-
Nutrients Jun 2024Global increases in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially within Asian populations, highlight the need for novel approaches to dietary... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of a Higher-Protein Nut versus Higher-Carbohydrate Cereal Enriched Diet on the Gut Microbiomes of Chinese Participants with Overweight and Normoglycaemia or Prediabetes in the Tū Ora Study.
Global increases in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially within Asian populations, highlight the need for novel approaches to dietary intervention. The Tū Ora study previously evaluated the effects on metabolic health of including a nut product into the diet of a New Zealand cohort of Chinese participants with overweight and normoglycaemia or prediabetes through a 12-week randomised, parallel-group clinical trial. In this current study, we compared the impact of this higher-protein nut bar (HP-NB) versus a higher-carbohydrate cereal bar (HC-CB) on the faecal microbiome by employing both 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing of pre- and post-intervention pairs from 84 participants. Despite the higher fibre, protein, and unsaturated fat content of nuts, there was little difference between dietary groups in gut microbiome composition or functional potential, with the bacterial phylum dominating irrespective of diet. The lack of observed change suggests the dietary impact of the bars may have been insufficient to affect the gut microbiome. Manipulating the interplay between the diet, microbiome, and metabolic health may require a more substantial and/or prolonged dietary perturbation to generate an impactful modification of the gut ecosystem and its functional potential to aid in T2D risk reduction.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Prediabetic State; Male; Overweight; Female; Nuts; Dietary Carbohydrates; Edible Grain; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Adult; Feces; Asian People; China; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Protein; Dietary Proteins; East Asian People
PubMed: 38931324
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121971 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Obesity is increasingly prevalent worldwide and is linked to metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), due to excessive...
Obesity is increasingly prevalent worldwide and is linked to metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), due to excessive free fatty acids (FFAs). Although lifestyle changes are effective, they often prove to be insufficient as initial treatments for obesity. Additionally, while surgical and pharmacological interventions are available, they are not entirely safe or effective. Recently, interest has grown in utilizing food waste and plant-derived phenolic compounds for their health benefits, presenting a promising avenue for managing obesity and its related disorders. Indeed, many studies have examined the potential inhibitory effects of the natural extract on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. This study focused on the evaluation of the effects of standardized extracts obtained from red oranges and olive leaf waste on 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocyte and adipocyte functionality. Red orange extract (ROE) and olive leaf extract (OLE), alone and in combination, were tested to assess their anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as their potential therapeutic benefits. Three in vitro models were established to investigate the effects of the extracts on (I) adipocyte differentiation; (II) mature and hypertrophic adipocytes challenged with palmitic acid (PA) and erastin (ER), respectively; and (III) erastin-induced cytotoxicity on pre-adipocytes.
Topics: Animals; Olea; Adipocytes; Plant Extracts; Mice; 3T3-L1 Cells; Plant Leaves; Cell Differentiation; Anti-Obesity Agents; Adipogenesis; Obesity
PubMed: 38931313
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121959 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Carbohydrates have a dietary role, but excessive consumption of high-calorie sugars can contribute to an increased incidence of metabolic diseases and dental caries.... (Review)
Review
Carbohydrates have a dietary role, but excessive consumption of high-calorie sugars can contribute to an increased incidence of metabolic diseases and dental caries. Recently, carbohydrates with sweetening properties and low caloric value, such as D-tagatose, have been investigated as alternative sugars. D-tagatose is a rare sugar that has nutritional and functional properties of great interest for health. This literature review presents an approach to the biological effects of D-tagatose, emphasizing its benefits for oral health. Studies report that D-tagatose has antioxidant and prebiotic effects, low digestibility, reduced glycemic and insulinemic responses, and the potential to improve the lipid profile, constituting an alternative for diabetes mellitus and obesity. It can also be observed that D-tagatose has an antioxidant action, favoring the elimination of free radicals and, consequently, causing a reduction in cellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, it also has antibacterial potential against oral species. Regarding oral health, studies have shown that D-tagatose efficiently reversed bacterial coaggregations, including periodontopathogenic species, and impaired the activity and growth of cariogenic bacteria, such as . D-tagatose significantly inhibited biofilm formation, pH decrease and insoluble glucan synthesis in cultures. Salivary counts were also significantly reduced by the consumption of chewing gum containing D-tagatose and xylitol. In addition, there is evidence that tagatose is effective as an air-polishing powder for biofilm decontamination. The literature indicates that D-tagatose can contribute to the prevention of systemic diseases, also constituting a promising agent to improve oral health.
Topics: Hexoses; Humans; Antioxidants; Streptococcus mutans; Dental Caries; Oral Health; Prebiotics; Biofilms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Animals
PubMed: 38931297
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121943 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Skin autofluorescence (sAF) measurement is a non-invasive method used to assess tissue advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation. This study aims to characterize...
Assessment of Skin Autofluorescence and Its Association with Glycated Hemoglobin, Cardiovascular Risk Markers, and Concomitant Chronic Diseases in Children with Type 1 Diabetes.
UNLABELLED
Skin autofluorescence (sAF) measurement is a non-invasive method used to assess tissue advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation. This study aims to characterize sAF's association with (1) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, (2) cardiovascular risk markers, and (3) common comorbidities (autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease) in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 348 children with T1D aged 3-18 years and 85 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled. sAF was quantified using an AGE Reader (Diagnoptics BV, The Netherlands). The analysis covered HbA1c, blood lipid, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring records, and body composition parameters. The associations between variables and sAF were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation.
RESULTS
We observed significantly higher sAF values in the T1D group compared to the control (1.40 [1.27-1.53] vs. 1.20 [1.07-1.30, AU]; = 0.004), consistent across all tested age groups. In the T1D group, sAF was positively correlated with current HbA1c, mean of historical HbA1c values, and T1D duration (r values, respectively: 0.27, 0.22, 0.14, all < 0.01). Percentage of body fat was positively correlated with sAF (r = 0.120; = 0.044). No significant correlations were found between sAF and lipid fractions, Z-score of BMI, parameters from 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, or the amount of albumin excreted in urine. sAF was positively correlated with CRP (r = 0.17, < 0.05). sAF was significantly higher in patients with concomitant celiac disease (1.53 [1.43-1.63] vs. 1.40 [1.27-1.53, AU], = 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Among young T1D patients with relatively brief diabetes duration, sAF effectively mirrors prior glycemic control, as presented by historical average HbA1c. However, associations with conventional CV risk markers are not evident. The higher sAF values in patients with celiac disease warrant further exploration.
Topics: Humans; Child; Glycated Hemoglobin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Male; Adolescent; Skin; Child, Preschool; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Optical Imaging; C-Reactive Protein; Case-Control Studies; Celiac Disease; Comorbidity
PubMed: 38931293
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121940 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease are being sought. One of them is the association of type 2 diabetes with microbiota. Through the enteric nervous system and the gut-microbiota axis, the microbiota affects the functioning of the body. It has been proven to have a real impact on influencing glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. With dysbiosis, there is increased bacterial translocation through the disrupted intestinal barrier and increased inflammation in the body. In diabetes, the microbiota's composition is altered with, for example, a more abundant class of Betaproteobacteria. The consequences of these disorders are linked to mechanisms involving short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, among others. Interventions focusing on the gut microbiota are gaining traction as a promising approach to diabetes management. Studies are currently being conducted on the effects of the supply of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation, on the course of diabetes. Further research will allow us to fully develop our knowledge on the subject and possibly best treat and prevent type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Probiotics; Prebiotics; Dysbiosis; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Animals
PubMed: 38931292
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121938 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Carbohydrate counting is one of the dietary strategies used for the management of type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and counting proteins and fats allows individuals to achieve...
Carbohydrate counting is one of the dietary strategies used for the management of type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and counting proteins and fats allows individuals to achieve better glycemic and metabolic control, reducing glycemic variability and long-term complications. The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors associated with adherence to the protein- and fat-counting strategy in adults with T1DM. This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to June 2022 through an online questionnaire. We applied Pearson's Chi-square test with adjusted residual analysis and a binomial logistic regression test using SPSS software, version 24.0, considering < 0.05 as indicative of statistical significance. There was an association between performing protein and lipid counting and having a higher education level, income exceeding three minimum wages, and having adequate glycated hemoglobin. Performing protein and lipid counting increased the chances of having adequate HbA1c by 4.3 times. Protein and lipid counting was a predictor of having adequate HbA1c. The results suggest that considering the practice of counting proteins and fats is important as a strategy to optimize glycemic control.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Male; Adult; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Proteins; Glycated Hemoglobin; Patient Compliance; Middle Aged; Dietary Fats; Glycemic Control; Young Adult; Surveys and Questionnaires; Blood Glucose
PubMed: 38931283
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121930 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Diabetic nephropathy (DN), defined as continuously elevated urinary albumin and a diminished estimated glomerular filtration rate, is a serious complication of both type... (Review)
Review
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), defined as continuously elevated urinary albumin and a diminished estimated glomerular filtration rate, is a serious complication of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes and is the main cause of end-stage kidney disease. Patients with end-stage renal disease require chronic kidney dialysis and/or a kidney transplantation. Research highlights the role of diet in modulating specific signaling pathways that are instrumental in the progression of DN. Nutrient-sensitive pathways, affected by nutritional compounds and dietary components, offer a novel perspective on the management of DN by influencing inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient metabolism. Animal models have identified signaling pathways related to glucose metabolism, inflammation responses, autophagy, and lipid metabolism, while human population studies have contributed to the clinical significance of designing medical and nutritional therapies to attenuate DN progression. Here, we will update recent progress in research into the renoprotective or therapeutic effects of nutritional compounds, and potential nutrition-modulated pathways.
Topics: Diabetic Nephropathies; Humans; Animals; Oxidative Stress; Disease Models, Animal; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diet; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 38931271
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121918 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global and complex public health challenge, and dietary management is acknowledged as critical in its prevention. Recent studies have...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global and complex public health challenge, and dietary management is acknowledged as critical in its prevention. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of micronutrients in T2D pathophysiology; our study aims to assess the association between B vitamin intake and T2D risks and the mediating role of inflammation.
METHODS
In a prospective cohort design, data on B vitamins intake, including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12), was obtained using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and blood inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed according to standard protocol in the local hospitals at baseline from 44,960 adults in the Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank (SSACB). Incident T2D cases were identified according to a physician's diagnosis or medication records from the electronic medical information system. We employed logistic and weighted quantile sum regression models to explore the associations of single and combined levels of B vitamins with T2D and mediation analyses to investigate the effects of inflammation.
RESULTS
Negative correlations between B vitamins and T2D were observed in the single-exposure models, except for B3. The analyses of joint exposure (B1, B2, B6, B9, and B12) also showed an inverse association (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.88), with vitamin B6 accounting for 45.58% of the effects. Further mediation analysis indicated a mediating inflammatory impact, accounting for 6.72% of the relationship.
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary intake of B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B9, B12) was associated with a reduced T2D risk partially mediated by inflammation in Shanghai residents.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; China; Female; Middle Aged; Male; Inflammation; Prospective Studies; Vitamin B Complex; Adult; Risk Factors; Biomarkers; Aged; Diet; Cohort Studies
PubMed: 38931256
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121901 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk and prognostic factor for heart failure (HF). Insulin resistance (IR) is an important component of DM, but the relationship...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk and prognostic factor for heart failure (HF). Insulin resistance (IR) is an important component of DM, but the relationship between IR and HF prognosis has not yet been established across a wide variety of HF populations. We retrospectively evaluated the relationship between IR and clinical outcomes of HF patients at our hospital between 2017 and 2021. IR was defined as a homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) index ≥ 2.5, calculated from fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death and hospitalisation for HF (HHF). Among 682 patients included in the analyses, 337 (49.4%) had IR. The median age was 70 [interquartile range (IQR): 59-77] years old, and 66% of the patients were men. Among the patients, 41% had a left ventricular ejection fraction below 40%, and 32% had DM. The median follow-up period was 16.5 [IQR: 4.4-37.3] months. IR was independently associated with the primary outcome (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.39-2.62, < 0.0001), death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-2.83, < 0.01), and HHF (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.28-2.83, < 0.01). HOMA-IR is an independent prognostic factor of HF in a wide variety of HF populations.
Topics: Humans; Insulin Resistance; Heart Failure; Male; Female; Aged; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Japan; Retrospective Studies; Blood Glucose; Hospitalization; Insulin; Risk Factors; Stroke Volume
PubMed: 38931242
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121888 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated with metabolic syndromes including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, highlighting... (Review)
Review
Abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated with metabolic syndromes including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, highlighting the significance of maintaining a balanced glucose level for optimal biological function. This highlights the importance of maintaining normal glucose levels for proper biological functioning. Sulforaphane (SFN), the primary bioactive compound in broccoli from the Cruciferae or Brassicaceae family, has been shown to enhance glucose homeostasis effectively while exhibiting low cytotoxicity. This paper assesses the impact of SFN on glucose homeostasis , , and human trials, as well as the molecular mechanisms that drive its regulatory effects. New strategies have been proposed to enhance the bioavailability and targeted delivery of SFN in order to overcome inherent instability. The manuscript also covers the safety evaluations of SFN that have been documented for its production and utilization. Hence, a deeper understanding of the favorable influence and mechanism of SFN on glucose homeostasis, coupled with the fact that SFN is abundant in the human daily diet, may ultimately offer theoretical evidence to support its potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Topics: Isothiocyanates; Humans; Sulfoxides; Homeostasis; Animals; Glucose; Brassica; Blood Glucose; Biological Availability
PubMed: 38931232
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121877