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Medicine Apr 2024Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder associated with partial or complete monosomy X abnormalities; some patients may have a higher risk of psychiatric symptoms....
RATIONALE
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder associated with partial or complete monosomy X abnormalities; some patients may have a higher risk of psychiatric symptoms. Catatonia is associated with a wide range of life-threatening complications with complex pathogenesis; However, It very rare for patients with TS to develop psychotic symptoms and eventually progress to catatonia. This case report describes the diagnostic and therapeutic course of catatonia-associated TS.
PATIENT CONCERNS
In this study, we report the case of a patient with TS who initially developed sudden hallucinations, delusions, and emotional instability, followed by catatonia.
DIAGNOSES
The patient was diagnosed with: unspecified catatonia; TS.
INTERVENTIONS
Treatment included administering a combination of esazolam injections and olanzapine tablets, placing a gastric tube and urinary catheter, and providing nutritional support.
OUTCOMES
After treatment, the patient's hallucinations, delusions, and catatonia disappeared, with no residual sequelae, and social functioning returned to normal.
LESSONS
For patients with TS who present with psychotic symptoms and catatonia, a comprehensive evaluation is necessary, and treatment with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines is effective.
Topics: Humans; Catatonia; Turner Syndrome; Psychotic Disorders; Antipsychotic Agents; Hallucinations
PubMed: 38579062
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037730 -
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2024To compare short-term cognitive outcomes among groups with and without neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) or antipsychotic prescription and to determine which disease...
BACKGROUND
To compare short-term cognitive outcomes among groups with and without neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) or antipsychotic prescription and to determine which disease status or treatment modality is associated with relatively faster cognitive decline.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed a prospective cohort of patients diagnosed with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. All participants were evaluated using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) during their initial clinical assessments and at the annual follow-up. The dependent variable was annual delta CASI. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess the degree of association between NPS, antipsychotic use, and cognitive decline after adjusting for confounding factors. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were examined individually to determine their predictive value for cognitive decline.
RESULTS
A total of 407 (N = 407) patients were included in the study. NPSs, rather than antipsychotic use, led to faster cognitive decline. A higher baseline NPI total score predicted a significantly faster decline in CASI scores (1-year delta CASI = -0.22, 95% CI = -0.38~ -0.05, = 0.010). Specific items (delusions, agitation, depression, anxiety, euphoria, and apathy) in the NPS significantly increased cognitive decline.
CONCLUSION
Certain neuropsychiatric symptoms, rather than antipsychotic use, lead to faster cognitive decline in a dementia collaborative care model. Checking for and providing appropriate interventions for NPS in people with dementia and their caregivers are highlighted.
PubMed: 38559771
DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S454943 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024Visual hallucinations (VH) are associated with visual prediction error in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Given this relationship, environmental...
BACKGROUND
Visual hallucinations (VH) are associated with visual prediction error in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Given this relationship, environmental adjustments have been suggested, but detailed contents for implementing such environmental adjustments and assessments are poorly documented. This case report preliminarily demonstrates methods for improving VH through our experience with two patients with DLB. We conducted familial interviews to assess the phenomenological features of VH and reviewed photographs of patients' homes to identify the environmental triggers of VH, known as photo assessment of the living environment (PA-LE).
CASE DESCRIPTION
Patient 1 was a 78-year-old woman with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 11/30. She experienced seeing a stranger, children, and cats at home, which frightened her. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE showed that several environmental features, such as cushions on a sofa, the pattern on a carpet under a table, and clothing on hangers, were suggestive triggers of VH. Patient 2 was an 88-year-old woman with a MMSE score of 5/30. She had seen strangers, children, and animals at home, some of which were linked to a theft delusion. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE found that several environmental features, such as clothing on hangers and dolls, were suggestive of VH triggers. Non-pharmacological approaches were tailored to the patients' environmental and psychological states using interviews and PA-LE. This included removing environmental triggers, reducing negative mood, and providing coping strategies for VH. This improved their VH and their caregivers' knowledge of VH.
CONCLUSION
Phenomenological assessments using photographs of the patient's home could identify the environmental triggers associated with VH in patients with DLB and assist in environmental adjustments.
PubMed: 38559397
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1283156 -
Cureus Feb 2024Methadone is a synthetic full µ-opioid receptor agonist and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist given to patients who have recently stopped using illicit opioids or are...
Methadone is a synthetic full µ-opioid receptor agonist and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist given to patients who have recently stopped using illicit opioids or are tapering off chronic opioid pain medication. Maintenance treatment with methadone is today the most widespread and effective way to treat opiate addiction, which achieves abstinence, decreases morbidity and mortality, improves quality of life, and reduces crime genesis, among other benefits. It is also approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating moderate-to-severe pain that remains unresponsive to nonopioid medications. Patients sometimes abruptly discontinue the medication for several reasons and sometimes suffer distressing but non-life-threatening withdrawal symptoms. More common withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, agitation, rhinorrhea, nausea, and vomiting, like other opioid agonist medications. Psychosis has been reported in some rare cases of methadone withdrawal. However, more research is required because, although psychotic symptoms have been described in different case reports after the reduction or withdrawal of methadone, they have not been sufficient. This case report contributes to the literature on rare manifestations of psychosis in patients who abruptly discontinue the use of methadone.
PubMed: 38558723
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55256 -
Neuropsychopharmacology Reports Jun 2024Behavioral psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are sometimes difficult to treat due to severe psychiatric symptoms such as delusions of poisoning and violent...
AIM
Behavioral psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are sometimes difficult to treat due to severe psychiatric symptoms such as delusions of poisoning and violent behavior. Moreover, in cases of parental neglect, the management of these psychiatric symptoms becomes more difficult. Therefore, home-visiting doctors sometimes have to manage patients with BPSD and severe psychiatric symptoms, and a new approach is needed. In this case report, the effect of blonanserin transdermal patch on these patients is to be highlighted.
METHODS
The patient is a 91-year-old woman diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. She had severe BPSD such as delusion of robbery and violent behavior, and refused oral medications including memantine and yokukansan. Then she was treated with blonanserin transdermal patch (20 mg/day). The severity of psychiatric symptoms of BPSD was assessed over time using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score. Moreover, the patient's cognitive function was also assessed over time by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
RESULTS
After the introduction of blonanserin patch, the patient's psychiatric symptoms were stabilized markedly, and both NPI and MMSE scores improved. The patient was able to stay at home calmly and was mentally well stabilized to the extent that she did not require hospitalization. No apparent side effects were admitted.
CONCLUSIONS
The blonanserin transdermal patch may be able to manage BPSD at home and is effective in patients who refuse oral medications. Home-visiting doctors may consider the use of blonanserin patches at home for patients with severe BPSD, manifesting as delusions of poisoning and refusing oral drugs.
Topics: Humans; Female; Piperidines; Aged, 80 and over; Transdermal Patch; Piperazines; Alzheimer Disease; Dementia; Treatment Outcome; Antipsychotic Agents
PubMed: 38558544
DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12434 -
Cureus Feb 2024First developed in the 1960s in Europe and approved briefly for use in the United States, fenethylline (sold as Captagon, one of its early trade names) is now a... (Review)
Review
First developed in the 1960s in Europe and approved briefly for use in the United States, fenethylline (sold as Captagon, one of its early trade names) is now a prominent drug of abuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The drug was withdrawn from the United States market because of side effects that included hallucinations, visual distortions, and psychosis; it has also been linked to rare cases of myocardial infarction, seizures, and delusions. The chemical synthesis of fenethylline is straightforward and inexpensive. Manufactured in clandestine labs in Southern Europe and the Middle East, these amphetamines had been used by affluent Middle Eastern young people for recreation or study aids. Captagon has periodically emerged as a drug used in combat and conflict, and it was implicated in the 2015 riots in Paris. It has been described as "chemical courage" for combatants giving them focus, energy, and endurance in battle situations. Captagon is addictive but no cases of direct captagon-associated mortality have been reported. The use of drugs in war is nothing new, but captagon is also used heavily in the civilian population in war-torn areas to help them cope with food insecurity and maintain courage in dangerous situations. Captagon production and distribution drives the Syrian economy, but the drug's use is limited to certain regions and is rarely seen in North America. The drug is available online, but product may be contaminated with the inclusion of procaine, caffeine, or other substances.
PubMed: 38550445
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55053 -
Biomolecules Mar 2024Schizophrenia is a complex mental condition, with key symptoms marked for diagnosis including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, reduced emotional...
Schizophrenia is a complex mental condition, with key symptoms marked for diagnosis including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, reduced emotional expression, and social dysfunction. In the context of major developmental hypotheses of schizophrenia, notably those concerning maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation, we studied expression and content in the postmortem brain tissue of 10 schizophrenia and 10 control subjects. In the medial orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 11/12) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 46) from both hemispheres of six schizophrenia subjects, the mRNA expression was significantly higher than in six control brains ( < 0.05). As the expression difference was highest for the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the right hemisphere, we assessed NLRP1-immunoreactive pyramidal neurons in layers III, V, and VI in the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the right hemisphere of seven schizophrenia and five control brains. Compared to controls, we quantified a significantly higher number of NLRP1-positive pyramidal neurons in the schizophrenia brains ( < 0.01), suggesting NLRP1 inflammasome activation in schizophrenia subjects. Layer III pyramidal neuron dysfunction aligns with working memory deficits, while impairments of pyramidal neurons in layers V and VI likely disrupt predictive processing. We propose NLRP1 inflammasome as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in schizophrenia.
Topics: Humans; Schizophrenia; Inflammasomes; Cerebral Cortex; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyramidal Cells; NLR Proteins
PubMed: 38540722
DOI: 10.3390/biom14030302 -
Cureus Feb 2024Kratom is a plant extract readily available for purchase in the USA. It is known to produce both stimulant and opioid-related effects, predisposing it to abuse. The...
Kratom is a plant extract readily available for purchase in the USA. It is known to produce both stimulant and opioid-related effects, predisposing it to abuse. The long-term effects of kratom are poorly understood. In rare cases, serious side effects have been reported. Here, we report a case of a patient with a history of bipolar type schizoaffective disorder presenting with acute onset paranoia and delusions. The patient had been hospitalized seven times previously with psychotic symptoms, with no reported history of paranoid delusional thought content in previous admissions. It was discovered that the patient had been ingesting increasingly large quantities of kratom in the weeks leading up to the admission. It is believed that kratom may be responsible for the novel symptoms contributing to the patient's acute psychiatric decompensation.
PubMed: 38524086
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54626 -
Cureus Feb 2024Somatic delusions occur in various psychiatric disorders and are associated with higher mortality and lower quality of life. In this case report, we present a...
Somatic delusions occur in various psychiatric disorders and are associated with higher mortality and lower quality of life. In this case report, we present a 68-year-old man with the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type with associated somatic delusions, and auditory hallucinations. His somatic delusions were alleviated by the 20 ECT treatment with additional clinical improvements in his speech, thought processes, and judgment. This case report supports the utilization of ECT for patients with schizoaffective disorder and somatic delusions.
PubMed: 38524072
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54577 -
Human Brain Mapping Apr 2024Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder with characteristic symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, and paucity of thought. Recent evidence... (Review)
Review
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder with characteristic symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, and paucity of thought. Recent evidence suggests that the symptoms of schizophrenia, negative symptoms in particular, vary widely between the sexes and that symptom onset is earlier in males. A better understanding of sex-based differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of schizophrenia may provide a key to understanding sex-based symptom differences. This study aimed to summarize sex-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) differences in brain activity of patients with schizophrenia. We searched PubMed and Scopus to find fMRI studies that assessed sex-based differences in the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia. We excluded studies that did not evaluate brain activity using fMRI, did not evaluate sex differences, and were nonhuman or in vitro studies. We found 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the current systematic review. Compared to females with schizophrenia, males with schizophrenia showed more blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the cerebellum, the temporal gyrus, and the right precuneus cortex. Male patients also had greater occurrence of low-frequency fluctuations in cerebral blood flow in frontal and parietal lobes and the insular cortex, while female patients had greater occurrence of low-frequency fluctuations in the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and lentiform nucleus. The current study summarizes fMRI studies that evaluated sex-based fMRI brain differences in schizophrenia that may help to shed light on the underlying pathophysiology and further understanding of sex-based differences in the clinical presentation and course of the disorder.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Sex Characteristics; Brain; Schizophrenia; Brain Mapping
PubMed: 38520370
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26664