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PloS One 2024To evaluate the effectiveness of a home exercise program called Home Exercise Booklet for People Living with Human T Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1). This is a...
To evaluate the effectiveness of a home exercise program called Home Exercise Booklet for People Living with Human T Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1). This is a methodological study of content validation with expert judges. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was applied, containing 16 items referring to the content domain. Descriptive statistics were used to obtain the content validity index. In total, 46 judges participated, 24 physiotherapists (PG) and 22 professionals from other health areas specializing in methodological studies and HTLV-1 (EG). In the validation process, each evaluator judged the technology and scored their considerations. In the end, we obtained the following results for the Content Validity Index (CVI): PG CVI: 94.3%, GE CVI: 93.4%. Although the index was sufficient to consider the technology validated, modifications were made to the second and final version of the booklet, considering the judges' observations and suggestions, which we consider relevant. The technology proved to be valid for use with the target audience. The development and validation of this product provides support to help prevent functional decline in people living with HTLV-1; standardize guidelines for physiotherapy professionals who monitor these issues; start a home exercise program aimed at other comorbidities; open the possibility of creating and validating home exercise programs with other comorbidities.
Topics: Humans; Exercise Therapy; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Surveys and Questionnaires; Female; HTLV-I Infections; Male; Adult; Disabled Persons; Middle Aged; Exercise
PubMed: 38743710
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302542 -
PloS One 2024To identify a biomarker for the early diagnosis of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV), we investigated the expression of a microRNA,...
To identify a biomarker for the early diagnosis of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV), we investigated the expression of a microRNA, bta-miR-375, in cattle serum. Using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR analysis, we measured bta-miR-375 levels in 27 samples from cattle with EBL (EBL cattle), 45 samples from animals infected with BLV but showing no clinical signs (NS cattle), and 30 samples from cattle uninfected with BLV (BLV negative cattle). In this study, we also compared the kinetics of bta-miR-375 with those of the conventional biomarkers of proviral load (PVL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thymidine kinase (TK) from the no-clinical-sign phase until EBL onset in three BLV-infected Japanese black (JB) cattle. Bta-miR-375 expression was higher in NS cattle than in BLV negative cattle (P < 0.05) and greater in EBL cattle than in BLV negative and NS cattle (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that bta-miR-375 levels distinguished EBL cattle from NS cattle with high sensitivity and specificity. In NS cattle, bta-miR-375 expression was increased as early as at 2 months before EBL onset-earlier than the expression of PVL, TK, or LDH isoenzymes 2 and 3. These results suggest that serum miR-375 is a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of EBL.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Enzootic Bovine Leukosis; MicroRNAs; Biomarkers; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Early Diagnosis; ROC Curve; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
PubMed: 38723001
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302868 -
PloS One 2024Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an oncogenic virus whose infection can cause diverse diseases, most notably adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL),...
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an oncogenic virus whose infection can cause diverse diseases, most notably adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL), an aggressive and fatal malignancy of CD4 T cells. The oncogenic ability of HTLV-I is mostly attributed to the viral transcriptional transactivator Tax. Tax alone is sufficient to induce specific tumors in mice depending on the promotor used to drive Tax expression, thereby being used to understand HTLV-I tumorigenesis and model the tumor types developed in Tax transgenic mice. Tax exerts its oncogenic role predominantly by activating the cellular transcription factor NF-κB. Here, we report that genetic deletion of NF-κB1, the prototypic member of the NF-κB family, promotes adrenal medullary tumors but suppresses neurofibromas in mice with transgenic Tax driven by the HTLV-I Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter. The adrenal tumors are derived from macrophages. Neoplastic macrophages also infiltrate the spleen and lymph nodes, causing splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy in mice. Nevertheless, the findings could be human relevant, because macrophages are important target cells of HTLV-I infection and serve as a virus reservoir in vivo. Moreover, the spleen, lymph nodes and adrenal glands are the most common sites of tumor cell infiltration in HTLV-I-infected patients. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the complex interaction between Tax and NF-κB, therefore improving our understanding of HTLV-I oncogenic pathogenesis. They also expand our knowledge and establish a new animal model of macrophage neoplasms and adrenal tumors.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Gene Products, tax; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Macrophages; Mice, Transgenic; NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; Terminal Repeat Sequences
PubMed: 38722890
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303138 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024Studies on human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infection are scarce in incarcerated population. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence of HTLV-1/2...
INTRODUCTION
Studies on human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infection are scarce in incarcerated population. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among prisoners of the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State, Central-West Brazil, comparing it with available data from other Brazilian regions.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 910 prisoners of the major penitentiary complex in the State of Goiás, Central-West Brazil. All participants were interviewed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-HTLV-1/2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I + II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK). Seropositive samples were submitted for confirmation by a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio, Europe N.V., Belgium).
RESULTS
The majority of participants were males (83.1%), between 25 and 39 years old (56.1%; mean age: 31.98 years), self-reported brown ethnicity (56.2%) and reported 9 years or less of formal education (41.4%). Most reported using non-injectable illicit drugs and various sexual behaviors that present risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The prevalence of anti-HTLV-1/2 was 0.33% (95% CI: 0.07-0.96), HTLV-1 (0.22%) and HTLV-2 (0.11%). The two HTLV-1 seropositive prisoners reported high-risk sexual behaviors, and the HTLV-2 seropositive individual was breastfed during childhood (> 6 months) by her mother and three other women.
CONCLUSION
These data revealed a relatively low seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 in prisoners in Central-West Brazil, and evidence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 circulation in the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State. Given the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors, there is a crucial need to intensify education and health programs in prisons to effectively control and prevent HTLV-1/2 and other STIs.
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Cross-Sectional Studies; HTLV-I Infections; Adult; HTLV-II Infections; Male; Female; Prisoners; Prevalence; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2; Middle Aged; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Young Adult
PubMed: 38706549
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1379237 -
International Journal of Infectious... Aug 2024Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) (IDH) is a severe form of chronically infected eczema occurring in early childhood,... (Review)
Review
Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) (IDH) is a severe form of chronically infected eczema occurring in early childhood, although very rarely cases have been reported in adults. Most of the cases are from Jamaica and Brazil and occur in individuals with low socioeconomic status. IDH is always associated with refractory Staphylococcus aureus or beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infection of the skin and nasal vestibules. Patients with IDH may develop other even more severe HTLV-1-associated diseases, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) of early or late appearance and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. In the context of the Brazilian experience, it has been observed that 54% of IDH patients exhibit the juvenile form of HAM/TSP while the estimated incidence of adult HAM/TSP is 3%. As there are no curative treatments for HTLV-1 infection (or vaccines) or most of its associated diseases, prevention of infection is fundamental, mainly by vertical transmission, as it is responsible for the development of IDH, infantojuvenile HAM/TSP, and ATL. Public measures to reduce this transmission must be implemented urgently. Furthermore, it is recommended, mainly in HTLV-1 endemic areas, to search for HTLV-1 infection in all patients with infected eczema, even in adults.
Topics: Humans; HTLV-I Infections; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Brazil; Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic; Adult; Dermatitis
PubMed: 38697604
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107058 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The HTLV-1 Tax constitutively activates nuclear factor-κB...
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The HTLV-1 Tax constitutively activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to promote the survival and transformation of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Despite extensive study of Tax, how Tax interacts with host factors to regulate NF-κB activation and HTLV-1-driven cell proliferation is not entirely clear. Here, we showed that overexpression of Poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) promoted Tax-mediated IκB kinase (IKK)-NF-κB signaling activation, whereas knockdown of PCBP1 attenuated Tax-dependent IKK-NF-κB activation. However, Tax activation of HTLV-1 long terminal repeat was unaffected by PCBP1. Furthermore, depletion of PCBP1 led to apoptosis and reduced proliferation of HTLV-1-transformed cells. Mechanistically, PCBP1 interacted and co-localized with Tax in the cytoplasm, and PCBP1 KH3 domain was indispensable for the interaction between PCBP1 and Tax. Moreover, PCBP1 facilitated the assembly of Tax/IKK complex. Collectively, our results demonstrated that PCBP1 may exert an essential effect in Tax/IKK complex combination and subsequent NF-κB activation, which provides a novel insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms of HTLV-1.
Topics: Humans; Gene Products, tax; NF-kappa B; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; RNA-Binding Proteins; DNA-Binding Proteins; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins; Signal Transduction; HEK293 Cells; Protein Binding; Cell Proliferation; HTLV-I Infections; Apoptosis; I-kappa B Kinase; Host-Pathogen Interactions
PubMed: 38690287
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375168 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jun 2024The present study analyzed B-cell clonality and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) provirus integration sites in cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) having BLV proviral...
The present study analyzed B-cell clonality and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) provirus integration sites in cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) having BLV proviral copy numbers less or greater than the number of bovine nucleated cells. EBL cattle with BLV copy numbers less than the number of bovine nucleated cells showed monoclonal and biclonal proliferation of B-cells with one BLV provirus integration site. On the other hand, EBL cattle with BLV copy numbers greater than the number of bovine nucleated cells showed monoclonal proliferation of B-cells with two BLV provirus integration sites. These results suggest that superinfection of BLV can occur in EBL cattle.
Topics: Animals; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Enzootic Bovine Leukosis; Cattle; Proviruses; DNA, Viral; B-Lymphocytes; Virus Integration; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 38631888
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0037 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2024Infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) leads to enzootic bovine leukosis, the most prevalent neoplastic disease in cattle. Due to the lack of commercially available...
Infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) leads to enzootic bovine leukosis, the most prevalent neoplastic disease in cattle. Due to the lack of commercially available vaccines, reliable eradication of the disease can be achieved through the testing and elimination of BLV antibody-positive animals. In this study, we developed a novel competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect antibodies against BLV capsid protein p24. Recombinant p24 protein expressed by Escherichia coli, in combination with the monoclonal antibody 2G11 exhibiting exceptional performance, was used for the establishment of the cELISA. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 98.85 % and 98.13 %, respectively. Furthermore, the established cELISA was specific for detecting BLV-specific antibodies, without cross-reactivity to antisera for six other bovine viruses. Significantly, experimental infection of cattle and sheep with BLV revealed that the cELISA accurately monitors seroconversion. In a performance evaluation, the established cELISA displayed a high agreement with Western blotting and the commercial BLV gp51 cELISA kit in the detection of 242 clinical samples, respectively. In conclusion, the novel p24 cELISA exhibited the potential to be a reliable and efficient diagnostic tool for BLV serological detection with a broad application prospect.
Topics: Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Animals; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Cattle; Antibodies, Viral; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Enzootic Bovine Leukosis; Capsid Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity; Recombinant Proteins; ROC Curve
PubMed: 38621561
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131446 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a virus that affects 5-10 million people globally, causes several diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and...
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a virus that affects 5-10 million people globally, causes several diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated uveitis (HU). HU is prevalent in Japan and often leads to secondary glaucoma, which is a serious complication. We investigated the efficacy of ripasudil, a Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase inhibitor, in alleviating changes in human trabecular meshwork cells (hTM cells) infected with HTLV-1. HTLV-1-infected hTM cells were modeled in vitro using MT-2 cells, followed by treatment with varying concentrations of ripasudil. We assessed changes in cell morphology, viability, and inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as NF-κB activation. The results showed that ripasudil treatment changed the cell morphology, reduced the distribution of F-actin and fibronectin, and decreased the levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-12. However, ripasudil did not significantly affect NF-κB activation or overall cell viability. These findings suggest that ripasudil has the potential to treat secondary glaucoma in patients with HU by modulating cytoskeletal organization and alleviating inflammation in HTLV-1-infected hTM cells. This study lays the foundation for further clinical studies exploring the effectiveness of ripasudil for the treatment of secondary glaucoma associated with HU.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; NF-kappa B; Glaucoma; Uveitis; Cytokines; Interleukin-6; rho-Associated Kinases; Isoquinolines; Sulfonamides
PubMed: 38542203
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063229 -
Journal of Veterinary Research Mar 2024Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a Deltaretrovirus responsible for enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. It deregulates the immune...
INTRODUCTION
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a Deltaretrovirus responsible for enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. It deregulates the immune system, favouring secondary infections and changes in the blood and lymphatic tissues. Blood homeostasis depends on functional haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Bone marrow is populated by these cells, which express CD34 and CD35 surface antigens and produce and release cytokines involved in the maintenance of haematopoiesis. The aim of the study was determination of the profile of cytokine production by CD34 stem cells of cattle naturally infected with BLV.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The HSCs were generated from the blood and lymphoid organs of cows infected with BLV and healthy control cows with immunomagnetic separation and anti-CD34 monoclonal antibodies. Isolated CD34 cells were cultivated for two weeks with interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined in culture fluid by flow cytometry.
RESULTS
The expression of IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNF-α in blood HSCs was higher in BLV cows than in the control animals. In bone marrow HSCs of infected cows, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ were more concentrated, but in these cows' spleen HSCs only expression of IL-10 was elevated. In HSCs isolated from the lymph nodes of leukaemic cows, only TNF-α secretion was lower than in control cows, the other cytokines being more potently secreted.
CONCLUSION
Infection with BLV caused statistically significant differences in cytokine expression by HSC CD34 cells.
PubMed: 38525233
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0012