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Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Cell death involving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is a major cause of dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease...
Cell death involving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is a major cause of dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease patients. Ergothioneine (ET), a natural dietary compound, has been shown to have cytoprotective functions, but neuroprotective actions against PD have not been well established. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a widely used neurotoxin to simulate the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of ET on 6-OHDA treated iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons (iDAs) and further confirmed the protective effects in 6-OHDA-treated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In 6-OHDA-treated cells, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), reduced cellular ATP levels, and increased total protein carbonylation levels were observed. 6-OHDA treatment also significantly decreased tyrosine hydroxylase levels. These effects were significantly decreased when ET was present. Verapamil hydrochloride (VHCL), a non-specific inhibitor of the ET transporter OCTN1 abrogated ET's cytoprotective effects, indicative of an intracellular action. These results suggest that ET could be a potential therapeutic for Parkinson's disease.
PubMed: 38929132
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060693 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that is found in the brain and central nervous system of animals as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It has...
Evaluation of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) as a Functional Feed Ingredient on Growth Performance, Immune Enhancement, and Disease Resistance in Olive Flounder () under High Stocking Density.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that is found in the brain and central nervous system of animals as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It has been shown to have a variety of physiological functions, including stress reduction and immune enhancement. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with GABA on growth, serum biochemistry, innate immunity, and disease resistance in juvenile olive flounders () challenged with under high-stocking density. A control diet and three experimental diets were prepared, with 150 mg/kg (GABA150), 200 mg/kg (GABA200), and 250 mg/kg (GABA250) of GABA added to each diet, respectively. Each experimental diet was fed to olive flounders in triplicate with an initial weight of 12.75 g ± 0.3 g in 40 L tanks at two stocking densities: normal density (20 fish/tank) and high density (40 fish/tank). After 8 weeks of the feeding trial, growth, feed utilization, whole-body proximate compositions, blood analyses, and non-specific immune responses were measured, and challenge tests were performed. There were no significant differences in the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed the GABA-supplemented diets at the two stocking densities. However, the normal-density groups showed significantly higher WG and SGR than the high-density groups ( < 0.05). There was no significant difference in feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio among all groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the whole-body proximate composition analysis ( > 0.05). There were no significant differences in cortisol levels in fish fed the GABA at both densities, but the high-density group showed a significantly higher cortisol than the low-density group. Blood GABA significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner regardless of the density groups ( < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity showed significantly higher levels than the control group, but there was no significant effect of the stocking densities in fish fed the GABA diets ( < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activities in fish fed the GABA200 and GABA250 diets showed significantly higher levels at both of the stocking densities ( < 0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly higher in the GABA150 group than in the CON, GABA200, and GABA250 groups ( < 0.05). After 15 days of challenge tests with , the cumulative survival rates of the GABA150, GABA200, and GABA250 groups were significantly higher than that of the CON group ( < 0.05). The results suggested that the optimal dietary GABA level for juvenile olive flounder culture is 150 mg/kg, regardless of rearing density, to enhance growth, immunity, and disease resistance.
PubMed: 38929086
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060647 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endogenous antioxidants, plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative... (Review)
Review
Oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endogenous antioxidants, plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's. The human brain is vulnerable to oxidative stress because of the high rate of oxygen that it needs and the high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are substrates of lipid peroxidation. Natural antioxidants inhibit oxidation and reduce oxidative stress, preventing cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, in the literature, it is reported that antioxidants, due to their possible neuroprotective activity, may offer an interesting option for better symptom management, even Parkinson's disease (PD). Natural antioxidants are usually found in several foods, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, and oil, and in food wastes, such as seeds, peels, leaves, and skin. They can help the system of endogenous antioxidants, protect or repair cellular components from oxidative stress, and even halt lipid, protein, and DNA damage to neurons. This review will examine the extent of knowledge from the last ten years, about the neuroprotective potential effect of natural antioxidants present in food and food by-products, in in vivo and in vitro PD models. Additionally, this study will demonstrate that the pool of dietary antioxidants may be an important tool in the prevention of PD and an opportunity for cost savings in the public health area.
PubMed: 38929084
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060645 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary phosphatidylserine (PS) supplementation on the growth performance, stress response, non-specific immunity...
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary phosphatidylserine (PS) supplementation on the growth performance, stress response, non-specific immunity and antioxidant capacity of juvenile blunt snout bream () cultured under a high stocking density. A 2 × 2 two-factorial design was adopted, including two stocking densities (10 and 20 fish/m) and two dietary PS levels (0 and 50 mg/kg). After the 12-week feeding trial, the high stocking density significantly decreased the final weight; weight gain rate; specific growth rate; feed intake; nitrogen retention efficiency; plasma complement 3 (C3) level; albumin/globulin (ALB/GLB, A/G) ratio; activity of myeloperoxidase, lysozyme (LZM) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX); transcription; and abundance of sirtuin3 (Sirt3) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). However, it significantly increased the plasma levels of cortisol, glucose (GLU), lactic acid (LD), total protein and GLB; hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content; and transcription. PS supplementation significantly increased the plasma ALB and C4 levels; the A/G ratio; the activity of LZM, CAT and GPX; the transcription of , , manganese-containing superoxide dismutase and catalase; and the Nrf2 abundance. However, it significantly decreased the plasma levels of cortisol, GLU and GLB, as well as the hepatic MDA content. In addition, there was a significant interaction between the stocking density and PS supplementation regarding the effects on the plasma LD, ALB, GLB and C3 levels; A/G ratio; hepatic CAT activity; and protein abundance of Sod2. In conclusion, PS supplementation can counteract the high stocking density-induced stress response, redox imbalance and immunosuppression in blunt snout bream.
PubMed: 38929083
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060644 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Dairy cows face metabolic challenges around the time of calving, leading to a negative energy balance and various postpartum health issues. Adipose tissue is crucial for...
Dietary Supplementation with Naringin Improves Systemic Metabolic Status and Alleviates Oxidative Stress in Transition Cows via Modulating Adipose Tissue Function: A Lipid Perspective.
Dairy cows face metabolic challenges around the time of calving, leading to a negative energy balance and various postpartum health issues. Adipose tissue is crucial for cows during this period, as it regulates energy metabolism and supports immune function. Naringin, one of the main flavonoids in citrus fruit and their byproducts, is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytoconstituent. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplemental naringin on performance, systemic inflammation, oxidative status, and adipose tissue metabolic status. A total of 36 multiparous Holstein cows (from ~21 d prepartum through 35 d postpartum) were provided a basal control (CON) diet or a CON diet containing naringin (NAR) at 30 g/d per cow. Supplemental NAR increased the yield of raw milk and milk protein, without affecting dry matter intake. Cows fed NAR showed significantly lower levels ( < 0.05) of serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, malonaldehyde, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, but increased ( < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase activity relative to those fed CON. Supplemental NAR increased ( < 0.05) adipose tissue adiponectin abundance, decreased inflammatory responses, and reduced oxidative stress. Lipidomic analysis showed that cows fed NAR had lower concentrations of ceramide species ( < 0.05) in the serum and adipose tissue than did the CON-fed cows. Adipose tissue proteomics showed that proteins related to lipolysis, ceramide biosynthesis, inflammation, and heat stress were downregulated ( < 0.05), while those related to glycerophospholipid biosynthesis and the extracellular matrix were upregulated ( < 0.05). Feeding NAR to cows may reduce the accumulation of ceramide by lowering serum levels of NEFA and LPS and increasing adiponectin expression, thereby decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress in adipose tissue, ultimately improving their systemic metabolic status. Including NAR in periparturient cows' diets improves lactational performance, reduces excessive lipolysis in adipose tissue, and decreases systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress. Integrating lipidomic and proteomic data revealed that reduced ceramide and increased glycerophospholipids may alleviate metabolic dysregulations in adipose tissue, which in turn benefits systemic metabolic status.
PubMed: 38929076
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060638 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Solid-state fermentation represents a sustainable approach for the conversion of agro-industrial wastes into high-added-value feed ingredients. The present study aimed...
Solid-state fermentation represents a sustainable approach for the conversion of agro-industrial wastes into high-added-value feed ingredients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dietary addition of a solid-state-fermented mixture of olive mill stone waste (OMSW) and husks (LP) on the antioxidant blood parameters of weaned piglets. Two hundred 35-day-old weaned piglets were allotted into two groups and fed either a control (C) diet or a diet containing 50 g of OMSW-LP per kg (OMSW-LP) for 40 days. Blood samples were collected at 35 and 75 days of age to assess the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase activity (CAT), protein carbonyls (CARBs), and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). The OMSW-LP diet reduced the TBARS ( 0.049) and CARB contents ( 0.012) and increased the levels of FRSA ( 0.005), GSH ( 0.040), and CAT activity ( 0.012) in the piglets' blood, likely due to the synergistic action of the antioxidants and bioactive compounds present in the OMSW-LP mixture. Overall, the dietary inclusion of solid-state-fermented OMSW-LP at 50 g/kg could potentially serve a bio-functional purpose since it enhanced the antioxidant blood parameters in this study, a crucial factor for the health and growth of piglets post-weaning.
PubMed: 38929069
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060630 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2024Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a foodborne mycotoxin produced by molds that commonly infect cereal grains. It is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor that can significantly... (Review)
Review
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a foodborne mycotoxin produced by molds that commonly infect cereal grains. It is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor that can significantly impact humans' gastrointestinal, immune, and nervous systems and can alter the microbiome landscape. Low-dose, chronic exposure to DON has been found to stimulate the immune system, inhibit protein synthesis, and cause appetite suppression, potentially leading to growth failure in children. At higher doses, DON has been shown to cause immune suppression, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, the malabsorption of nutrients, intestinal hemorrhaging, dizziness, and fever. A provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) limit of 1 µg/kg/body weight has been established to protect humans, underscoring the potential health risks associated with DON intake. While the adverse effects of dietary DON exposure have been established, healthcare communities have not adequately investigated or addressed this threat to child health, possibly due to the assumption that current regulatory exposure limits protect the public appropriately. This integrative review investigated whether current dietary DON exposure rates in infants and children regularly exceed PMTDI limits, placing them at risk of negative health effects. On a global scale, the routine contamination of cereal grains, bakery products, pasta, and human milk with DON could lead to intake levels above PMTDI limits. Furthermore, evidence suggests that other food commodities, such as soy, coffee, tea, dried spices, nuts, certain seed oils, animal milk, and various water reservoirs, can be intermittently contaminated, further amplifying the scope of the issue. Better mitigation strategies and global measures are needed to safeguard vulnerable youth from this harmful toxicant.
Topics: Humans; Trichothecenes; Child; Dietary Exposure; Infant; Food Contamination; Child, Preschool
PubMed: 38929054
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060808 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2024Malnutrition remains a critical global health challenge, especially in rural areas, where it significantly impacts the health and economic stability of households. This...
Malnutrition remains a critical global health challenge, especially in rural areas, where it significantly impacts the health and economic stability of households. This study explores (1) the relationship between labor migration and dietary protein intake in households remaining in economically disadvantaged rural regions and (2) the influence of remittance income, farm earnings, self-produced food, and changes in family size due to migration on their dietary protein. Panel data were collected through a three-wave household survey of 1368 rural households across six counties in the provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Shaanxi during 2012, 2015, and 2018. Employing a two-way fixed effects model, we found that labor migration positively affects the protein consumption of families left behind. The mediated effects model indicated that decreases in family size had the most significant impact on protein intake, with a value of 8.714, accounting for 0.729 of the total effect; followed by the mediating effect through crop income, at 2.579, representing 0.216 of the total effect; and livestock income, at 0.772, contributing 0.073 of the total effect. However, the mediating effects of remittance income and self-production were found to be insignificant. In conclusion, our study found that migration improves protein intake primarily through increased crop and livestock production and decreased family size. These results highlight the critical role of family structure and farm productivity in enhancing the nutrition of families affected by labor migration, offering valuable insights for policymakers.
Topics: China; Humans; Family Characteristics; Dietary Proteins; Rural Population; Female; Adult; Male; Middle Aged; Income; Transients and Migrants; Emigration and Immigration
PubMed: 38928899
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060652 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Its high dietary fiber and protein contents and nutritional quality make defatted wheat germ (DWG) a valuable cereal by-product, yet its negative impact on food...
Its high dietary fiber and protein contents and nutritional quality make defatted wheat germ (DWG) a valuable cereal by-product, yet its negative impact on food structure limits its use as a food ingredient. In this research, DWG underwent air classification, which identified two fractions with high fiber (HF) and low fiber/high protein (LF) contents, and a bioprocessing protocol, involving treatment with xylanase and fermentation with selected lactic acid bacterial strains. The degree of proteolysis was evaluated through electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques, revealing differences among fractions and bioprocessing options. Fermentation led to a significant increase in free amino acids (up to 6 g/kg), further enhanced by the combination with xylanase. When HF was used as an ingredient in bread making, the fiber content of the resulting bread exceeded 3.6 g/100 g, thus reaching the threshold required to make a "source of fiber" claim according to Regulation EC No.1924/2006. Meanwhile, all breads could be labeled a "source of protein" since up to 13% of the energy was provided by proteins. Overall, bioprocessed ingredients lowered the glycemic index (84 vs. 89) and increased protein digestibility (80 vs. 63%) compared to control breads. Technological and sensory analysis showed that the enzymatic treatment combined with fermentation also conferred a darker and more pleasant color to the bread crust, as well as better crumb porosity and elasticity.
PubMed: 38928894
DOI: 10.3390/foods13121953 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024The search for alternative sources of plant-based ingredients to improve the textural and sensory properties of plant-based meat alternatives (PMAs) is a growing trend,... (Review)
Review
The search for alternative sources of plant-based ingredients to improve the textural and sensory properties of plant-based meat alternatives (PMAs) is a growing trend, with the potential to enhance the sustainability of global food systems. While much focus has been placed on plant-based proteins, it is known today that dietary fibers (DFs) can also play a key role in the textural and other physicochemical properties of traditional processed meat products and PMAs. This review examined the latest scientific literature regarding the advantages of using DF in food. It showcases the latest applications of DF in processed meats, PMAs, and the effects of DF on the functional properties of food products, thereby aiming to increase DF applications to create improved, healthier, and more sustainable meat and PMA foods. The predominant effects of DF on PMAs and processed meats notably include enhanced gel strength, emulsion stability, improved water-holding capacity, and the formation of a uniform, porous microstructure. DF also commonly enhances textural properties like hardness, chewiness, springiness, and cohesiveness. While the impact of DF on processed meats mirrors that of PMAs, selecting the right DF source for specific applications requires considering factors such as chemical structure, solubility, size, concentration, processing conditions, and interactions with other components to achieve the desired outcomes.
PubMed: 38928893
DOI: 10.3390/foods13121952