-
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Data collected from the German national resistance monitoring program GE-Vet showed slowly increasing prevalence of macrolide resistance among bovine respiratory disease...
Data collected from the German national resistance monitoring program GE-Vet showed slowly increasing prevalence of macrolide resistance among bovine respiratory disease (BRD)-associated from cattle over the last decade. The focus of this study was to analyze the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR)-mediating integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) in 13 German BRD-associated isolates collected between 2009 and 2020 via whole-genome sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed via broth microdilution according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for the macrolides erythromycin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, gamithromycin, tildipirosin, and tylosin as well as 25 other antimicrobial agents. All isolates either had elevated MICs or were resistant to at least one of the macrolides tested. Analysis of whole-genome sequences obtained by hybrid assembly of Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION reads revealed the presence of seven novel Tn-like ICEs, designated Tn, and Tn- Tn. These ICEs harbored the antimicrobial resistance genes (T), (C), (G), (Y), and in different combinations. In addition, mutational changes conferring resistance to macrolides, nalidixic acid or streptomycin, respectively, were detected among the . isolates. In addition, four isolates carried a 4,613-bp plasmid with the β-lactamase gene . The detection of the macrolide resistance genes (T), (C), and (G) together with other resistance genes on MDR-mediating ICEs in bovine may explain the occurrence of therapeutic failure when treating BRD with regularly used antimicrobial agents, such as phenicols, penicillins, tetracyclines, or macrolides. Finally, pathogen identification and subsequent AST is essential to ensure the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents applied to control BRD in cattle.
PubMed: 38495516
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1356208 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Despite the fact that pneumonia remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in pre-weaned calves, relatively little is known regarding the effects of the...
Investigation into the safety, and serological responses elicited by delivery of live intranasal vaccines for bovine herpes virus type 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza type 3 in pre-weaned calves.
Despite the fact that pneumonia remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in pre-weaned calves, relatively little is known regarding the effects of the concurrent administration of intranasal pneumonia virus vaccines, particularly in calves with high levels of maternally derived antibodies. The objective of this study was to use a cohort of 40 dairy and dairy-beef female and male calves (27 females and 13 males) to determine serological responses to concurrent administration at 3 weeks of age (22 ± 4.85 days) of two commercially available intranasal (IN) vaccines for the viruses: bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1), and parainfluenza-3-virus (PI3-V). The study groups were as follows: (i) Bovilis IBR Marker Live only® (IO), (ii) Bovilis INtranasal RSP Live® only (RPO), (iii) Concurrent vaccination with Bovilis IBR Marker Live® & Bovilis Intranasal RSP Live® (CV), and (iv) a control group of non-vaccinated calves (CONT). The calves' serological response post-IN vaccination, clinical health scores, rectal temperatures, and weights were measured. Data were analyzed in SAS using mixed models and logistic regression. The CV calves had an average daily weight gain (ADG) of 0.74 (±0.02) kg, which was similar to CONT (0.77 ± 0.02 kg). Despite no significant differences in the antibody levels between study groups 3 weeks post-IN vaccination, following the administration of subsequent parenteral injections in the form of Bovilis Bovipast RSP®(antigens; inactivated BRSV, inactivated PI3-V, inactivated ) and Bovilis IBR Marker Live®, the antibody levels of the BRSV and PI3-V increased in both the CV and RPO study groups. Concurrent vaccination resulted in no increase in fever and no difference in health scores when compared to CONT.
PubMed: 38464703
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1283013 -
Veterinary Pathology Jul 2024-associated abomasitis has been clinically described as a cause of sudden death in lambs, but it is poorly characterized. We describe the pathological features of a...
-associated abomasitis has been clinically described as a cause of sudden death in lambs, but it is poorly characterized. We describe the pathological features of a severe fibrinonecrotizing abomasitis in 3 lambs that died suddenly. All 3 abomasums had a thickened submucosa due to edema and necrotic areas delimited by bands of degenerate neutrophils with slender nuclei (oat cells) and angiocentric distributions. The overlying mucosa was congested. Myriads of gram-negative coccobacilli were observed within the oat cell bands. was isolated from the abomasum in all 3 animals and was serotyped as A2 in one of them. Pericarditis and pleuritis were observed in 2 of the lambs. spp. were isolated in 1 lamb and detected by immunohistochemistry in the 3 animals, suggesting clostridial co-infection. should be considered among the differential diagnoses of necrotizing abomasitis in lambs.
Topics: Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Sheep Diseases; Sheep; Abomasum; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Necrosis; Stomach Diseases; Male; Female; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 38440930
DOI: 10.1177/03009858241235393 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2024To determine the efficacy of primary or booster intranasal vaccination of beef steers on clinical protection and pathogen detection following simultaneous challenge with...
Intranasal booster vaccination of beef steers reduces clinical signs following experimental coinfection with BRSV and BHV-1 without reducing shedding of BRD-associated bacteria.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the efficacy of primary or booster intranasal vaccination of beef steers on clinical protection and pathogen detection following simultaneous challenge with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine herpes virus 1.
METHODS
30 beef steers were randomly allocated to 3 different treatment groups starting at 2 months of age. Group A (n = 10) was administered a single dose of a parenteral modified-live vaccine and was moved to a separate pasture. Groups B (n = 10) and C (10) remained unvaccinated. At 6 months of age, all steers were weaned and transported. Subsequently, groups A and B received a single dose of an intranasal modified-live vaccine vaccine while group C remained unvaccinated. Group C was housed separately until challenge. Two days following vaccination, all steers were challenged with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine herpes virus 1 and housed in a single pen. Clinical and antibody response outcomes and the presence of nasal pathogens were evaluated.
RESULTS
The odds of clinical disease were lower in group A compared with group C on day 7 postchallenge; however, antibody responses and pathogen detection were not significantly different between groups before and following viral challenge. All calves remained negative for Histophilus somni and Mycoplasma bovis; however, significantly greater loads of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were detected on day 7 postchallenge compared with day -2 prechallenge.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Intranasal booster vaccination of beef steers at 6 months of age reduced clinical disease early after viral challenge. Weaning, transport, and viral infection promoted increased detection rates of M haemolytica and P multocida regardless of vaccination status.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Male; Administration, Intranasal; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine; Immunization, Secondary; Coinfection; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Cattle Diseases; Viral Vaccines; Bacterial Shedding; Antibodies, Viral; Herpesviridae Infections; Random Allocation; Vaccination
PubMed: 38422620
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.11.0266 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024The role of in the development of pulmonary disease in cattle is controversial and was never evaluated in cattle from Latin America. This study investigated the...
The role of in the development of pulmonary disease in cattle is controversial and was never evaluated in cattle from Latin America. This study investigated the respiratory infection dynamics associated with in suckling calves from 15 dairy cattle herds in Southern Brazil. Nasal swabs were obtained from asymptomatic ( = 102) and calves with clinical manifestations ( = 103) of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and used in molecular assays to identify the specific genes of viral and bacterial disease pathogens of BRD. Only , bovine coronavirus (BCoV), ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), , , and were detected. was the most frequently diagnosed pathogen in diseased (57.8%; 59/102) and asymptomatic (55.3%; 57/103) calves at all farms. BCoV-related infections were diagnosed in diseased (52%; 53/102) and asymptomatic (51.4%; 53/103) calves and occurred in 93.3% (14/15) of all farms. Similarly, infectious due to OvGHV2 occurred in diseased (37.2%; 38/102) and asymptomatic (27.2%; /28/103) calves and were diagnosed in 80% (12/15) of all farms investigated. Significant statistical differences were not identified when the two groups of calves were compared at most farms, except for infections due to OvGHV2 that affected five calves at one farm. These results demonstrated that the respiratory infection dynamics of identified in Southern Brazil are similar to those observed worldwide, suggesting that there is not enough sufficient collected data to consider as a pathogen of respiratory infections in cattle. Additionally, the possible roles of BCoV and OvGHV2 in the development of BRD are discussed.
PubMed: 38392852
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020114 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the greatest threats to both human and animal health. Efforts to address AMR include implementing antimicrobial...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the greatest threats to both human and animal health. Efforts to address AMR include implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs and introducing alternative treatment options. Nevertheless, effective treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria will still require the identification and development of new antimicrobial agents. Eight different natural products were tested for antimicrobial activity against seven pathogenic bacterial species ( sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp.). In a first pre-screening, most compounds (five out of eight) inhibited bacterial growth only at high concentrations, but three natural products (celastramycin A [CA], closthioamide [CT], maduranic acid [MA]) displayed activity at concentrations <2 µg/mL against sp. and two of them (CA and CT) also against sp. Those results were confirmed by testing a larger collection of isolates encompassing 64 and 56 field isolates originating from pigs or cattle, which yielded MIC values of 0.5, 0.5, and 2 µg/mL against and 0.5, 4, and >16 µg/mL against for CA, CT, and MA, respectively. CA, CT, and MA exhibited higher MIC and MIC values against isolates with a known AMR phenotype against commonly used therapeutic antimicrobial agents than against isolates with unknown AMR profiles. This study demonstrates the importance of whole-cell antibacterial screening of natural products to identify promising scaffolds with broad- or narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity against important Gram-negative veterinary pathogens with zoonotic potential.
PubMed: 38391521
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020135 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Mar 2024Antimicrobial use (AMU) in the livestock sector is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance. Italian beef industry strongly relies on the import of young cattle from...
Effects of vaccination timing and target pathogens on performances and antimicrobial use in long-transported Charolais beef cattle from France to Italy - A retrospective study.
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in the livestock sector is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance. Italian beef industry strongly relies on the import of young cattle from France, which are commingled in sorting facilities before transportation to Italy. Both commingling and transportation are stressors for animals and lead to higher risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which in turn increases the risk of AMU. This study aimed to investigate how the timing of first BRD vaccination and the different vaccination target pathogens affect AMU and performance of young Charolais beef cattle imported from France to Italy. Information on animal performance, antimicrobial treatments, and vaccinations was available for 60,726 Charolais cattle belonging to 1449 batches in 33 Italian specialised fattening farms between January 2016 and December 2021. Antimicrobial use was estimated using the treatment incidence 100 adapted for Italy (TI100it). A mixed linear model was used to quantify the effects of the vaccination and the time of first administration on slaughter age, carcase weight, and average daily carcase gain. Similarly, a generalised linear mixed model was used to analyse the TI100it. The vaccination programme was usually applied the first day after the animals' arrival to the Italian fattening farms. Most animals were vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI-3), bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 and 2 (BVDV), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The most used class of antimicrobials to treat BRD were the macrolides, followed by aminoglycosides, amphenicols, tetracyclines, aminopenicillins, and fluoroquinolones. Animals that got vaccinated against any of the considered BRD pathogens upon arrival had significantly lower TI100it, greater average daily carcase gain, and reached slaughter age earlier than animals that got vaccinated later. Animals that received the vaccination against BVDV had lower TI100it and greater average daily carcase gain, and animals that received the vaccination against BRSV were younger at slaughter than unvaccinated animals. The vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytica significantly decreased the slaughter age and increased the carcase weight and average daily carcase gain, and the vaccination against PI-3 and Histophilus somni significantly increased the slaughter age. Thus, even if the vaccination programme is essential to tackle BRD, this practice is questionable if applied at arrival to the Italian fattening farms and it is advisable that the vaccination programme is planned before the commingling procedure in France.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Retrospective Studies; Vaccination; Cattle Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; France
PubMed: 38335832
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106130 -
PloS One 2024Mannheimia haemolytica is the principal agent contributing to bovine respiratory disease and can form biofilms with increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and host...
Mannheimia haemolytica is the principal agent contributing to bovine respiratory disease and can form biofilms with increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and host immune defenses. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying M. haemolytica biofilm formation, transcriptomic analyses were performed with mRNAs sequenced from planktonic and biofilm cultures of pathogenic serotypes 1 (St 1; strain D153) and St 6 (strain D174), and St 2 (strain D35). The three M. haemolytica serotypes were cultured in two different media, Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 and brain heart infusion (BHI) to form the biofilms. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the functions of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in biofilm associated cells were not significantly affected by the two media. A total of 476 to 662 DEGs were identified between biofilm associated cells and planktonic cells cultured under BHI medium. Functional analysis of the DEGs indicated that those genes were significantly enriched in translation and many biosynthetic processes. There were 234 DEGs identified in St 1 and 6, but not in St 2. The functions of the DEGs included structural constituents of ribosomes, transmembrane proton transportation, proton channels, and proton-transporting ATP synthase. Potentially, some of the DEGs identified in this study provide insight into the design of new M. haemolytica vaccine candidates.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Mannheimia haemolytica; Plankton; Protons; Biofilms; Cattle Diseases; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 38329985
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297692 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Respiratory diseases in ruminants are a main cause of economic losses to farmers worldwide. Approximately 25% of ruminants experience at least one episode of respiratory...
Respiratory diseases in ruminants are a main cause of economic losses to farmers worldwide. Approximately 25% of ruminants experience at least one episode of respiratory disease during the first year of life. is the main etiological bacterial agent in the ruminant respiratory disease complex. can secrete several virulence factors, such as leukotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, and proteases, that can be targeted to treat infections. At present, little information has been reported on the secretion of A2 proteases and their host protein targets. Here, we obtained evidence that A2 proteases promote the degradation of hemoglobin, holo-lactoferrin, albumin, and fibrinogen. Additionally, we performed biochemical characterization for a specific 110 kDa Zn-dependent metalloprotease (110-Mh metalloprotease). This metalloprotease was purified through ion exchange chromatography and characterized using denaturing and chaotropic agents and through zymography assays. Furthermore, mass spectrometry identification and 3D modeling were performed. Then, antibodies against the 110 kDa-Mh metalloprotease were produced, which achieved great inhibition of proteolytic activity. Finally, the antibodies were used to perform immunohistochemical tests on postmortem lung samples from sheep with suggestive histology data of pneumonic mannheimiosis. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the 110-Mh metalloprotease participates as a virulence mechanism that promotes damage to host tissues.
Topics: Cattle; Sheep; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic; Metalloproteases; Peptide Hydrolases; Ruminants; Collagenases; Zinc; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 38279292
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021289 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jan 2024(1) Background: () is an opportunistic pathogen and is mainly associated with respiratory diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats. (2) Methods: In this study, a mouse...
(1) Background: () is an opportunistic pathogen and is mainly associated with respiratory diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats. (2) Methods: In this study, a mouse infection model was established using a strain isolated from goats. Histopathological observations were conducted on various organs of the mice, and bacterial load determination and RNA-seq analysis were specifically performed on the spleens of the mice. (3) Results: The findings of this study suggest that chemokines, potentially present in the spleen of mice following a challenge, may induce the migration of leukocytes to the spleen and suppress the release of pro-inflammatory factors through a negative feedback regulation mechanism. Additionally, an interesting observation was made regarding the potential of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells congregating in the spleen to differentiate into immune cells, which could potentially collaborate with leukocytes in their efforts to counteract invasion. (4) Conclusions: This study revealed the immune regulation mechanism induced by in the mouse spleen, providing valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions and offering a theoretical basis for the prevention, control, and treatment of mannheimiosis.
PubMed: 38275777
DOI: 10.3390/ani14020317