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Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Hypercalcemia of malignancy (HM) secondary to lymphoma in dogs has the potential to cause renal injury.
BACKGROUND
Hypercalcemia of malignancy (HM) secondary to lymphoma in dogs has the potential to cause renal injury.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
Characterize outcomes related to acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to HM. We hypothesized that dogs do suffer AKI regardless of HM severity at the time of lymphoma diagnosis or relapse.
ANIMALS
Retrospective study. Twenty-nine dogs with lymphoma, HM, and azotemia (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] grade II or higher AKI) that underwent chemotherapy were identified at 2 veterinary institutions.
METHODS
Logistic regression and descriptive statistical analysis were performed to evaluate data for potential prognostic factors.
RESULTS
After initiating treatment, resolution of hypercalcemia and azotemia occurred in 100% (29/29) and 79.3% (23/29) of dogs, respectively. Resolution of azotemia was influenced by serum creatinine concentration (odds ratio [OR], 0.148; Confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.734; P = .02) and total hypercalcemia (OR, 0.36; CI, 0.14-0.93; P = .04) at diagnosis, whereas blood urea nitrogen concentration, IRIS grade, sex, and whether or not dogs were hospitalized were not significant factors. At data analysis, 13.8% (4/29) of dogs were alive or lost to follow-up. Of those dead, 4 dogs (15%) had renal disease at the time of death, 2/4 having concurrent lymphoma progression.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Although AKI may be of clinical concern in dogs with HM secondary to lymphoma at diagnosis, death secondary to renal impairment appears to be infrequent.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Azotemia; Retrospective Studies; Hypercalcemia; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Acute Kidney Injury; Lymphoma; Dog Diseases; Creatinine; Paraneoplastic Syndromes
PubMed: 38131263
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16974 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023To explore whether ferroptosis is involved in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and its mechanism. The FSGS rat model was constructed by single nephrectomy...
To explore whether ferroptosis is involved in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and its mechanism. The FSGS rat model was constructed by single nephrectomy combined with fractional tail vein injection of doxorubicin. 24-hour urine protein, serum biochemistry, HE, PAS and Masson pathological staining were measured to assess renal injury. Glomerular and morphological changes of ferroptosis were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Iron content in renal tissue was assessed by Prussian blue staining and iron detection. GSH/GSSG kit was used to detect the content and proportion of reduced/oxidized glutathione. Lipid peroxidation related proteins including MDA expression was assessed by colorimetry. The iron metabolism biomarkers such as hepcidin, ferroportin and TFR, ferroptosis biomarkers such as GPX4, ACSL4, and ferritinophagy biomarkers such as LC3II/LC3I, NCOA4, and FTH1 were detected by Western blot. Significant urinary protein, hyperlipidemia, azotemia, increased serum creatinine and hypoproteinemia were observed in FSGS rats. Histology and electron microscopy showed segmental sclerosis of glomeruli, compensatory enlargement of some glomeruli, occlusion of capillary lumen, balloon adhesion, increased mesangial matrix, atrophy of some tubules, and renal interstitial fibrosis in renal tissue of FSGS rats. The morphology of glomerular foot processes disappeared; the foot processes were extensively fused and some foot processes detached. Mitochondria became smaller, membrane density increased, and mitochondrial cristae decreased or disappeared. In addition, iron deposition was observed in renal tissue of FSGS rats. Compared with the control group, the levels of GSH, GSH/GSSG, GPX4, and ferroportin were reduced and the expression of GSSG, MDA, ACSL4, hepcidin, and TFR was increased in the renal tissue of FSGS rats; meanwhile, the expression of LC3II/LC3I and NCOA4 was increased and the expression of FTH1 was decreased. Ferroptosis is involved in the pathological progression of FSGS, which is probably associated with activation of ferritinophagy. This represents a potential therapeutic target for FSGS.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; Hepcidins; Ferroptosis; Glutathione Disulfide; Biomarkers; Iron
PubMed: 38097813
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49697-8 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk.
BACKGROUND
High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk.
OBJECTIVE
Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial).
ANIMALS
Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]).
METHODS
Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models.
RESULTS
Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Arachis; Prospective Studies; Kidney; Sodium
PubMed: 38084870
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16952 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) historically has been a fatal disease in cats. Recent unlicensed use of antiviral medication has been shown to markedly improve...
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) historically has been a fatal disease in cats. Recent unlicensed use of antiviral medication has been shown to markedly improve survival of this infection. An 8-month-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat undergoing treatment for presumptive FIP with the antiviral nucleoside analog GS-441524 developed acute progressive azotemia. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified multifocal urolithiasis including renal, ureteral, and cystic calculi. Unilateral ureteral obstruction progressed to suspected bilateral ureteral obstruction and subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) was performed along with urolith removal and submission for analysis. A 2-year-old male neutered domestic medium-haired cat undergoing treatment for confirmed FIP with GS-441524 developed dysuria (weak urine stream, urinary incontinence, and difficulty expressing the urinary bladder). This cat also was diagnosed sonographically with multifocal urolithiasis requiring temporary tube cystostomy after cystotomy and urolith removal. In both cases, initial urolith analysis showed unidentified material. Additional testing confirmed the calculi in both cats to be 98% consistent with GS-441524. Additional clinical studies are required to determine best screening practices for cats presented for urolithiasis during treatment with GS-441524.
Topics: Male; Cats; Female; Animals; Feline Infectious Peritonitis; Ureteral Obstruction; Urinary Calculi; Urolithiasis; Antiviral Agents; Coronavirus, Feline; Cat Diseases; Adenosine
PubMed: 38032049
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16954 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Hypercalcemia has been associated with hypergastrinemia in humans. Hypergastrinemia could be responsible for gastrointestinal (GI) signs in dogs with primary...
BACKGROUND
Hypercalcemia has been associated with hypergastrinemia in humans. Hypergastrinemia could be responsible for gastrointestinal (GI) signs in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
(a) Determine whether hypergastrinemia occurs in dogs with PHPT, (b) assess for potential correlations among ionized calcium (iCa), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and serum gastrin concentrations, and (c) determine whether gastrin concentrations decrease after management of PHPT.
ANIMALS
Phase 1: 151 client-owned dogs at the time of PHPT diagnosis, Phase 2: 24 dogs that underwent treatment for PHPT.
METHODS
Dogs with azotemia, concurrent disease, or those receiving acid suppressants were excluded. Twenty-four treated dogs had baseline and repeat quantification of serum gastrin, PTH, and iCa concentrations 4 weeks after treatment. The effect of treatment on gastrin, iCa, and PTH concentrations was assessed using Wilcoxon signed rank sum tests. Fisher exact testing was used to compare the proportion of dogs with hypergastrinemia in dogs with and without GI signs.
RESULTS
Twenty-seven of 151 PHPT dogs (17.9%) had increased pre-treatment serum gastrin concentrations (median, 45.0 ng/L; interquartile range [IQR], 20.0 ng/L). Gastrin concentrations were not correlated with iCa (P = .92) or PTH (P = .60). Treatment of PHPT decreased PTH (P < .001) and iCa concentrations (P < .001), but not gastrin concentrations (P = .15). The proportion of dogs with hypergastrinemia with and without GI signs did not differ (P = 1.00).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Mild increases in serum gastrin concentrations may be seen in dogs with PHPT, but this finding is independent of the presence of GI signs.
Topics: Humans; Dogs; Animals; Calcium; Gastrins; Hyperparathyroidism, Primary; Parathyroid Hormone; Hypercalcemia; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 38031928
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16940 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Therefore, efforts to understand DKD pathophysiology and prevent its...
INTRODUCTION
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Therefore, efforts to understand DKD pathophysiology and prevent its development at the early phase are highly warranted.
METHODS
Here, we analyzed kidneys from healthy mice, diabetic mice, and diabetic mice treated with the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin using ATAC and RNA sequencing. The findings were verified at the protein levels and in cultured cells.
RESULTS
Our combined method of ATAC and RNA sequencing revealed , , and as the key candidate genes associated with hyperglycemia, azotemia, and albuminuria. Their protein levels were altered together with multiple other inflammatory cytokines in the diabetic kidney, which was alleviated by dapagliflozin treatment. Cell culture of immortalized renal tubular cells and macrophages unraveled that dapagliflozin could directly effect on these cells as an anti-inflammatory agent independent of glucose concentrations. We further proved that dapagliflozin attenuated ischemia/reperfusion-induced chronic kidney injury and renal inflammation in mice.
DISCUSSION
Overall, our data emphasize the importance of inflammatory factors to the pathogenesis of DKD, and provide valuable mechanistic insights into the renoprotective role of dapagliflozin.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Diabetic Nephropathies; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; Nephritis; Inflammation
PubMed: 38022502
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205834 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease arising from serum amyloid A (SAA). Systemic AA amyloidosis recently was shown to have a high prevalence in...
BACKGROUND
Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease arising from serum amyloid A (SAA). Systemic AA amyloidosis recently was shown to have a high prevalence in shelter cats in Italy and was associated with azotemia and proteinuria.
OBJECTIVES
Investigate urine protein profiles and diagnostic biomarkers in cats with renal AA amyloidosis.
ANIMALS
Twenty-nine shelter cats.
METHODS
Case-control study. Cats with renal proteinuria that died or were euthanized between 2018 and 2021 with available necropsy kidney, liver and spleen samples, and with surplus urine collected within 30 days before death, were included. Histology was used to characterize renal damage and amyloid amount and distribution; immunohistochemistry was used to confirm AA amyloidosis. Urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) and urine amyloid A-to-creatinine (UAAC) ratios were calculated, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of proteins were performed.
RESULTS
Twenty-nine cats were included. Nineteen had AA amyloidosis with renal involvement. Cats with AA amyloidosis had a higher UPC (median, 3.9; range, 0.6-12.7 vs 1.5; 0.6-3.1; P = .03) and UAAC ratios (median, 7.18 × 10 ; range, 23 × 10 -21.29 × 10 vs 1.26 × 10 ; 0.21 × 10 -6.33 × 10 ; P = .04) than unaffected cats. The SDS-AGE identified mixed-type proteinuria in 89.4% of cats with AA amyloidosis and in 55.6% without AA amyloidosis (P = .57). The LC-MS identified 63 potential biomarkers associated with AA amyloidosis (P < .05). Among these, urine apolipoprotein C-III was higher in cats with AA amyloidosis (median, 1.38 × 10 ; range, 1.85 × 10 -5.29 × 10 vs 1.76 × 10 ; 0.0 × 10 -1.38 × 10 ; P = .01). In the kidney, AA-amyloidosis was associated with glomerulosclerosis (P = .02) and interstitial fibrosis (P = .05).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Renal AA amyloidosis is associated with kidney lesions, increased proteinuria and increased urine excretion of SAA in shelter cats. Additional studies are needed to characterize the role of lipid transport proteins in the urine of affected cats.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Creatinine; Case-Control Studies; Kidney; Amyloidosis; Proteinuria; Serum Amyloid A Protein; Cat Diseases
PubMed: 37991136
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16920 -
Veterinarni Medicina Sep 2023Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome (JHS) is a sporadic and fatal enterotoxaemic disease in dairy cows associated with acute development and poor prognosis despite...
Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome (JHS) is a sporadic and fatal enterotoxaemic disease in dairy cows associated with acute development and poor prognosis despite treatment. A 5-year-old Holstein cow with no reported pregnancy, three calving numbers, and 303 days in milk presented with hypothermia, discomfort, and inappetence. Anaemia, dehydration, faeces with blood clots, and absence of rumen and bowel movements were observed. We identified the presence of neutrophilia, hyperglycaemia, hypoproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlactatemia, hypocalcaemia, hypermagnesemia, hypokalaemia, and hypochloraemia through blood analyses. Necropsy and histopathologic examination revealed a dilated bluish-purple jejunum, blood clots within the jejunum, neutrophil infiltration into the submucosa of the jejunum, and vascular necrosis. Retrospective examination revealed extraordinary patterns of rumination time, activity, rumen mobility, and rumen temperature using biosensors and decreased milk yield. The abnormalities in the affected cow were detected before recognition by farm workers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to examine data from biosensors in a cow with JHS. Our findings suggest that using biometric data may help understand the development of JHS.
PubMed: 37981941
DOI: 10.17221/73/2023-VETMED -
BMC Veterinary Research Nov 2023Intestinal strangulation is constriction of the intestine by a band of tissue, ligament or blood vessel causing partial or complete intestinal obstruction. This...
BACKGROUND
Intestinal strangulation is constriction of the intestine by a band of tissue, ligament or blood vessel causing partial or complete intestinal obstruction. This retrospective study describes the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings, treatment and outcome of 60 cows with intestinal strangulation.
RESULTS
The general condition was abnormal in all cows (60/60), 23.3% (14/60) had nonspecific signs of pain, 40.0% (24/60) had signs of colic and 48.3% (29/60) had signs of somatic (parietal) pain. The most common digestive tract abnormalities were, in decreasing frequency, reduced or absent intestinal motility (100%, 60/60), reduced or absent faecal output (98.3%, 59/60), reduced or absent rumen motility (93.4%, 56/60), dilated small intestines on transrectal palpation (63.3%, 38/60), positive ballottement and swinging auscultation (BSA) and/or percussion and simultaneous auscultation (PSA) on the right side of the abdomen (58.3%, 35/60) and at least one positive foreign body test, most commonly the back grip, in 33.9% (20/59) of the cows. Other common findings were reduced skin surface temperature (67.8%, 40/59), reduced skin turgor (51.7%, 31/60), prolonged capillary refill time (49.2%, 29/59), enophthalmus (48.3%, 29/60) and moderate to severe scleral injection (46.6%, 27/58). The most common laboratory findings were hypokalaemia (58.3%, 35/60), haemoconcentration (57.6%, 34/59), base excess (51.1%, 24/47), hyperproteinaemia (45.8%, 27/59), hyperbilirubinaemia (43.3%, 26/60), acidosis (42.6%, 20/47) and azotaemia (38.3%, 23/60). The principal ultrasonographic findings were subjectively reduced or absent small intestinal motility and dilated small intestines, but the strangulation could not be visualised by ultrasonography. With one exception, all cows underwent a right flank laparotomy to resolve the strangulation by transection or resection of the impinging tissue. Forty-nine (81.7%) cows were discharged and 11 (18.3%) were euthanized before, during or after surgery.
CONCLUSIONS
Without laparotomy, intestinal strangulation could be clinically (transrectally) diagnosed in only 10% of the cows. A laparotomy is therefore essential for the correct diagnosis. The prognosis is good with prompt surgical treatment.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Intestinal Obstruction; Intestine, Small; Pain; Treatment Outcome; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37946229
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03797-9 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024An 18-month-old spayed female domestic short haired cat was presented for poor appetite, lethargy, exaggerated swallowing, and regurgitation 2 weeks after endoscopic...
CASE DESCRIPTION
An 18-month-old spayed female domestic short haired cat was presented for poor appetite, lethargy, exaggerated swallowing, and regurgitation 2 weeks after endoscopic retrieval of gastric foreign material.
CLINICAL FINDINGS
The cat was quiet with tacky mucous membranes on physical examination. Point-of-care blood testing identified mild azotemia, moderate hypercalcemia, and a sodium-to-potassium ratio of 26. An ultrasound examination the next day identified moderate to marked bilateral adrenomegaly. Cytology of a fine needle aspirate of the adrenal glands was consistent with necrosis and associated inflammation. Hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed by a confirmatory adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test.
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
The cat normalized both clinically and biochemically after treatment with prednisolone and desoxycorticosterone pivalate.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Acute adrenal necrosis has been well documented in human medicine after anesthetic events. To our knowledge, hypoadrenocorticism caused by cytologically confirmed acute adrenal necrosis has not been previously reported in dogs and cats.
Topics: Humans; Cats; Female; Animals; Dogs; Cat Diseases; Dog Diseases; Adrenal Insufficiency; Prednisolone; Hypercalcemia
PubMed: 37945312
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16926