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ELife Jul 2024Perceiving biological motion (BM) is crucial for human survival and social interaction. Many studies have reported impaired BM perception in autism spectrum disorder,...
Perceiving biological motion (BM) is crucial for human survival and social interaction. Many studies have reported impaired BM perception in autism spectrum disorder, which is characterised by deficits in social interaction. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit similar difficulties in social interaction. However, few studies have investigated BM perception in children with ADHD. Here, we compared differences in the ability to process local kinematic and global configurational cues, two fundamental abilities of BM perception, between typically developing and ADHD children. We further investigated the relationship between BM perception and social interaction skills measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale and examined the contributions of latent factors (e.g. sex, age, attention, and intelligence) to BM perception. The results revealed that children with ADHD exhibited atypical BM perception. Local and global BM processing showed distinct features. Local BM processing ability was related to social interaction skills, whereas global BM processing ability significantly improved with age. Critically, general BM perception (i.e. both local and global BM processing) may be affected by sustained attentional ability in children with ADHD. This relationship was primarily mediated by reasoning intelligence. These findings elucidate atypical BM perception in ADHD and the latent factors related to BM perception. Moreover, this study provides new evidence that BM perception is a hallmark of social cognition and advances our understanding of the potential roles of local and global processing in BM perception and social cognitive disorders.
Topics: Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Male; Female; Motion Perception; Social Interaction; Adolescent; Attention
PubMed: 38954462
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.90313 -
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.... Jun 2024With the continuous development of identification technologies such as mass spectrometry,omics,and antibody technology,post-translational modification (PTM) has... (Review)
Review
With the continuous development of identification technologies such as mass spectrometry,omics,and antibody technology,post-translational modification (PTM) has demonstrated increasing potential in medical research.PTM as a novel chemical modification method provides new perspectives for the research on diseases.Succinylation as a novel modification has aroused the interest of more and more researchers.The available studies about succinylation mainly focus on a desuccinylase named sirtuin 5.This enzyme plays a key role in modification and has been preliminarily explored in cardiovascular studies.This paper summarizes the influencing factors and regulatory roles of succinylation and the links between succinylation and other PTMs and reviews the research progress of PTMs in the cardiovascular field,aiming to deepen the understanding about the role of this modification and give new insights to the research in this field.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Lysine; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Succinic Acid
PubMed: 38953268
DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15944 -
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.... Jun 2024There are mutual neural projections between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC),which form a circuit.Recent studies have shown that... (Review)
Review
There are mutual neural projections between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC),which form a circuit.Recent studies have shown that this circuit is vital in regulating arousal from sleep and general anesthesia.This paper introduces the anatomical structures of VTA and mPFC and the roles of various neurons and projection pathways in the regulation of arousal,aiming to provide new ideas for further research on the mechanism of arousal from sleep and general anesthesia.
Topics: Prefrontal Cortex; Ventral Tegmental Area; Arousal; Humans; Animals; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 38953264
DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15693 -
PeerJ 2024Although exercise training has been shown to enhance neurological function, there is a shortage of research on how exercise training affects the temporal-spatial...
Although exercise training has been shown to enhance neurological function, there is a shortage of research on how exercise training affects the temporal-spatial synchronization properties of functional networks, which are crucial to the neurological system. This study recruited 23 professional and 24 amateur dragon boat racers to perform simulated paddling on ergometers while recording EEG. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the brain were analyzed using microstates and omega complexity. Temporal dynamics results showed that microstate D, which is associated with attentional networks, appeared significantly altered, with significantly higher duration, occurrence, and coverage in the professional group than in the amateur group. The transition probabilities of microstate D exhibited a similar pattern. The spatial dynamics results showed the professional group had lower brain complexity than the amateur group, with a significant decrease in omega complexity in the α (8-12 Hz) and β (13-30 Hz) bands. Dragon boat training may strengthen the attentive network and reduce the complexity of the brain. This study provides evidence that dragon boat exercise improves the efficiency of the cerebral functional networks on a spatiotemporal scale.
Topics: Humans; Male; Electroencephalography; Brain; Adult; Young Adult; Exercise; Water Sports; Attention; Female
PubMed: 38952974
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17623 -
PeerJ 2024Desserts with vegetable ingredients are a constantly expanding global market due to the search for alternatives to cow's milk. Fermentation of these matrices by lactic...
BACKGROUND
Desserts with vegetable ingredients are a constantly expanding global market due to the search for alternatives to cow's milk. Fermentation of these matrices by lactic acid bacteria can add greater functionality to the product, improving its nutritional, sensory, and food safety characteristics, as well as creating bioactive components with beneficial effects on health. Concern for health and well-being has aroused interest in byproducts of the industry that have functional properties for the body, such as mature coconut water, a normally discarded residue that is rich in nutrients. This study aimed to develop a probiotic gelatin based on pulp and water from mature coconuts and evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, viability of the LR32 strain in the medium, as well as the texture properties of the product.
METHODS
After collection and cleaning, the physicochemical characterization, mineral analysis, analysis of the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mature coconut water were carried out, as well as the centesimal composition of its pulp. Afterwards, the gelling was developed with the addition of modified corn starch, gelatin, sucrose, and probiotic culture, being subjected to acidity analysis, texture profile and cell count, on the first day and every 7 days during 21 days of storage, under refrigeration at 5 °C. An analysis of the centesimal composition was also carried out.
RESULTS
The main minerals in coconut water were potassium (1,932.57 mg L), sodium (19.57 mg L), magnesium (85.13 mg L) calcium (279.93 mg L) and phosphorus (11.17 mg L ), while the pulp had potassium (35.96 g kg), sodium (0.97 g kg), magnesium (2.18 g kg), 37 calcium (1.64 g kg), and phosphorus (3.32 g kg). The phenolic content of the water and pulp was 5.72 and 9.77 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) 100 g, respectively, and the antioxidant capacity was 1.67 and 0.98 39 g of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) mg, respectively. The coconut pulp had 2.81 g 100 gof protein, 1.11 g 100 g of 40 ash, 53% moisture, and 5.81 g 100 g of carbohydrates. The gelatin produced during the storage period presented firmness parameters ranging from 145.82 to 206.81 grams-force (gf), adhesiveness from 692.85 to 1,028.63 gf sec, cohesiveness from 0.604 to 0.473, elasticity from 0.901 to 0.881, gumminess from 86.27 to 97.87 gf, and chewiness from 77.72 to 91.98 gf. Regarding the viability of the probiotic microorganism, the dessert had 7.49 log CFU g that remained viable during the 21-day storage, reaching 8.51 CFU g. Acidity ranged from 0.15 to 0.64 g of lactic acid 100 g. The centesimal composition of the product showed 4.88 g 100 g of protein, 0.54 g 100 g of ash, 85.21% moisture, and 5.37g 100 g of carbohydrates. The development of the gelatin made it possible to obtain a differentiated product, contributing to diversification in the food sector, providing a viable alternative for maintaining consumer health and reducing costs compared to desserts already available on the market.
Topics: Cocos; Gelatin; Probiotics; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; Antioxidants; Fermentation
PubMed: 38952971
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17502 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Matching arousal level to the motor activity of an animal is important for efficiently allocating cognitive resources and metabolic supply in response to behavioral...
Matching arousal level to the motor activity of an animal is important for efficiently allocating cognitive resources and metabolic supply in response to behavioral demands, but how the brain coordinates changes in arousal and wakefulness in response to motor activity remains an unclear phenomenon. We hypothesized that the locus coeruleus (LC), as the primary source of cortical norepinephrine (NE) and promoter of cortical and sympathetic arousal, is well-positioned to mediate movement-arousal coupling. Here, using a combination of physiological recordings, fiber photometry, optogenetics, and behavioral tracking, we show that the LC activation is tightly coupled to the return of organized movements during waking from an anesthetized state. Moreover, in an awake animal, movement initiations are coupled to LC activation, while movement arrests, to LC deactivation. We also report that LC activity covaries with the depth of anesthesia and that LC photoactivation leads to sympathetic activation, consistent with its role in mediating increased arousal. Together, these studies reveal a more nuanced, modulatory role that LC plays in coordinating movement and arousal.
PubMed: 38948871
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599619 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Behavioral states such as sleep and wake are highly correlated with specific patterns of rhythmic activity in the cortex. During low arousal states such as slow wave...
Behavioral states such as sleep and wake are highly correlated with specific patterns of rhythmic activity in the cortex. During low arousal states such as slow wave sleep, the cortex is synchronized and dominated by low frequency rhythms coordinated across multiple regions. Although recent evidence suggests that GABAergic inhibitory neurons are key players in cortical state modulation, the circuit mechanisms coordinating synchronized activity among local and distant neocortical networks are not well understood. Here, we show that somatostatin and chondrolectin co-expressing cells (Sst-Chodl cells), a sparse and unique class of neocortical inhibitory neurons, are selectively active during low arousal states and are largely silent during periods of high arousal. In contrast to other neocortical inhibitory neurons, we show these neurons have long-range axons that project across neocortical areas. Activation of Sst-Chodl cells is sufficient to promote synchronized cortical states characteristic of low arousal, with increased spike co-firing and low frequency brain rhythms, and to alter behavioral states by promoting sleep. Contrary to the prevailing belief that sleep is exclusively driven by subcortical mechanisms, our findings reveal that these long-range inhibitory neurons not only track changes in behavioral state but are sufficient to induce both sleep-like cortical states and sleep behavior, establishing a crucial circuit component in regulating behavioral states.
PubMed: 38948753
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599756 -
Sexual Medicine Jun 2024Breast cancer (BC) is considered a risk factor for sexual dysfunction, which may be associated with the diagnosis itself or with oncological treatments. However, sexual...
BACKGROUND
Breast cancer (BC) is considered a risk factor for sexual dysfunction, which may be associated with the diagnosis itself or with oncological treatments. However, sexual dysfunction often remains underdiagnosed and unaddressed among BC survivors.
AIM
The study sought to evaluate the sexual function of postmenopausal BC survivors compared with postmenopausal women without BC.
METHODS
This case-control study included 178 postmenopausal BC survivors (stages I-III), 45 to 70 years of age, with amenorrhea for ≥12 months and sexually active. They were compared with 178 women without BC, matched (±2 years) for age and time since menopause in a 1:1 ratio. Sexual function was evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), which consists of 6 domains (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain), with a total score ≤26.5 indicating risk of sexual dysfunction. Statistical analysis included Student's test, chi-square test, and logistic regression (odds ratio [OR]).
OUTCOMES
Evaluation of sexual function in postmenopausal women treated for BC.
RESULTS
Postmenopausal BC survivors showed poorer sexual function in the desire domain ( .002). No significant differences were observed between groups in the other FSFI domains and total score ( .05). Postmenopausal BC survivors had a higher prevalence of risk of sexual dysfunction (64.6% with a total score ≤26.5) compared with the control group (51.6%) ( .010). Adjusted risk analysis for age and time since menopause revealed a higher risk of sexual dysfunction in BC survivors compared with women without cancer (OR, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-2.96; .007). Among BC survivors, the use of hormone therapy was associated with a higher risk of sexual dysfunction (OR, 3.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-7.51; .002).
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Postmenopausal BC survivors should be regularly assessed before and throughout treatment to enable the early detection and diagnosis of sexual dysfunction.
STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS
The main strength is that this study might contribute to a better understanding of sexual function in postmenopausal BC survivors compared with women without BC. The main limitation is that while the FSFI is a valid and reliable tool for the evaluation of female sexual function, it does not allow a comprehensive diagnosis of sexual dysfunction, as it is not applicable to partners.
CONCLUSION
Compared with postmenopausal women without BC, postmenopausal BC survivors face a higher risk of sexual dysfunction, especially when treated with adjuvant hormone therapy.
PubMed: 38948072
DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfae035 -
Sleep Advances : a Journal of the Sleep... 2024A high prevalence of sleep apnea has been reported among transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR) patients; however, the prevalence of sleep apnea in the younger and...
STUDY OBJECTIVES
A high prevalence of sleep apnea has been reported among transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR) patients; however, the prevalence of sleep apnea in the younger and relatively healthier population of surgical AVR (SAVR) patients is unknown.
METHODS
We assessed the prevalence of sleep apnea and overall sleep quality in patients having SAVR. Participants aged 50-89 were eligible for recruitment. All participants completed type II HST before SAVR. Sleep apnea was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 events/hour. The current use of positive airway pressure was exclusionary.
RESULTS
The 46 participants (32 males/14 females) had a mean age of 66.6 years, body mass index of 30, AHI of 23.5, and obstructive AHI of 22.0. Only four participants had a prior sleep apnea diagnosis, yet all but one had sleep apnea on type II sleep testing. Two-thirds of sleep apnea was moderate or severe (AHI ≥ 15). A quarter of respiratory events were defined by arousals without desaturations. Whereas most sleep parameters resembled those of similarly aged community cohorts, mean percentage of N3 was reduced, accounting for only 3.8% of total sleep time.
CONCLUSIONS
Type II home sleep testing (HST) revealed a 97.8% prevalence of sleep apnea in this sample, most of which was undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea. Roughly two-thirds of sleep apnea was moderate or severe. Such a high impact of obstructive sleep apnea among patients with severe aortic valve disease deserves further investigation on potential underlying mechanisms and clinical implications.
PubMed: 38947231
DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae034 -
MedRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) negatively impacts post-stroke recovery. This study's purpose: examine the prevalence of undiagnosed OSA and describe a simple tool to...
BACKGROUND
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) negatively impacts post-stroke recovery. This study's purpose: examine the prevalence of undiagnosed OSA and describe a simple tool to identify those at-risk for OSA in the early phase of stroke recovery.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of people ∼15 days post-stroke. Adults with stroke diagnosis admitted to inpatient rehabilitation over a 3-year period were included if they were alert/arousable, able to consent/assent to participation, and excluded if they had a pre-existing OSA diagnosis, other neurologic health conditions, recent craniectomy, global aphasia, inability to ambulate 150 feet independently pre-stroke, pregnant, or inability to understand English. OSA was deemed present if oxygen desaturation index (ODI) of >=15 resulted from overnight oximetry measures. Prevalence of OSA was determined accordingly. Four participant characteristics comprised the "BASH" tool (body mass index >=35, age>=50, sex=male, hypertension=yes). A receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed with BASH as test variable and OSA presence as state variable.
RESULTS
Participants (n=123) were 50.4% male, averaged 64.12 years old (sd 14.08), and self-identified race as 75.6% White, 20.3% Black/African American, 2.4%>1 race, and 1.6% other; 22% had OSA. ROC analysis indicated BASH score >=3 predicts presence of OSA (sensitivity=0.778, specificity=0.656, area under the curve =0.746, p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of undiagnosed OSA in the early stroke recovery phase is high. With detection of OSA post-stroke, it may be possible to offset untreated OSA's deleterious impact on post-stroke recovery of function. The BASH tool is an effective OSA screener for this application.
PubMed: 38947016
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.16.24309011