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ENeuro Apr 2024Trace eyeblink conditioning (TEBC) has been widely used to study associative learning in both animals and humans. In this paradigm, conditioned responses (CRs) to...
Trace eyeblink conditioning (TEBC) has been widely used to study associative learning in both animals and humans. In this paradigm, conditioned responses (CRs) to conditioned stimuli (CS) serve as a measure for retrieving learned associations between the CS and the unconditioned stimuli (US) within a trial. Memory consolidation, that is, learning over time, can be quantified as an increase in the proportion of CRs across training sessions. However, how hippocampal oscillations differentiate between successful memory retrieval within a session and consolidation across TEBC training sessions remains unknown. To address this question, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the rat dorsal hippocampus during TEBC and investigated hippocampal oscillation dynamics associated with these two functions. We show that transient broadband responses to the CS were correlated with memory consolidation, as indexed by an increase in CRs across TEBC sessions. In contrast, induced alpha (8-10 Hz) and beta (16-20 Hz) band responses were correlated with the successful retrieval of the CS-US association within a session, as indexed by the difference in trials with and without CR.
Topics: Hippocampus; Male; Conditioning, Eyelid; Animals; Memory Consolidation; Rats, Long-Evans; Mental Recall; Association Learning; Rats; Conditioning, Classical; Blinking
PubMed: 38627063
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0030-23.2024 -
Journal of the American Medical... May 2024Machine learning (ML) is increasingly employed to diagnose medical conditions, with algorithms trained to assign a single label using a black-box approach. We created an...
OBJECTIVE
Machine learning (ML) is increasingly employed to diagnose medical conditions, with algorithms trained to assign a single label using a black-box approach. We created an ML approach using deep learning that generates outcomes that are transparent and in line with clinical, diagnostic rules. We demonstrate our approach for autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition with increasing prevalence.
METHODS
We use unstructured data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance records labeled by a CDC-trained clinician with ASD A1-3 and B1-4 criterion labels per sentence and with ASD cases labels per record using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM5) rules. One rule-based and three deep ML algorithms and six ensembles were compared and evaluated using a test set with 6773 sentences (N = 35 cases) set aside in advance. Criterion and case labeling were evaluated for each ML algorithm and ensemble. Case labeling outcomes were compared also with seven traditional tests.
RESULTS
Performance for criterion labeling was highest for the hybrid BiLSTM ML model. The best case labeling was achieved by an ensemble of two BiLSTM ML models using a majority vote. It achieved 100% precision (or PPV), 83% recall (or sensitivity), 100% specificity, 91% accuracy, and 0.91 F-measure. A comparison with existing diagnostic tests shows that our best ensemble was more accurate overall.
CONCLUSIONS
Transparent ML is achievable even with small datasets. By focusing on intermediate steps, deep ML can provide transparent decisions. By leveraging data redundancies, ML errors at the intermediate level have a low impact on final outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Deep Learning; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Electronic Health Records; Algorithms; Child; United States; Natural Language Processing
PubMed: 38626184
DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae080 -
Computational and Structural... Dec 2024Mental Status Assessment (MSA) holds significant importance in psychiatry. In recent years, several studies have leveraged Electroencephalogram (EEG) technology to gauge...
Mental Status Assessment (MSA) holds significant importance in psychiatry. In recent years, several studies have leveraged Electroencephalogram (EEG) technology to gauge an individual's mental state or level of depression. This study introduces a novel multi-tier ensemble learning approach to integrate multiple EEG bands for conducting mental state or depression assessments. Initially, the EEG signal is divided into eight sub-bands, and then a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based Deep Neural Network (DNN) model is trained for each band. Subsequently, the integration of multi-band EEG frequency models and the evaluation of mental state or depression level are facilitated through a two-tier ensemble learning approach based on Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The authors conducted numerous experiments to validate the performance of the proposed method under different evaluation metrics. For clarity and conciseness, the research employs the simplest commercialized one-channel EEG sensor, positioned at FP1, to collect data from 57 subjects (49 depressed and 18 healthy subjects). The obtained results, including an accuracy of 0.897, F1-score of 0.921, precision of 0.935, negative predictive value of 0.829, recall of 0.908, specificity of 0.875, and AUC of 0.8917, provide evidence of the superior performance of the proposed method compared to other ensemble learning techniques. This method not only proves effective but also holds the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy of depression assessment.
PubMed: 38623563
DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.03.022 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a nation, but, growth of agriculture is affected badly by the many factors one such is plant diseases....
Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a nation, but, growth of agriculture is affected badly by the many factors one such is plant diseases. Early stage prediction of these disease is crucial role for global health and even for game changers the farmer's life. Recently, adoption of modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and deep learning concepts has given the brighter light of inventing the intelligent machines to predict the plant diseases before it is deep-rooted in the farmlands. But, precise prediction of plant diseases is a complex job due to the presence of noise, changes in the intensities, similar resemblance between healthy and diseased plants and finally dimension of plant leaves. To tackle this problem, high-accurate and intelligently tuned deep learning algorithms are mandatorily needed. In this research article, novel ensemble of Swin transformers and residual convolutional networks are proposed. Swin transformers (ST) are hierarchical structures with linearly scalable computing complexity that offer performance and flexibility at various scales. In order to extract the best deep key-point features, the Swin transformers and residual networks has been combined, followed by Feed forward networks for better prediction. Extended experimentation is conducted using Plant Village Kaggle datasets, and performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1-rating, are evaluated and analysed. Existing structure along with FCN-8s, CED-Net, SegNet, DeepLabv3, Dense nets, and Central nets are used to demonstrate the superiority of the suggested version. The experimental results show that in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-rating, the introduced version shown better performances than the other state-of-art hybrid learning models.
Topics: Recognition, Psychology; Mental Recall; Agriculture; Algorithms; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 38622177
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56393-8 -
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Jul 2024Memory for inherently neutral elements of emotional events is often enhanced on delayed tests - an effect that has been attributed to noradrenergic arousal. Reactivation...
Memory for inherently neutral elements of emotional events is often enhanced on delayed tests - an effect that has been attributed to noradrenergic arousal. Reactivation of a memory is thought to return its corresponding neural ensemble to a state that is similar to when it was originally experienced. Therefore, we hypothesized that neutral elements of memories, too, can be enhanced through reactivation concurrent with heightened arousal. Participants (n = 94) visited the lab for three sessions. During the first session, they encoded 120 neutral memories consisting of an object presented in unique context images. In session two, the 80 objects were reactivated by presenting their corresponding context images, 40 of which were immediately followed by an arousal-inducing shock. Finally, recognition memory for all objects was tested. It was found that memory for reactivated objects was enhanced, but even though the shocks elicited elevations in arousal as indexed by skin conductance, there was no difference between memory of objects reactivated with and without heightened arousal. We thus conclude that arousal, when isolated from other cognitive and affective variables that might impact memory, has no enhancing effect on reactivated memories.
Topics: Humans; Arousal; Male; Female; Young Adult; Recognition, Psychology; Adult; Galvanic Skin Response; Adolescent; Memory; Emotions; Mental Recall
PubMed: 38616019
DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107928 -
Acta Psychologica Jun 2024We do not memorize items in our surroundings with equal priority. Previous literature has widely shown that emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral stimuli....
We do not memorize items in our surroundings with equal priority. Previous literature has widely shown that emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral stimuli. However, given emotional stimuli and neutral stimuli often differ in both valence and arousal dimensions, it remains unclear whether the enhancement effects can be attributed to valence, or just to arousal. Importantly, most prior studies relied on a relatively small number of stimuli and non-emotional factors such as word length, imageability and other confounds were hard to control. To address these challenges, we analyzed multiple large databases of recognition memory and free recall tasks from previous research by items with many lexical and semantic covariates included, examining the effects of valence or arousal when controlling for each other. Our results showed a U-shaped relationship between valence and memory performance for both recognition and free recall, and a linear relationship between arousal and memory performance for both tasks. These findings showed that the memory enhancement effects can be attributed to both valence and arousal. We demonstrated these effects with generalizability across many stimuli and controlled for non-emotional factors. Together, these findings disentangle the contribution of valence and arousal in emotional memory enhancement effects and provide insights for current major theories of emotional memory.
Topics: Humans; Emotions; Arousal; Mental Recall; Recognition, Psychology; Semantics
PubMed: 38613855
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104249 -
European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2024Prior research has shown PTSD treatment leads to reductions in cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall, but the extent to which such reductions are associated...
Prior research has shown PTSD treatment leads to reductions in cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall, but the extent to which such reductions are associated with changes in PTSD symptoms is less clear. Moreover, such relationships have not been investigated in a cognitively focused PTSD treatment. To examine changes in cardiovascular reactivity to the trauma memory in patients receiving cognitive processing therapy (CPT), CPT with a written trauma account, and a written account only condition. We also examined the association of such changes with symptom improvement. 118 women with PTSD secondary to interpersonal violence completed pre- and post-treatment assessments of PTSD symptoms and cardiovascular reactivity during a script-driven imagery task. Results indicated a significant but modest reduction in cardiovascular reactivity in CPT conditions. Changes in cardiovascular reactivity and reexperiencing symptoms were significantly associated among the whole sample. Among individuals with the greatest reactivity to the trauma memory at pretreatment, associations were also seen with changes in total PTSD, numbing, and trauma-related guilt. Results indicate that previous findings on the effect of PTSD treatment on cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall extend to cognitively oriented treatment. Baseline cardiovascular reactivity may influence the extent to which reductions in PTSD symptoms and reactivity during trauma recall are related.
Topics: Humans; Female; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Mental Recall; Imagery, Psychotherapy; Life Change Events; Violence
PubMed: 38597201
DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2335865 -
Behaviour Research and Therapy Jun 2024Maladaptive emotional memories are a transdiagnostic feature of mental health problems. Therefore, understanding whether and how emotional memories can change might help...
Maladaptive emotional memories are a transdiagnostic feature of mental health problems. Therefore, understanding whether and how emotional memories can change might help to prevent and treat mental disorders. We tested whether neutral memories of naturalistic events can retroactively acquire positive or negative affect, in a preregistered three-day Modification of Valence in Episodes (MOVIE) paradigm. On Day 1, participants (N = 41) encoded memories of neutral movie scenes, representing lifelike naturalistic experiences. On Day 2, they retrieved each episode before viewing a happy, sad, or neutral scene from the same movie (yielding a within-subjects design with a neutral-negative, neutral-positive, and neutral-neutral condition). On Day 3, participants again retrieved each memory from Day 1. We assessed the affective tone of episodes through facial expressions of positive and negative affect (using facial electromyography, fEMG) and through self-reported feelings. Positive updating of neutral episodes led to increased expressions of positive affect, whereas negative updating led to increased self-reported negative feelings. These results suggest that complex neutral episodic memories can retroactively acquire an affective tone, but the effects were modest and inconsistent across affect readouts. Future research should investigate alternative approaches to updating emotional memories that produce more profound changes in the valence of memories.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Memory, Episodic; Facial Expression; Emotions; Young Adult; Adult; Electromyography; Adolescent; Affect; Motion Pictures; Mental Recall
PubMed: 38593572
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104528 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Mar 2024: Depression and cognitive impairment are recognized complications of COVID-19. This study aimed to assess cognitive performance in clinically diagnosed post-COVID...
: Depression and cognitive impairment are recognized complications of COVID-19. This study aimed to assess cognitive performance in clinically diagnosed post-COVID depression (PCD, n = 25) patients using neuropsychological testing. : The study involved 71 post-COVID patients with matched control groups: recovered COVID-19 individuals without complications (n = 18) and individuals without prior COVID-19 history (n = 19). A post-COVID depression group (PCD, n = 25) was identified based on psychiatric diagnosis, and a comparison group (noPCD, n = 46) included participants with neurological COVID-19 complications, excluding clinical depression. : The PCD patients showed gender-dependent significant cognitive impairment in the MoCA, Word Memory Test (WMT), Stroop task (SCWT), and Trail Making Test (TMT) compared to the controls and noPCD patients. Men with PCD showed worse performances on the SCWT, in MoCA attention score, and on the WMT (immediate and delayed word recall), while women with PCD showed a decline in MoCA total score, an increased processing time with less errors on the TMT, and worse immediate recall. No differences between groups in Sniffin's stick test were found. : COVID-related direct (post-COVID symptoms) and depression-mediated (depression itself, male sex, and severity of COVID-19) predictors of decline in memory and information processing speed were identified. Our findings may help to personalize the treatment of depression, taking a patient's gender and severity of previous COVID-19 disease into account.
PubMed: 38592295
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051442 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Jun 2024This study aimed to assess whether brief recall of methamphetamine (MA) memory, when combined with ketamine (KE) treatment, may prevent stress-primed MA memory...
This study aimed to assess whether brief recall of methamphetamine (MA) memory, when combined with ketamine (KE) treatment, may prevent stress-primed MA memory reinstatement. Combining 3-min recall and KE facilitated MA memory extinction and resistance to subsequent stress-primed reinstatement. Such combination also produced glutamate metabotropic receptor 5 (mGluR5) upregulation in animals' medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neuron. Accordingly, chemogenetic methods were employed to bi-directionally modulate mPFC GABA activity. Following brief recall and KE-produced MA memory extinction, intra-mPFC mDlx-Gi-coupled-human-muscarinic-receptor 4 (hM4Di)-infused mice receiving compound 21 (C21) treatment showed eminent stress-primed reinstatement, while their GABA mGluR5 expression seemed to be unaltered. Intra-mPFC mDlx-Gq-coupled-human-muscarinic-receptor 3 (hM3Dq)-infused mice undergoing C21 treatment displayed MA memory extinction and resistance to stress-provoked reinstatement. These results suggest that combining a brief recall and KE treatment and exciting mPFC GABA neuron may facilitate MA memory extinction and resistance to stress-primed recall. mPFC GABA neuronal activity plays a role in mediating brief recall/KE-produced effects on curbing the stress-provoked MA seeking.
Topics: Animals; Prefrontal Cortex; Methamphetamine; Ketamine; Male; Mice; Mental Recall; Stress, Psychological; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; Extinction, Psychological; Memory; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 38588768
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176559