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Journal of Veterinary Research Jun 2024This study focuses on perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) content in chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals.
INTRODUCTION
This study focuses on perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) content in chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Chickens' eggs (n = 25) and the livers of cows (n = 10), chickens (n = 7) and horses (n = 3) were collected from various regions of Poland. Samples were analysed using the isotope dilution technique with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
RESULTS
The mean lower bound (LB) sum of four PFAS (∑4 PFAS) concentrations (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)) were the highest in cows' livers (0.52 μg/kg) and much lower in chickens' (0.17 μg/kg) and horses' livers (0.13 μg/kg) and chickens' eggs (0.096 μg/kg). The ratio of ∑4 PFASs to the limits set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 was <7% for liver and <6% for eggs. Linear PFOS was the compound with the highest detection frequency (8% in eggs and 48% in all livers). In cows' livers it was detected in 80% of samples. The estimated exposure to LB ∑4 PFASs consumption of liver tissue from farm animals (assuming 50 g and 100 g portions) was <52% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for children and <17% of the TWI for adults. Dietary intake the average portion of three eggs led to low exposure of <15% for children and <5% for adults.
CONCLUSION
Neither eggs nor the livers of chickens or horses as analysed in this study are significant sources of PFASs, while cows' livers might contribute significantly to a child's overall dietary intake. Further investigation of PFOS in farm animal livers should be conducted.
PubMed: 38947157
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0034 -
Journal of Veterinary Research Jun 2024No maximum residue limits in honey have been legislated in the EU for antimicrobial substances such as sulphonamides, and they are not permitted, therefore, for treating...
INTRODUCTION
No maximum residue limits in honey have been legislated in the EU for antimicrobial substances such as sulphonamides, and they are not permitted, therefore, for treating honey bees unless in a cascade system. Since sulphonamides are used illegally in apiculture to treat foulbrood, their residues can be found in honey and other apiculture products, including beeswax. The study aimed to assess the contamination of honey from beeswax containing residues of 10 sulphonamides (sulphadimethoxine (SDM), sulphadoxine (SDX), sulphamonomethoxine (SMM), sulphamethoxazole (SMX), sulphameter (SMT), sulphamethazine (SMZ), sulphamerazine (SMR), sulphadiazine (SDA), sulphathiazole (STZ) and sulphacetamide (SCA)).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Wax-based foundations fortified with 10 sulphonamides at 10,000 μg/kg were evaluated for sulphonamide concentrations and then placed in a beehive so that honey bees ( L.) could build honeycombs with them. Frames of capped honey were taken out of the hives one month later and honey was sampled from them. The honeycombs were subsequently incubated in a laboratory at 35°C for five months, and honey was sampled monthly. The honey sulphonamide concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and compared to the wax-based foundation concentrations.
RESULTS
The maximum transfers to honey of the initial amount of SDM, SDX, SMM, SMX, SMT, SMZ, SMR, SDA, STZ and SCA in the wax-based foundations were 42.6, 34.3, 31.7, 30.1, 29.5, 25.2, 18.7, 16.1, 9.5 and 8.6%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that every tested sulphonamide could migrate from beeswax in antimicrobial-tainted honeycombs to honey, SDM having the highest migration potential and SCA the lowest.
PubMed: 38947155
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0029 -
Journal of Veterinary Research Jun 2024Chicken bones, a by-product of the poultry industry, can directly or indirectly enter the food chain. Bone meal and bone products could be sources of many contaminants....
INTRODUCTION
Chicken bones, a by-product of the poultry industry, can directly or indirectly enter the food chain. Bone meal and bone products could be sources of many contaminants. Considering the wide range of uses made of bones in the culinary and food industries, this material needs to be safe and antibiotic residue-free. To determine if such is the case, the concentration of doxycycline in chicken bones was investigated, this antimicrobial being one of the most commonly used in poultry production.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Ross 308 broilers were grouped into three experimental and one control group. Doxycycline was administered in drinking water at therapeutic and sub-therapeutic doses, as well as spray treatment. The concentration of doxycycline in bones was determined post slaughter by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
Doxycycline was quantified at 135 μg/kg 22 days after the last day of antibiotic administration at therapeutic doses; 2,285 μg/kg after sub-therapeutic treatment for 27 days and 9.62 μg/kg 22 days after the end of spray application.
CONCLUSION
High concentrations and long persistence of doxycycline in bones were found in this study. Doxycycline can contaminate all bone-derived products in the food and fertiliser industries.
PubMed: 38947148
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0030 -
MedRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarker measurement is key to aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. In the research setting, participant recruitment and...
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarker measurement is key to aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. In the research setting, participant recruitment and retention and optimization of sample use, is one of the main challenges that observational studies face. Thus, obtaining accurate established biomarker measurements for stratification and maximizing use of the precious samples is key. Accurate technologies are currently available for established biomarkers, mainly immunoassays and immunoprecipitation liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (IP-MS), and some of them are already being used in clinical settings. Although some immunoassays- and IP-MS based platforms provide multiplexing for several different coding proteins there is not a current platform that can measure all the stablished and emerging biomarkers in one run. The NUcleic acid Linked Immuno-Sandwich Assay (NULISA™) is a mid-throughput platform with antibody-based measurements with a sequencing output that requires 15µL of sample volume to measure more than 100 analytes, including those typically assayed for AD. Here we benchmarked and compared the AD-relevant biomarkers including in the NULISA against validated assays, in both CSF and plasma. Overall, we have found that CSF measures of Aß42/40, NfL, GFAP, and p-tau217 are highly correlated and have similar predictive performance when measured by immunoassay, mass-spectrometry or NULISA. In plasma, p-tau217 shows a performance similar to that reported with other technologies when predicting amyloidosis. Other established and exploratory biomarkers (total tau, p-tau181, NRGN, YKL40, sTREM2, VILIP1 among other) show a wide range of correlation values depending on the fluid and the platform. Our results indicate that the multiplexed immunoassay platform produces reliable results for established biomarkers in CSF that are useful in research settings, with the advantage of measuring additional novel biomarkers using minimal sample volume.
PubMed: 38947090
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.13.24308895 -
MedRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Neonatal health is dependent on early risk stratification, diagnosis, and timely management of potentially devastating conditions, particularly in the setting of...
Neonatal health is dependent on early risk stratification, diagnosis, and timely management of potentially devastating conditions, particularly in the setting of prematurity. Many of these conditions are poorly predicted in real-time by clinical data and current diagnostics. Umbilical cord blood may represent a novel source of molecular signatures that provides a window into the state of the fetus at birth. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the cord blood proteome of infants born between 24 to 42 weeks using untargeted mass spectrometry and functional enrichment analysis. We determined that the cord blood proteome at birth varies significantly across gestational development. Proteins that function in structural development and growth (e.g., extracellular matrix organization, lipid particle remodeling, and blood vessel development) are more abundant earlier in gestation. In later gestations, proteins with increased abundance are in immune response and inflammatory pathways, including complements and calcium-binding proteins. Furthermore, these data contribute to the knowledge of the physiologic state of neonates across gestational age, which is crucial to understand as we strive to best support postnatal development in preterm infants, determine mechanisms of pathology causing adverse health outcomes, and develop cord blood biomarkers to help tailor our diagnosis and therapeutics for critical neonatal conditions.
PubMed: 38947010
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.24309280 -
RSC Advances Jun 2024Complexes tris((1-ferrocenyl-1-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amine (3), bis((1-ferrocenyl-1-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amine (6),...
Complexes tris((1-ferrocenyl-1-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amine (3), bis((1-ferrocenyl-1-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amine (6), bis((1-ferrocenyl-1-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)ether (7), and 1-ferrocenyl-1-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanamine (9) were synthesized using the copper-catalyzed click reaction. Complexes 3, 6, 7, and 9 were characterized using NMR (H and {H}) and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Structures of 3, 7, and 9 in the solid state were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found that the triazole rings were planar and slightly twisted with respect to the cyclopentadienyl groups attached to them. Chains and 3D network structures were observed due to the presence of π⋯π and C-H⋯N interactions between the cyclopentadienyl and triazole ligands. A reversible redox behavior of the Fc groups between 239 and 257 mV with multicycle stability was characteristic for all the compounds, revealing that the electrochemically generated species Fc remained soluble in dichloromethane. Electrochemical sensor tests demonstrated the applicability of all the complexes to enhance the quantification sensing behavior of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) toward Cd, Pb, and Cu ions.
PubMed: 38946768
DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04023f -
Journal of Oleo Science 2024The negative impact of lipid peroxidation on health is intimately tied to its oxidation products. In this study, methyl oleate was oxidized at 180℃ for 0, 2, 4, 8 and...
The negative impact of lipid peroxidation on health is intimately tied to its oxidation products. In this study, methyl oleate was oxidized at 180℃ for 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h respectively. The free radicals and volatile components generated during the oxidation process were determined using electron spin resonance and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. The pro-inflammatory effects of oxidized methyl oleate were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. Then partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models were established for predicting the 3 pro-inflammatory genes expression based on the volatile components. The results revealed that the alkoxy radical content increased rapidly during oxidation from 4 h to 8 h, and the rate of oxidation of methyl oleate dropped after 8 h. A total of 27 volatile oxidation compounds were detected by HS-SPME-GC-MS. The content of most compounds, including aldehydes, esters, and acids, exhibited a pattern of initial increase and then decrease as the oxidation time increased. Similarly, the proinflammatory effects of oxidized methyl oleate peaked after 8 h of oxidation. The PLSR quantitative prediction models showed that the coefficient of determination (R) between the predicted and measured values of the 3 inflammatory gene expressions were 0.915, 0.946 and 0.951 respectively. The established PLSR model predicts the pro-inflammatory effects of oxidized methyl oleate well and provides a theoretical foundation for quick evaluation of the pro-inflammatory effects of oxidized lipids.
Topics: Mice; Oxidation-Reduction; Oleic Acids; Animals; RAW 264.7 Cells; Lipid Peroxidation; Volatile Organic Compounds; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Free Radicals; Gene Expression; Solid Phase Microextraction; Inflammation; Time Factors; Least-Squares Analysis
PubMed: 38945919
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess24013 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Aug 2024Undaria pinnatifida (UP) contains multiple bioactive substances, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and amino acids, which are associated with various biological... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Undaria pinnatifida (UP) contains multiple bioactive substances, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and amino acids, which are associated with various biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts obtained from UP. UP was extracted under three different conditions: a low-temperature water extract at 50 °C (UPLW), a high-temperature water extract at 90 °C (UPHW), and a 70 % ethanol extract (UPE). Nontargeted chemical profiling using high-performance liquid chromatography-triple/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS) was conducted on the three UP extracts. Subsequently, α-glucosidase inhibitory (AGI) activity, glucose uptake, and the mRNA expression of sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) were evaluated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Furthermore, an oral carbohydrate tolerance test was performed on C57BL/6 mice. The mice were orally administered UP at 300 mg/kg body weight (B.W.), and the blood glucose level and area under the curve (AUC) were measured. Compared with glucose, UPLW, UPHW and UPE significantly inhibited both glucose uptake and the mRNA expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in Caco-2 cell monolayers. After glucose, maltose, and sucrose loading, the blood glucose levels and AUC of the UPLW group were significantly lower than those of the control group. These findings suggest that UPLW has antihyperglycemic effects by regulating glucose uptake through glucose transporters and can be expected to alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia. Therefore, UPLW may have potential as a functional food ingredient for alleviating postprandial hyperglycemia.
Topics: Animals; Hypoglycemic Agents; Undaria; Plant Extracts; Humans; Caco-2 Cells; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Blood Glucose; Mice; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; Glucose Transporter Type 2; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Edible Seaweeds
PubMed: 38945577
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114623 -
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity Jun 2024Pu (T = 81 My) is the longest-lived, most minor, and the most understudied Pu isotope. The anthropogenic production of Pu is linked to nuclear detonations. Reported...
Pu (T = 81 My) is the longest-lived, most minor, and the most understudied Pu isotope. The anthropogenic production of Pu is linked to nuclear detonations. Reported Pu/Pu atom ratios in environmental samples range from below 10 to above 10. This work discusses the performance of the 1 MV Accelerator Mass Spectrometry system at the Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA, Seville, Spain) to analyse Pu at environmental levels. The presence of Th traces in the Pu sample limits the sensitivity of the technique through the formation of the diatomic trication (ThC), of mass 244 u, which must be suppressed by adjusting the stripper gas pressure. APu background of 0.0075 fg (2 × 10 at) is demonstrated for samples that have undergone a chemical treatment. The reliability of the technique is proved through the analysis of three reference sediments provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA-412, IAEA-465, IAEA-385). Pu results are complemented with Pu, Pu, Pu and U and their relative isotopic abundances are discussed.
PubMed: 38945105
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107485 -
Protein Expression and Purification Jun 2024Peptides are used for diagnostics, therapeutics, and as antimicrobial agents. Most peptides are produced by chemical synthesis, but recombinant production has recently...
Peptides are used for diagnostics, therapeutics, and as antimicrobial agents. Most peptides are produced by chemical synthesis, but recombinant production has recently become an attractive alternative due to the advantages of high titers, less toxic waste and correct folding of tertiary structure. Somatostatin-28 is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system, cell proliferation and inhibits the release of numerous secondary hormones in human body. It is composed of 28 amino acids and has one disulfide bond, which makes it to an optimal model peptide for a whole downstream purification process. We produced the peptide in the periplasm of E. coli using the CASPON™ technology, an affinity fusion technology system that enables high soluble expression of recombinant proteins and cleaves the fusion tag with a circularly permuted human caspase-2. Furthermore, purification of the products is straight forward using an established platform process. Two different case studies for downstream purification are presented, starting with either hydrochloric acid or polyethyleneimine as an extraction aid. After release of affinity-tagged somatostatin-28 out of E. coli's periplasm, several purification steps were performed, delivering a pure peptide solution after the final polishing step. The process was monitored by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as well as mass spectrometry to determine the yield and correct disulfide bond formation. Monitoring of impurities like host cell proteins, DNA and endotoxins after each downstream unit confirmed effective removal for both purification pathways.
PubMed: 38944221
DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106537