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Journal of ISAKOS : Joint Disorders &... May 2024In the forearm, posttraumatic heterotopic ossification usually forms as a proximal radioulnar synostosis. It can occur after soft tissue injury involving the...
In the forearm, posttraumatic heterotopic ossification usually forms as a proximal radioulnar synostosis. It can occur after soft tissue injury involving the interosseous membrane or after surgery involving the radio and ulna, such as distal biceps tendon repair. It can also be induced by radial head dislocation or fracture. Screening radiography can be used to select the appropriate time for excision. The synostosis can be resected when the ectopic bone margin and trabeculation appear mature on radiographs. An interval of 6-12 months from the injury is generally recommended based on ectopic bone maturity. Selection of the surgical approach depends on site, extension (elbow joint or proximal radioulnar joint), severity of the initial articular surface, and periarticular tissue injury. The posterolateral approach is indicated for synostoses: at or distal to the bicipital tuberosity, at the level of the radial head, and proximal radioulnar joint. The posterior global approach is recommended when the forearm synostosis is associated with complete bony ankylosis of the elbow involving the distal aspect of the humerus. After surgical resection of a proximal radioulnar synostosis, the exposed bone surfaces can be covered with interposition material to minimize recurrence.
PubMed: 38702039
DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.04.015 -
Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) May 2024Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), an emerging heterotopic ossification disease, causes spinal cord compression, resulting in motor and sensory...
BACKGROUND
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), an emerging heterotopic ossification disease, causes spinal cord compression, resulting in motor and sensory dysfunction. The etiology of OPLL remains unclear but may involve integrin αVβ3 regulating the process of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this study, we focused on the role of integrin αVβ3 in OPLL and explored the underlying mechanism by which the c(RGDyk) peptide acts as a potent and selective integrin αVβ3 inhibitor to inhibit osteogenesis and angiogenesis in OPLL.
METHODS
OPLL or control ligament samples were collected in surgery. For OPLL samples, RNA-sequencing results revealed activation of the integrin family, particularly integrin αVβ3. Integrin αVβ3 expression was detected by qPCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the targeted inhibition of integrin αVβ3 by the c(RGDyk) peptide on ligaments fibroblasts (LFs) derived from patients with OPLL and endothelial cells (ECs). The effect of c(RGDyk) peptide on the ossification of pathogenic LFs was detected using qPCR, Western blotting. Alkaline phosphatase staining or alizarin red staining were used to test the osteogenic capability. The effect of the c(RGDyk) peptide on angiogenesis was determined by EC migration and tube formation assays. The effects of the c(RGDyk) peptide on heterotopic bone formation were evaluated by micro-CT, histological, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence analysis in vivo.
RESULTS
The results indicated that after being treated with c(RGDyk), the osteogenic differentiation of LFs was significantly decreased. Moreover, the c(RGDyk) peptide inhibited the migration of ECs and thus prevented the nutritional support required for osteogenesis. Furthermore, the c(RGDyk) peptide inhibited ectopic bone formation in mice. Mechanistic analysis revealed that c(RGDyk) peptide could inhibit osteogenesis and angiogenesis in OPLL by targeting integrin αVβ3 and regulating the FAK/ERK pathway.
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, the integrin αVβ3 appears to be an emerging therapeutic target for OPLL, and the c(RGDyk) peptide has dual inhibitory effects that may be valuable for the new therapeutic strategy of OPLL.
Topics: Integrin alphaVbeta3; Humans; Osteogenesis; Animals; Mice; Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Fibroblasts; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Cell Movement; Disease Models, Animal; Oligopeptides; Angiogenesis
PubMed: 38698308
DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00822-x -
Kansas Journal of Medicine 2024Despite the groundbreaking research by Judet and Letournel in the 1960s, the specific equipment, surgical approach, fixation strategy, and post-operative course for...
INTRODUCTION
Despite the groundbreaking research by Judet and Letournel in the 1960s, the specific equipment, surgical approach, fixation strategy, and post-operative course for treating acetabular fractures have not been standardized. Therefore, this study aimed to compare technological resources, operative procedures, and post-operative complications between patients treated for acetabular fractures in Romania and the United States (U.S.).
METHODS
Between February 2011 and August 2018, a total of 116 Romanian patients and 373 U.S. patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation for acetabular fractures. Data were collected prospectively for Romania and retrospectively for the U.S. The authors used T-tests, Fisher's exact tests, and odds ratios to analyze categorical data while ordinal date were assessed using logistic regression.
RESULTS
U.S. patients had higher comorbidity rates for diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. However, the initial quality of reduction, graded with Matta's criteria, was similar between American and Romanian patients. Post-operatively, U.S. patients had significantly higher Brooker criteria scores for heterotopic ossification. Rates of deep vein thrombosis, infections, sciatic nerve lesions, and loss of reduction between the two countries were not significantly different.
CONCLUSIONS
Given the similar initial reduction quality despite technological differences, the authors suggest that fundamental factors, such as surgeon training and experience, may have a greater impact than the availability of technologically advanced operative resources. Future research focusing on the efficacy of these advanced resources for acetabular fracture fixation could help determine their true impact on patient outcomes and improve the cost-effectiveness of this surgery.
PubMed: 38694170
DOI: 10.17161/kjm.vol17.21124 -
In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 2024The styloid process (SP) becomes clinically relevant when it shows enlargement (>30 mm) in the sense of an elongated SP (ESP) and/or increasing calcification leading to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND/AIM
The styloid process (SP) becomes clinically relevant when it shows enlargement (>30 mm) in the sense of an elongated SP (ESP) and/or increasing calcification leading to Eagle Syndrome (ES). Panoramic radiograph (PR) or computed tomography (CT) are part of the routine diagnostics in ES. Currently, CT is considered the gold standard. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy in the diagnostics/measurements of SP/ESP throughout a comparative study between PR and CT. Furthermore, in addition to measuring established parameters, this study aimed to determine the currently unexamined width in the base and tip of the SP.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The present study examined the radiological findings of bilateral SP in 100 patients who received both PR and CT on the same day. Measurements of the length of the SP and width at the basis and tip were performed. Furthermore, calcification patterns, Langlais classification and the prevalence of ESP were analyzed.
RESULTS
There was a highly significant correlation between PR and CT measuring SP for every parameter. Males showed significantly longer SP than females among the age group between 18-75 years. The results of the length measurements of the SP (male: right SP=32.98 mm; left SP=35.21 mm; female: right SP=30.31 mm; left SP=30.92 mm) significantly exceeded the values of comparable studies.
CONCLUSION
Consequently, it can be concluded that PR provides accurate measurements when compared to CT for measuring and diagnosing SP/ESP/Eagle syndrome. This study was one of the first to examine the width of the SP in the base and tip, thus these measurements can serve as a baseline for further studies. Since the mean lengths of SP exceeded 30.0 mm in the present study, these findings raise the question of whether the cut-off of 30.0 mm is adequate for the diagnosis of ESP.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Adult; Temporal Bone; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Aged; Radiography, Panoramic; Adolescent; Young Adult; Ossification, Heterotopic
PubMed: 38688622
DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13580 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Apr 2024Distal biceps tendon repair is usually performed via a double-incision or single-incision bicortical drilling technique. However, these techniques are associated with...
INTRODUCTION
Distal biceps tendon repair is usually performed via a double-incision or single-incision bicortical drilling technique. However, these techniques are associated with specific complications and usually do not allow for anatomical footprint restoration. It was the aim of this study to report the clinical results of a double intracortical button anatomical footprint repair technique for distal biceps tendon tears. We hypothesized that this technique would result in supination strength comparable to the uninjured side with a low re-rupture rate and minimal bony or neurological complications.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This was a retrospective, single-surgeon cohort study of a consecutive series of 22 patients with a mean (SD) age of 50.7 (9.4) years and at least 1-year follow-up after distal biceps tendon repair. At final follow-up, complications, range of motion (ROM), the Patient-rated Elbow Evaluation (PREE), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, patient satisfaction and supination strength in neutral as well as 60° of supination were analyzed. Radiographic evaluation was performed on a CT scan.
RESULTS
One patient (4.5%) experienced slight paresthesia in the area of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Heterotopic ossification was seen in one patient (4.5%). All patients recovered full ROM except for one who had 10° of loss of flexion and extension. Median PREE score was 4.6 (0-39.6), median MEP was 100 (70-100) and median DASH was 1.4 (0-16.7). All but one patient were very satisfied with the outcome. The affected arm had a mean of 98% (± 13) of neutral supination strength (p=0.633) and 94% (± 12) of supination strength in 60° (p=0.054) compared to the contralateral, unaffected side. There were four cases (18.2%) of cortical thinning due to at least one button and one case of button pull-out (4.5%).
CONCLUSIONS
The double intracortical button anatomical footprint repair technique seems to provide reliable restoration of supination strength, excellent patient satisfaction while minimizing complications, particularly nerve damage and heterotopic ossification.
PubMed: 38688419
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.028 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... May 2024The pathogenesis of trauma-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) in the tendon remains unclear, posing a challenging hurdle in treatment. Recognizing inflammation as the...
The pathogenesis of trauma-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) in the tendon remains unclear, posing a challenging hurdle in treatment. Recognizing inflammation as the root cause of HO, anti-inflammatory agents hold promise for its management. Malvidin (MA), possessing anti-inflammatory properties, emerges as a potential agent to impede HO progression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MA in treating trauma-induced HO and unravel its underlying mechanisms. Herein, the effectiveness of MA in preventing HO formation was assessed through local injection in a rat model. The potential mechanism underlying MA's treatment was investigated in the tendon-resident progenitor cells of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs), exploring its pathway in HO formation. The findings demonstrated that MA effectively hindered the osteogenic differentiation of TDSCs by inhibiting the mTORC1 signalling pathway, consequently impeding the progression of trauma-induced HO of Achilles tendon in rats. Specifically, MA facilitated the degradation of Rheb through the K48-linked ubiquitination-proteasome pathway by modulating USP4 and intercepted the interaction between Rheb and the mTORC1 complex, thus inhibiting the mTORC1 signalling pathway. Hence, MA presents itself as a promising candidate for treating trauma-induced HO in the Achilles tendon, acting by targeting Rheb for degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Ossification, Heterotopic; Signal Transduction; Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein; Ubiquitin; Male; Osteogenesis; Tendons; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tendon Injuries; Proteolysis; Cell Differentiation; Achilles Tendon; Disease Models, Animal; Ubiquitination; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; Stem Cells
PubMed: 38686493
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18349 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports Apr 2024Introduction: Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome, characterized by medial collateral ligament (MCL) calcification or ossification, often follows a history of trauma. While rare,...
INTRODUCTION
Introduction: Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome, characterized by medial collateral ligament (MCL) calcification or ossification, often follows a history of trauma. While rare, its distinct radiographic features pose diagnostic challenges. Conservative treatments are effective for many, but surgical intervention is necessary when they fail.
CASE REPORT
A 31-year-old male with knee pain and stiffness, an inability to extend his knee, and a fixed flexion deformity. Radiological examinations confirmed heterotopic ossification along the MCL, indicating post-traumatic Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome. Despite 3 months of conservative treatment, the patient's pain persisted, leading to surgical excision. The surgical approach involved diagnostic arthroscopy, revealing arthritic changes and adhesions. Arthroscopic adhesiolysis and open excision of the ossified mass significantly improved the patient's range of motion. Histopathological examination confirmed heterotopic bone formation. Follow-up appointments at 1, 3, and 6 months showed a pain-free and mobile knee joint, with the Pellegrini-Stieda lesion disappearing from radiographs.
CONCLUSION
This case underscores the effectiveness of surgical intervention for refractory Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and tailored treatment in managing this rare condition.
PubMed: 38681929
DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i04.4342 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports Apr 2024A patient presented for recalcitrant right hip pain secondary to femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) after blunt motor vehicle trauma and following the development of a...
INTRODUCTION
A patient presented for recalcitrant right hip pain secondary to femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) after blunt motor vehicle trauma and following the development of a 12 cm heterotopic ossification (HO). FAI is an increasingly recognized diagnosis where the hip joint is exposed to repeated femoral microtrauma from high-level physical activity or trauma, often causing labral ossification, and perhaps underlying a similar biological mechanism to HO.
CASE REPORT
In this case report, we have an otherwise healthy 49-year-old male who was involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision who was diagnosed with right hip FAI secondary to HO (Brooker's Class IV) and indicated for surgical excision of the HO anterior to the right proximal femur. The care team and patient initially trialed non-operative conservative treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatories drugs (NSAIDs) and hypothesized therapeutic success using a non-surgical approach. Surgical resection was pursued with the patient after a failure of conservative measures. The patient reported a zero out of ten on a ten-point numerical rating scale for pain, he also stated improved quality of life, satisfaction with the procedure, and subsequent rehabilitation at 1-month post-operative follow-up.
CONCLUSION
HO with near complete ankylosis of the hip joint may be causative of FAI when untreated. Although this case demonstrates a rarely studied traumatic etiology of impingement secondary to HO, initial standard conservative anti-inflammatory treatment can still be pursued. By analyzing the periarticular impact of HO secondary to non-surgical trauma, we can utilize and make inferential correlations from the literature, studying HO and impingement in the setting of prior hip surgery to guide treatment and prognosis in those presenting with FAI symptoms secondary to blunt force trauma.
PubMed: 38681919
DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i04.4362 -
Biomolecules Apr 2024The formation of bone outside the normal skeleton, or heterotopic ossification (HO), occurs through genetic and acquired mechanisms. Fibrodysplasia ossificans... (Review)
Review
The formation of bone outside the normal skeleton, or heterotopic ossification (HO), occurs through genetic and acquired mechanisms. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), the most devastating genetic condition of HO, is due to mutations in the gene and is relentlessly progressive. Acquired HO is mostly precipitated by injury or orthopedic surgical procedures but can also be associated with certain conditions related to aging. Cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging and thought to be a tumor-suppressive mechanism with characteristic features such as irreversible growth arrest, apoptosis resistance, and an inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, we review possible roles for cellular senescence in HO and how targeting senescent cells may provide new therapeutic approaches to both FOP and acquired forms of HO.
Topics: Humans; Ossification, Heterotopic; Cellular Senescence; Myositis Ossificans; Animals; Activin Receptors, Type I
PubMed: 38672501
DOI: 10.3390/biom14040485 -
Biomedicines Apr 2024Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a debilitating genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation in muscles,... (Review)
Review
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a debilitating genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation in muscles, tendons, and ligaments. FOP is caused by a missense mutation in the gene (activin A receptor type I), an important signaling receptor involved in endochondral ossification. The mutation induces increased downstream canonical SMAD-signaling and drives tissue-resident progenitor cells with osteogenic potential to participate in endochondral HO formation. In this article, we review aberrant ACVR1 signaling and the cells that give rise to HO in FOP. FOP mouse models and lineage tracing analyses have been used to provide strong evidence for tissue-resident mesenchymal cells as cellular contributors to HO. We assess how the underlying mutation in FOP disrupts muscle-specific dynamics during homeostasis and repair, with a focus on muscle-resident mesenchymal cells known as fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). Accumulating research points to FAPs as a prominent HO progenitor population, with FAPs not only aberrantly differentiating into chondro-osteogenic lineages but creating a permissive environment for bone formation at the expense of muscle regeneration. We will further discuss the emerging role of FAPs in muscle regeneration and therapeutic targeting of these cells to reduce HO formation in FOP.
PubMed: 38672135
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040779