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Thoracic Cancer Jun 2024Solitary pulmonary papillomas (SPPs) are rare lung neoplasms. Histologically, SPP is classified into three subtypes, and mixed squamous and glandular papilloma (MP) is...
Solitary pulmonary papillomas (SPPs) are rare lung neoplasms. Histologically, SPP is classified into three subtypes, and mixed squamous and glandular papilloma (MP) is the rarest subtype. Although SPPs are considered benign tumors, there have been several reports on the synchronous malignant transformation in SPPs. An 82-year-old asymptomatic man was referred to our hospital for further examination of a 2.2 cm-sized left lung tumor. Pathology of bronchoscopic specimens showed the possibility of pulmonary papilloma but did not reveal any malignancy. The patient complained of bloody sputum during the eighth month after the initial visit. The size of the lesion had increased to 4.3 cm. These data suggested the existence of malignancy, and the patient underwent an operation. Histologically, the tumor was composed of fibrovascular cores and papillomatous fronds lined by pseudostratified columnar cells and mucin-filled goblet cells. Keratinizing squamous epithelium was also observed. Overall, the diagnosis of MP was obtained by fundamental histology. In addition, a solid part beneath mild atypical squamous epithelia, which was composed of malignant-appearing squamous cells and spindle-shaped atypical cells, was observed. The spindle portion was positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and vimentin, and focally positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). The final diagnosis was pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PPC) arising in the MP. Only two cases have been reported for atypical spindle tumor cells that are found in MP or bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (BA/CMPT), which has histologically similar features to MP. This is the second case report of PPC arising in MP.
Topics: Humans; Male; Papilloma; Lung Neoplasms; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
PubMed: 38690654
DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15322 -
Przeglad Menopauzalny = Menopause Review Mar 2024Cervical cancer (CC) is a leading cause of mortality in women around the world, with the highest incidence rate still being in developing countries. The most common...
INTRODUCTION
Cervical cancer (CC) is a leading cause of mortality in women around the world, with the highest incidence rate still being in developing countries. The most common aetiological factor is infection with high-risk human papilloma virus viral strains. Oxidative stress through generation of reactive oxygen species leads to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Studies show that reactive lipid electrophiles such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) produced in the process play an important role in cancer signalling pathways and are a good biomarker for oxidative stress. We aim to investigate the prognostic role of 4-HNE as a biomarker for oxidative stress in patients in early and advanced stages of CC measured by immunohistochemistry.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This is a retrospective study of 69 patients treated at our Department of Oncogynaecology. Paraffin embedded tumour tissues were immunohistochemically tested for the levels of expression of 4-HNE. The results for H-score, Allred score, and combined score were investigated for association with tumour size, lymph node status, andInternational Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage.
RESULTS
4-hydroxynonenal showed higher expression in more advanced stages of CC and in cases with involved lymph nodes. Tumour size was not associated with the levels of 4-HNE.
CONCLUSIONS
To best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of 4-HNE as a prognostic factor in CC. The 3 score systems showed similar results. The pattern of 4-HNE histological appearance is dependent on the histological origin of cancer and is not universal.
PubMed: 38690070
DOI: 10.5114/pm.2024.136356 -
World Journal of Clinical Oncology Apr 2024The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) collaboratively produce the 'WHO Blue Books' essential tools standardizing the...
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) collaboratively produce the 'WHO Blue Books' essential tools standardizing the diagnostic process for human cancers. Regular updates in this classification accommodate emerging molecular discoveries, advances in immunohistochemical techniques, and evolving clinical insights. The 5 edition of the WHO/IARC classification of head and neck tumors refines the 'Oral Cavity and Mobile Tongue' chapter, including sections for non-neoplastic lesions, epithelial tumors, and tumors of uncertain histogenesis. Notably, the epithelial tumors section is rearranged by tumor behavior, starting with benign squamous papillomas and progressing through potentially malignant oral disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The section on OSCC reflects recent information on epidemiology, pathogenesis, and histological prognostic factors. Noteworthy is the specific categorization of verrucous carcinoma (VC) and carcinoma cuniculatum (CC), both associated with the oral cavity and distinct in clinical and histologic characteristics. This classification adjustment emphasizes the oral cavity as their predominant site in the head and neck. Designating specific sections for VC and CC aims to provide comprehensive insights into these unique subtypes, elucidating their clinical features, distinct histological characteristics, prevalence, significance, and clinical relevance. By categorizing these subtypes into specific sections, the 5 edition of the WHO classification aims to provide a more nuanced and detailed account, enhancing our understanding of these specific variants within the broader spectrum of head and neck tumors.
PubMed: 38689630
DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v15.i4.464 -
Irish Veterinary Journal Apr 2024Penile fibropapilloma is a condition caused by bovine papilloma virus and is frequently encountered in young bulls. Penile fibropapillomatosis is thought to be spread...
A retrospective case series of the surgical management of thirty-one penile fibropapilloma cases presented to University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital (UCDVH) between 2017 and 2023.
BACKGROUND
Penile fibropapilloma is a condition caused by bovine papilloma virus and is frequently encountered in young bulls. Penile fibropapillomatosis is thought to be spread through homosexual mounting behaviour. Fibropapillomas of the penis are painful, often bleed and can impede normal intromission. Treatment may range from allowing time for slow, spontaneous regression to surgical resection but recurrence following surgery is reported by some authors.
CASE PRESENTATION
Thirty one bulls that were presented to University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital from March 2017 to March 2023 for surgical resection of penile fibropapillomas were included in this retrospective case series. Twenty-seven of the 31 bulls (87%) were under two years of age. The majority (42%) of bulls presented were Hereford, but Angus, Charolais, Holstein-Friesian and Limousin breeds were also seen. Following examination and diagnosis of penile fibropapilloma, regional anaesthesia (xylazine-procaine epidural and internal pudendal nerve block) and standing surgical intervention (resection and cautery) was performed in each case. Phone call follow-up was performed by one author (EET) in all 31 cases and 2 cases out of the 28 that were contactable showed post-surgical recurrence of penile fibropapillomatosis (i.e., 7.1% recurrence rate).
CONCLUSION
This case series summarises the history and presenting findings of 31 bovine penile fibropapilloma cases and describes a regional anaesthetic and standing surgical approach for successful case management.
PubMed: 38689369
DOI: 10.1186/s13620-024-00270-3 -
BMC Women's Health Apr 2024Uganda has approximately 1.2 million people aged 15-64 years living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Association between HIV Serostatus and premalignant cervical lesions among women attending a cervical cancer screening clinic at a tertiary care facility in southwestern Uganda: a comparative cross-sectional study.
BACKGROUND
Uganda has approximately 1.2 million people aged 15-64 years living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of premalignant cervical lesions among HIV-positive women than among HIV-negative women. Additionally, HIV-infected women are more likely to have human papilloma virus (HPV) infection progress to cancer than women not infected with HIV. We determined the prevalence of premalignant cervical lesions and their association with HIV infection among women attending a cervical cancer screening clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in southwestern Uganda.
METHODS
We conducted a comparative cross-sectional study of 210 women aged 22-65 years living with HIV and 210 women not living with HIV who were systematically enrolled from March 2022 to May 2022. Participants were subjected to a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain their demographic and clinical data. Additionally, Papanicolaou smears were obtained for microscopy to observe premalignant cervical lesions. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the association between HIV status and premalignant cervical lesions.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of premalignant cervical lesions in the study population was 17% (n = 72; 95% C.I: 14.1-21.4), with 23% (n = 47; 95% C.I: 17.8-29.5) in women living with HIV and 12% (n = 25; 95% C.I: 8.2-17.1) in women not living with HIV (p < 0.003). The most common premalignant cervical lesions identified were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in both women living with HIV (74.5%; n = 35) and women not living with HIV (80%; n = 20). HIV infection was significantly associated with premalignant lesions (aOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.27-4.42; p = 0.007).
CONCLUSION
Premalignant cervical lesions, particularly LSILs, were more common in HIV-positive women than in HIV-negative women, highlighting the need to strengthen the integration of cervical cancer prevention strategies into HIV care programs.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Uganda; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Early Detection of Cancer; HIV Infections; Prevalence; Precancerous Conditions; Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Tertiary Care Centers; HIV Seropositivity; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Papillomavirus Infections; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 38678278
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03108-w -
Viruses Apr 2024Domestic dogs are currently recognized as being infected by 25 different canine papillomavirus (CPV) types classified into three genera. A short sequence from a novel...
Domestic dogs are currently recognized as being infected by 25 different canine papillomavirus (CPV) types classified into three genera. A short sequence from a novel CPV type was amplified, along with CPV1, from a papilloma (wart) from the mouth of a dog. The entire 7499 bp genome was amplified, and CPV26 contained putative coding regions that were predicted to produce four early proteins and two late ones. The ORF L1 showed less than 62% similarity for all previously sequenced CPV types but over 69% similarity to multiple types from a variety of Caniform species including the giant panda, Weddel seal, and polar bear. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed CPV26 clusters within the genus. Specific primers were used to investigate the presence of CPV26 DNA within a series of 37 canine proliferative lesions. CPV26 DNA was amplified from one lesion, a cutaneous papilloma that also contained CPV6. This is the first time a PV type within the genus has been detected in a non-domestic species and this provides evidence that the omegapapillomaviruses infected a common ancestor of, and then co-evolved with, the Caniform species. Whether CPV26 causes disease is uncertain, but the absence of an E7 protein may suggest low pathogenicity.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Phylogeny; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Dog Diseases; Genome, Viral; DNA, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 38675936
DOI: 10.3390/v16040595 -
Vaccines Apr 2024Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection is responsible for more than 50% of global cervical cancer cases. The development of a vaccine based on cytotoxic...
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection is responsible for more than 50% of global cervical cancer cases. The development of a vaccine based on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes is a promising strategy for eliminating pre-existing HPV infections and treating patients with cervical cancer. In this study, an immunoinformatics approach was used to predict HLA-I-restricted CTL epitopes in HPV16 E5, E6, and E7 proteins, and a set of conserved CTL epitopes co-restricted by human/murine MHCs was screened and characterized, with the set containing three E5, four E6, and four E7 epitopes. Subsequently, the immunogenicity of the epitope combination was assessed in mice, and the anti-tumor effects of the multi-epitope peptide vaccine E5E6E7pep11 and the recombinant protein vaccine CTB-Epi11E567 were evaluated in the TC-1 mouse tumor model. The results demonstrated that mixed epitope peptides could induce antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion in mice. Prophylactic immunization with E5E6E7pep11 and CTB-Epi11E567 was found to provide 100% protection against tumor growth in mice. Moreover, both types of the multi-epitope vaccine significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. In conclusion, in this study, a multi-epitope vaccine targeting HPV16 E5, E6, and E7 proteins was successfully designed and evaluated, demonstrating potential immunogenicity and anti-tumor effects and providing a promising strategy for immunotherapy against HPV-associated tumors.
PubMed: 38675774
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040392 -
Cancers Apr 2024Elevated glucose uptake and production of lactate are common features of cancer cells. Among many tumor-promoting effects, lactate inhibits immune responses and is...
Elevated glucose uptake and production of lactate are common features of cancer cells. Among many tumor-promoting effects, lactate inhibits immune responses and is positively correlated with radioresistance. Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase that decreases lactate production. Quercetin is a flavonoid compound found in fruits and vegetables that inhibits glucose uptake and lactate export. We investigated the potential role and mechanisms of DCA, quercetin, and their combination, in the treatment of HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, an antigenic cancer subtype in need of efficacious adjuvant therapies. C57Bl/6-derived mouse oropharyngeal epithelial cells, a previously developed mouse model that was retrovirally transduced with HPV type-16 E6/E7 and activated Ras, were used to assess these compounds. Both DCA and quercetin inhibited colony formation and reduced cell viability, which were associated with mTOR inhibition and increased apoptosis through enhanced ROS production. DCA and quercetin reduced tumor growth and enhanced survival in immune-competent mice, correlating with decreased proliferation as well as decreased acidification of the tumor microenvironment and reduction of Foxp (+) Treg lymphocytes. Collectively, these data support the possible clinical application of DCA and quercetin as adjuvant therapies for head and neck cancer patients.
PubMed: 38672607
DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081525 -
Biomedicines Apr 2024Aberrant DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification in cancers, including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)....
Global DNA Methylation Level in Tumour and Margin Samples in Relation to Human Papilloma Virus and Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients with Oropharyngeal and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas.
BACKGROUND
Aberrant DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification in cancers, including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Therefore, the analysis of methylation levels appears necessary to improve cancer therapy and prognosis.
METHODS
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyse global DNA methylation levels in OPSCC and OSCC tumours and the margin samples after DNA isolation. HPV detection was conducted by hybridisation using GenoFlow HPV Array Test Kits (DiagCor Bioscience Inc., Hong Kong, China). EBV detection was performed using real-time PCR with an EBV PCR Kit (EBV/ISEX/100, GeneProof, Brno, Czech Republic).
RESULTS
OPSCC tumour samples obtained from women showed lower global DNA methylation levels than those from men (1.3% vs. 3.5%, = 0.049). The margin samples from OPSCC patients with HPV and EBV coinfection showed global DNA methylation lower than those without coinfection ( = 0.042). G3 tumours from OSCC patients had significantly lower levels of global DNA methylation than G2 tumours (0.98% ± 0.74% vs. 3.77% ± 4.97%, = 0.010). Additionally, tumours from HPV-positive OSCC patients had significantly lower global DNA methylation levels than those from HPV-negative patients ( = 0.013). In the margin samples, we observed a significant negative correlation between global DNA methylation and the N stage of OSCC patients (rS = -0.33, = 0.039). HPV-positive OPSCC patients had higher global DNA methylation levels than HPV-positive OSCC patients ( = 0.015).
CONCLUSION
We confirmed that methylation could be changed in relation to viral factors, such as HPV and EBV, as well as clinical and demographical parameters.
PubMed: 38672268
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040914 -
Cureus Mar 2024To determine the role of geminin as a tool for differentiating various types of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma (CC).
AIM
To determine the role of geminin as a tool for differentiating various types of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma (CC).
METHODS
Seventy women newly diagnosed with CIN or CC undergoing cervical biopsy were included; their clinical profile, human papilloma virus (HPV) positivity, and colposcopy findings were noted, and biopsy tissue was analyzed for geminin content.
RESULTS
On geminin immunohistochemistry, 100% of women with CIN3 and 96.29% of women with CC had geminin two plus or more. When analyzed as ordinal variables, there was a significant correlation (spearman's rho 0.35, p 0.01) between geminin and biopsy results (CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, and CC).
CONCLUSIONS
Screening tests for cervical cancer, like conventional pap smears, liquid-based pap smears, and triaging with HPV, have limitations. It is important to be able to differentiate between high-grade lesions, invasive cancer, and low-grade lesions. The detection of geminin in these cells may aid in the confirmation of the diagnosis and ensure adequate treatment. Cervical intraepithelial lesions and carcinoma cervix demonstrated a correlation between increased geminin expression in CIN1 vs. CC and CIN2 vs. CC. Geminin may be a potential surrogate marker for higher-grade cervical lesions, and further research is needed to corroborate evidence in this direction.
PubMed: 38659554
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56864