Osnac02 mutant exhibited chalkiness, characterized by white-core and white-belly in mature endosperm. As grain filling rate is a crucial factor in determining the yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa, ssp. japonica), it's significant that mutant has a lower amylose content (AC) and higher soluble sugar content in the mature endosperm. Interestingly among the top DEGs in the RNA sequencing of N2 (3DAP) and WT seeds revealed that the OsBAM2 (LOC_Os10g32810) expressed significantly high in N2 mutant, which involved in Maltose up-regulated by the starch degradation. As Prediction of Protein interaction showed in the chalky endosperm formation in N2 seeds (3 DAP), seven genes were expressed at a lower-level which should be verified by a heatmap diagrams based on DEGs of N2 versus WT. The Tubulin genes controlling cell cycle are downregulated together with the MCM family genes MCM4 ( ↓), MCM7 ( ↑), which may cause white-core in the early endosperm development. In conclusion, the developing period drastically decreased in the Ko-Osnac02 mutants, which might cause the chalkiness in seeds during the early endosperm development.
CONCLUSIONS
The gene OsNAC02 which controls a great genetic co-network for cell cycle regulation in early development, and KO-Osnac02 mutant shows prematurity and white-core in endosperm.
Topics: Endosperm; Starch; Seeds; Edible Grain; Homeostasis; Oryza; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 38494545
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04845-8 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024is the key gene that controls amylose content (AC), and various alleles have been found in rice populations. is the major allele in and produces moderate AC (15~18%)....
is the key gene that controls amylose content (AC), and various alleles have been found in rice populations. is the major allele in and produces moderate AC (15~18%). It was recently found that editing the promoter of could produce a series of alleles that have different Wx activities. Although some studies have edited the promoter, few studies have focused on the natural variations in . Here, we used the Rice3K database to investigate variations in the promoter and found that the allele Wx1764178 (A/G) has a higher LD (linkage disequilibrium) with the two key SNPs (1765751, T/G; 1768006, A/C), which could produce different alleles and influence AC, as reported previously. Further study showed that the Wx1764178 allele (A/G) is functional and influences the expression of positively. Editing the A allele using CRISPR‒Cas9 produced 36 and 3 bp deletions and caused a decrease in the expression of . The apparent amylose content (AAC) in the edited lines was decreased by 7.09% and 11.50% compared with that of the wild type, which was the variety Nipponbare with and the A allele at 1764178, while a complementary line with the G allele showed a lower AAC than the A allele with no effect on other agronomic traits. The AAC of the edited lines showed a higher increase than that of the wild type (Nipponbare, ) in low-nitrogen conditions relative to high-nitrogen conditions. We also developed a dCAPS marker to identify the allele and found that the G allele has widely been used (82.95%) in -bred varieties from Jiangsu Province, China. Overall, we found a functional allele (Wx1764178, A/G) in the promoter that could affect AAC in cultivars and be developed as markers for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.
PubMed: 38475591
DOI: 10.3390/plants13050745 -
Nutrients Mar 2024In this study, the roles of kiwifruit soluble/insoluble dietary fiber (SDF/IDF, respectively) in the pasting characteristics and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch...
In this study, the roles of kiwifruit soluble/insoluble dietary fiber (SDF/IDF, respectively) in the pasting characteristics and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch were explored. According to RVA and rheological tests, the IDF enhanced the wheat starch viscosity, decreased the gelatinization degree of the starch granules, and exacerbated starch retrogradation. The addition of SDF in high quantities could reduce the starch gelatinization level, lower the system viscosity, and exacerbate starch retrogradation. Through determining the leached amylose content and conducing scanning electron microscopy, the IDF and SDF added in high quantities was combined with the leached amylose wrapped around the starch granules, which reduced the leached amylose content and decreased the gelatinization degree of the starch granules. The Fourier transform infrared results showed that the addition of both the IDF and SDF resulted in an enhancement in hydrogen bonding formed by the hydroxyl groups of the system. The in vitro digestion results strongly suggested that both the IDF and SDF reduced the wheat starch digestibility. The above findings are instructive for the application of both IDF and SDF in starchy functional foods.
Topics: Starch; Amylose; Triticum; Dietary Fiber; Viscosity
PubMed: 38474877
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050749 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the potential impurities of dexketoprofen,...
Simultaneous Determination of Enantiomeric Purity and Organic Impurities of Dexketoprofen Using Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Enhancing Enantioselectivity through Hysteretic Behavior and Temperature-Dependent Enantiomer Elution Order Reversal on Polysaccharide Chiral Stationary Phases.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the potential impurities of dexketoprofen, including the distomer R-ketoprofen. After screening the separation capability of four polysaccharide columns (Lux Amylose-1, Lux Amylose-2, Lux Cellulose-1 and Lux Cellulose-2) in polar organic and in reversed-phase modes, appropriate enantioseparation was observed only on the Lux Amylose-2 column in an acidified acetonitrile/water mixture. A detailed investigation of the mobile phase composition and temperature for enantio- and chemoselectivity showed many unexpected observations. It was observed that both the resolution and the enantiomer elution order can be fine-tuned by varying the temperature and mobile phase composition. Moreover, hysteresis of the retention times and enantioselectivity was also observed in reversed-phase mode using methanol/water mixtures on amylose-type columns. This could indicate that the three-dimensional structure of the amylose column can change by transitioning from a polar organic to a reversed-phase mode, which affects the enantioseparation process. Temperature-dependent enantiomer elution order and rare enthalpic/entropic controlled enantioseparation in the operative temperature range were also observed in reversed-phase mode. To find the best methodological conditions for the determination of dexketoprofen impurities, a full factorial optimization design was performed. Using the optimized parameters (Lux Amylose-2 column with water/acetonitrile/acetic acid 50/50/0.1 (//) at a 1 mL/min flow rate at 20 °C), baseline separations were achieved between all compounds within 15 min. Our newly developed HPLC method was validated according to the current guidelines, and its application was tested on commercially available pharmaceutical formulations. According to the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to report hysteretic behavior on polysaccharide columns in reversed-phase mode.
Topics: Amylose; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Temperature; Polysaccharides; Cellulose; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Water; Acetonitriles; Stereoisomerism; Ketoprofen; Tromethamine
PubMed: 38473945
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052697 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024In order to improve the retrogradation of rice starch (RS) and the quality of rice products, soy protein isolate (SPI), whey protein isolate (WPI), and rice flour were...
In order to improve the retrogradation of rice starch (RS) and the quality of rice products, soy protein isolate (SPI), whey protein isolate (WPI), and rice flour were mixed and further extruded into mixed flour. The physicochemical properties and morphology of starch of extruded rice flour (ERS) and starch of extruded mixtures of SPI, WPI, and rice flour (SPI-WPI-ERS) were analyzed. The distribution of amylopectin chain length, molecular weight, microstructure, crystallinity, short-range ordered structure, pasting properties, and thermodynamic properties of RS, ERS, and SPI-WPI-ERS were measured. The results showed that, compared with rice starch, the proportion of long-chain starch, total starch content, and molecular weight were decreased in ERS and SPI-WPI-ERS, but the proportion of short-chain and amylose content was increased. The short-range order structure was destroyed. The water absorption of ERS and SPI-WPI-ERS was much higher than rice starch at 55 °C, 65 °C, and 75 °C, but lower than that of rice starch at 95 °C. Therefore, the retrogradation characteristics of SPI-WPI-ERS were improved. The setback of rice starch products was reduced and the setback of SPI-WPI-ERS was lower than that of ERS. Overall, the retrogradation of rice starch was delayed by adding exogenous protein and extrusion technology, and the application range of rice flour in staple food products was broadened.
PubMed: 38472878
DOI: 10.3390/foods13050764 -
Food Chemistry: X Jun 2024The retrogradation behaviors of five damaged wheat starches (DS) after milling 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min with different water contents (33, 50, 60 %) were evaluated....
The retrogradation behaviors of five damaged wheat starches (DS) after milling 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min with different water contents (33, 50, 60 %) were evaluated. Milling treatment increased DS content and developed an agglomeration of small particles. After 7 days of storage, the recrystallinity and long-range ordered structure of starch pastes were increased with the contents of DS and water. This process led to a lower setback viscosity and poor leaching of amylose. LF-NMR indicated a conversion from tightly bound water and free water to weakly bound water. During storage, DS12 with 60 % water content had the highest retrogradation tendency where the retrogradation enthalpy increased by 1.5 J/g and 2.2 J/g compared with DS0 with 60 % and DS12 with 33 % water content. DS with higher water content promoted the water mobility and made the starch molecular chains migrated conveniently. These changes facilitated the recrystallinity process during retrogradation period.
PubMed: 38444557
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101258 -
ESC Heart Failure Jun 2024Predicting mortality in severe AL cardiac amyloidosis is challenging due to elevated biomarker levels and limited thresholds for stratifying severe cardiac damage. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
AIMS
Predicting mortality in severe AL cardiac amyloidosis is challenging due to elevated biomarker levels and limited thresholds for stratifying severe cardiac damage.
METHODS AND RESULTS
This prospective, observational, cohort study included de novo, confirmed cardiac AL amyloidosis patients at the Henri Mondor National Reference Centre. The goal was to identify predictors of mortality to enhance prognostic stratification and improve informed decision-making regarding therapy. Over the 12-year study period, among the 233 patients included, 133 were NYHA III-IV and 179 Mayo 2004 III. The independent predictors for mortality identified were hsTnT, NT-proBNP, cardiac output, and conjugated bilirubin. A novel prognostic, conditional stratification, Mondor amyloidosis cardiac staging (MACS) was developed with biomarker cut-off values for Stage 1: hsTnT ≤ 107 ng/L and NT-proBNP ≤ 3867 ng/L (n = 77; 33%); for stage 2 NT-proBNP > 3867 ng/L (n = 72; 30%). For stage 3, if troponin >107 ng/L, regardless of NT-proBNP then CB 4 μmol/L, was added (n = 41; 17.5%) and stage 4: CB > 4 μmol/L (n = 43; 18.5%). The median overall survival was 8 months 95% CI [2-24]. At 1 year, 102 (44%) patients died and the Kaplan-Meier median survival with MACS Stage 1 was not reached, while stage 2 was 15.2 months (95% CI [11-18]) and stage 3, 6.6 months (95% CI [1-13]). Notably, among European stage II patients, 17.1%, n = 8 were MACS stage 3 and European stage IIIb 21.4% (n = 23) were MACS stage 4. Importantly, among European stage IIIb patients 42.2% (n = 29) were classified MACS stage 4 and 12.5% n = 9 were only MACS stage 2.
CONCLUSIONS
The Mondor prognostic staging system, including conjugate bilirubin may significantly improve prognostic stratification for patients with severe cardiac amyloidosis.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Prospective Studies; Prognosis; Cardiomyopathies; Aged; Middle Aged; Biomarkers; Survival Rate; Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis; Follow-Up Studies; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Peptide Fragments
PubMed: 38444090
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14671 -
Food Chemistry: X Mar 2024This study aimed to compare the changes in physicochemical properties of the starch isolated from three banana cultivars ( AAA group subgroup ABB group subgroup AA group...
This study aimed to compare the changes in physicochemical properties of the starch isolated from three banana cultivars ( AAA group subgroup ABB group subgroup AA group subgroup) at five different maturity stages. The results revealed both similarities and significant differences in micromorphology and physicochemical characteristics of the three banana varieties during different growth stages. Apparent amylose content and particle size of the three starches increased with the ripeness of banana. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that starch particles of the three starches had different microscopic characteristics, and that banana starch morphology was basically unchanged at various growth stages. Moreover, the pasting and thermal properties of the banana starches were significantly different at various growth stages. The resistant starch content of the three banana cultivars was about 80% at all growth stages. AAA group subgroup had the highest resistant starch content at stage Ⅴ. This study provides insights into the starch changes of three banana cultivars during ripening.
PubMed: 38434694
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101004 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2024In rice cultivation, the traits of semi-dwarfism and glutinous texture are pivotal for optimizing yield potential and grain quality, respectively. Xiangdaowan (XDW)...
In rice cultivation, the traits of semi-dwarfism and glutinous texture are pivotal for optimizing yield potential and grain quality, respectively. Xiangdaowan (XDW) rice, renowned for its exceptional aromatic properties, has faced challenges due to its tall stature and high amylose content, resulting in poor lodging resistance and suboptimal culinary attributes. To address these issues, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to precisely edit the and genes in XDW rice, leading to the development of stable genetically homozygous lines with desired semi-dwarf and glutinous characteristics. The mutant lines exhibited reduced gibberellin content, plant height, and amylose content, while maintaining hardly changed germination rate and other key agronomic traits. Importantly, our study demonstrated that exogenous GA application effectively promoted growth by compensating for the deficiency of endogenous gibberellin. Based on this, a semi-dwarf glutinous elite rice ( L.) Lines was developed without too much effect on most agronomic traits. Furthermore, a comparative transcriptome analysis unveiled that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily associated with the anchored component of the membrane, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, peroxidase activity, terpene synthase activity, and apoplast. Additionally, terpene synthase genes involved in catalyzing the biosynthesis of diterpenoids to gibberellins were enriched and significantly down-regulated. This comprehensive study provides an efficient method for simultaneously enhancing rice plant height and quality, paving the way for the development of lodging-resistant and high-quality rice varieties.
PubMed: 38434426
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1333191 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Jun 2024Recently we published in this journal an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative...
Optimization of enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and its phase-1 metabolites in human biological fluids.
Recently we published in this journal an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its major phase-1 metabolites, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in human plasma, sweat, oral fluid and urine. Since we did not achieve simultaneous enantioseparation of all 4 compounds with a single chiral column, two amylose-based chiral columns were used alternatively. Further optimization of the mobile phase in the present study enabled baseline separation of all four pairs of enantiomers on a single Lux AMP column. In addition, by optimization of the column dimension and applied flow-rate it became possible to complete the separation within 6 minutes. These new methods were applied to the analysis of human plasma, oral fluid and urine. While results on the concentration of MDMA and its metabolites in various biological fluids were reported in our recent publication, in the present study an attempt was made to hydrolyze glucuronides in urine samples by using alternatively, hydrochloric acid or glucuronidase and to evaluate the effect of hydrolysis on the concentration and enantiomeric distribution of hydroxy metabolites of MDMA such as HMA and HMMA.
Topics: Humans; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, Liquid; Stereoisomerism; Methamphetamine; 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Lactates
PubMed: 38430614
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116076