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Gels (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024This study describes the development of a fast and cost-effective method for the detection and removal of Hg ions from aqueous media, consisting of hydrogels...
This study describes the development of a fast and cost-effective method for the detection and removal of Hg ions from aqueous media, consisting of hydrogels incorporating chelating agents and a rhodamine derivative (to afford a qualitative evaluation of the heavy metal entrapment inside the 3D polymeric matrix). These hydrogels, designed for the simultaneous detection and entrapment of mercury, were obtained through the photopolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPSA) and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), utilizing N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a rhodamine B derivative, and one of the following chelating agents: phytic acid, 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-tetraacetic acid, triethylenetetramine-hexaacetic acid, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt. The rhodamine derivative had a dual purpose in this study: firstly, it was incorporated into the hydrogel to allow the qualitative evaluation of mercury entrapment through its fluorogenic switch-off abilities when sensing Hg ions; secondly, it was used to quantitatively evaluate the level of residual mercury from the decontaminated aqueous solutions, via the UV-Vis technique. The ICP-MS analysis of the hydrogels also confirmed the successful entrapment of mercury inside the hydrogels and a good correlation with the UV-Vis method.
PubMed: 38391443
DOI: 10.3390/gels10020113 -
RSC Advances Feb 2024Factory and natural wastewaters contain a wide range of organic pollutants. Therefore, multifunctional adsorbents must be developed that can purify wastewater. Phytic...
Factory and natural wastewaters contain a wide range of organic pollutants. Therefore, multifunctional adsorbents must be developed that can purify wastewater. Phytic acid-cross-linked Baker's yeast cyclodextrin polymer composites (IBY-PA-CDP) were prepared using a one-pot method. IBY-PA-CDP was used to adsorb methylene blue (MB), bisphenol A (BPA), and methyl orange (MO). Studies on the ionic strength and strongly acidic ion salts confirmed that IBY-PA-CDP adsorbs MO through hydrophobic interactions. This also shows that Na was the direct cause of the increased MO removal. Adsorption studies on binary systems showed that MB/MO inhibited the adsorption of BPA by IBY-PA-CDP. The presence of MB increased the removal rate of MO by IBY-PA-CDP due to the bridging effect. The Langmuir isotherm model calculated the maximum adsorption capacities for MB and BPA to be 630.96 and 83.31 mg g, respectively. However, the Freundlich model is more suitable for fitting the experimental data for MO adsorption. To understand the rate-limiting stage of adsorption, a mass-transfer mechanism model was employed. The fitting results show that adsorption onto the active sites is the rate-determining step. After five regeneration cycles, IBY-PA-CDP could be reused with good stability and recyclability.
PubMed: 38390511
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07682b -
Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou... Mar 2024Phytin is the Ca-Mg-K salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes. Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl... (Review)
Review
Phytin is the Ca-Mg-K salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes. Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance. Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients, the effect varying with the nutrient concerned. On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion, phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca. Even at low gastric pH, phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior. Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation. Partially crystalized Ca near the enzyme's active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure. Thus, phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms; interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide's basic amino acids; coordinating free Ca, destabilizing pepsin; binding some dietary proteins directly, further compromising gastric proteolysis. Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum, Ca and other cations re-bind with accessible anions, phytic acid being a significant contender. Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes (e.g. Ca, Zn) which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors (e.g. Zn) to increase enzyme activity. Goblet cells initially employ Ca as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage. After mucin granule release, Ca is progressively displaced by Na to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation. Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer (USWL). Excessive removal of Ca from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na. This partly explains increased mucin and Na losses noted with high phytate diets. This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca and less so Zn is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.
PubMed: 38379939
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.010 -
Microbiology Spectrum Apr 2024Soybean meal (SBM) is the most important source of plant protein in animal feeds, containing around 41%-48% crude protein. Nevertheless, 70%-80% of these proteins is...
Soybean meal (SBM) is the most important source of plant protein in animal feeds, containing around 41%-48% crude protein. Nevertheless, 70%-80% of these proteins is allergenic antigens that can have adverse implications for the gastrointestinal well-being of animals, especially to young animals. Microbial fermentation is one of the most cost-effective strategies used to reduce allergenic antigens from plant sources. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel probiotic "L5" strain from lake mud. L5 demonstrated remarkable temperature tolerance across a broad temperature spectrum, thriving at 25°C, 37°C, and 50°C. In addition, antimicrobial assay revealed that L5 exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against , effectively reducing or eliminating the growth of Gram-negative bacteria in SBM when fermented with L5. When applied to SBM fermentation, L5 efficiently reduced SBM antinutritional factors such as glycinin, β-conglycinin, trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, which in turn results in an increase in crude protein content and the free amino acid concentration. Our findings on the probiotic and fermentation capabilities of L5 suggest that this novel bacterium has dual functions that make it a strong candidate for improving the nutrient values of feed via its role in fermentation.IMPORTANCESoybean meal (SBM), containing 41%-48% crude protein, is the most important source of plant protein in animal feeds. Unfortunately, 70%-80% of the proteins in SBM is allergenic antigens including trypsin inhibition, β-conglycinin, and conglycinin, which negatively affect intestine health and function. Microbial solid-state fermentation methods have been applied to animal feeds for decades, to eliminate antinutritional factors. Here, a novel potential probiotic "L5" strain with high enzymatic activity and antimicrobial activity will be a great help to improve the quality and reproducibility of SBM fermentation.
Topics: Animals; Bacillus subtilis; Fermentation; Detergents; Flour; Reproducibility of Results; Glycine max; Nutrients; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 38376165
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02784-23 -
Poultry Science Apr 2024Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P, apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of P, and phytic acid disappearance in canola meal were evaluated in the presence of...
Research Note: Evaluation of phytic acid disappearance, ileal P digestibility, and total tract P retention in canola meal supplemented with increasing levels of exogenous phytase using conventional and cecectomized precision-fed roosters and growing chicks.
Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P, apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of P, and phytic acid disappearance in canola meal were evaluated in the presence of increasing levels of exogenous phytase. In Experiment 1, a precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine phytic acid (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis; InsP) and inositol phosphate (InsP; InsP-P) disappearance in conventional and cecectomized Leghorn roosters. Roosters were crop intubated with 25 g of canola meal mixed with 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg of exogenous phytase. In Experiment 2, InsP and InsP-P disappearance and AID and ATTR of P were determined using ad libitum-fed broiler chickens. Treatments consisted of semi-purified diets containing 45% canola meal as the sole source of P. Phytase was added to increase phytase activity by 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg. Experiments contained 6 replicates per treatment. Canola meal contained a high phytase activity (1,630 FTU/kg as-fed) due to contamination with a commercially available phytase at the feed mill from which the canola meal was sourced. In Experiment 1 with precision-fed roosters, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of phytase or bird type on InsP and InsP-P disappearance; however, phytase linearly reduced (P < 0.05) InsP concentrations in excreta. In Experiment 2 with ad libitum-fed chickens, phytase linearly increased (P < 0.05) ileal InsP and InsP-P disappearance, and phytase had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on excreta InsP and InsP-P disappearance. Increasing dietary phytase activity resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in AID of P and phytase had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on ATTR of P. In conclusion, titration of high levels of phytase (1,600 to 3,600 FTU/kg as-fed) reduced InsP concentrations in precision-fed roosters but did not affect overall phytic acid hydrolysis, which was 78% or greater for all treatments; however, increasing the total phytase activity from 700 to 2,700 FTU in ad libitum-fed broiler chickens increased phytic acid disappearance and P digestibility.
Topics: Animals; Male; Chickens; Phytic Acid; 6-Phytase; Digestion; Animal Feed; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Brassica napus; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38364607
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103520 -
Food Chemistry: X Mar 2024This study evaluated the effects of pre-germination treatments on the nutritional and anti-nutritional values of buckwheat and quinoa during germination. Pre-germination...
This study evaluated the effects of pre-germination treatments on the nutritional and anti-nutritional values of buckwheat and quinoa during germination. Pre-germination method was effective on the chemical composition and phenolic profile of buckwheat and quinoa samples (p < 0.05). During the germination, color changes were notable, particularly in the alkali-treated samples. The decrease in tannin content reached the highest rate in germinated buckwheat (83 %) and quinoa (20 %) by alkali treatment. The highest antioxidant and total phenolic content were measured in germinated pseudocereals treated by ultrasound. However, the lowest phytic acid content was determined after germination in the quinoa sample treated by ultrasound. Rutin was the major flavonoid in buckwheat while quercetin, galangin, ellagic, syringic, and -coumaric acids were only synthesized after 72 h of germination. Catechin and epicatechin were decreased only in the alkali-treated buckwheat sample. Controlled germination processes can enhance the antioxidant activity and development of functional foods from whole grains.
PubMed: 38357368
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101182 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Soft-packed ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimp has gradually become popular with consumers due to its portability and deliciousness. However, the browning caused by...
Soft-packed ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimp has gradually become popular with consumers due to its portability and deliciousness. However, the browning caused by high-temperature sterilization is a non-negligible disadvantage affecting sensory quality. RTE shrimp is processed through "boiling + vacuum soft packing + high temperature and pressure sterilization". Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy with CIELAB color measurement showed that phytic acid (PA) + lactic acid (LA), PA + citric acid (CA), and PA + LA + CA soaking before cooking alleviated browning, as well as UVabsorbance and the browning index (BI). Meanwhile, UV spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that organic acid soaking reduced the content of carbonyl, dityrosine, disulfide bonds, surface hydrophobicity, and protein solubility, but promoted the content of free sulfhydryl and protein aggregation. However, in vitro digestion simulations showed that organic acid soaking unexpectedly inhibited the degree of hydrolysis and protein digestibility. This study provides the basis for the application of organic acids as color protectors for RTE aquatic muscle product.
PubMed: 38338522
DOI: 10.3390/foods13030388 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Wheat bran (WB) and oat hull (OH) are two interesting undervalued cereal processing sources rich in total dietary fibre (TDF) and other associated bioactive compounds,...
Wheat bran (WB) and oat hull (OH) are two interesting undervalued cereal processing sources rich in total dietary fibre (TDF) and other associated bioactive compounds, such as β-glucans and polyphenols. The aim of this study was to optimise a combination chemical (enzymes) and physical (high hydrostatic pressure-temperature) strategies to increase the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds naturally bound to the bran and hull outer layers. WB and OH were hydrolysed using food-grade enzymes (UltraFloXL and Viscoferm, for WB and OH, respectively) in combination with HPP at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and hydrolysis either before or after HPP. Proximal composition, phytic acid, β-glucans, total phenolics (TPs) and total antioxidant activity (TAC) were evaluated to select the processing conditions for optimal nutritional and bioactive properties of the final ingredients. The application of the hydrolysis step after the HPP treatment resulted in lower phytic acid levels in both matrices (WB and OH). On the other hand, the release of β-glucan was more effective at the highest temperature (70 °C) used during pressurisation. After the treatment, the TP content ranged from 756.47 to 1395.27 µmol GAE 100 g in WB, and OH showed values from 566.91 to 930.45 µmol GAE 100 g. An interaction effect between the temperature and hydrolysis timing (applied before or after HPP) was observed in the case of OH. Hydrolysis applied before HPP was more efficient in releasing OH TPs at lower HPP temperatures (40-50 °C); meanwhile, at higher HPP temperatures (60-70 °C), hydrolysis yielded higher TP values when applied after HPP. This effect was not observed in WB, where the hydrolysis was more effective before HPP. The TP results were significantly correlated with the TAC values. The results showed that the application of optimal process conditions (hydrolysis before HPP at 60 or 70 °C for WB; hydrolysis after HPP at 70 °C for OH) can increase the biological value of the final ingredients obtained.
PubMed: 38338514
DOI: 10.3390/foods13030378 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Nov 2023Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with injection of radiopharmaceuticals is now the standard of care for staging the axilla in patients with breast cancer. Sulfur or...
BACKGROUND
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with injection of radiopharmaceuticals is now the standard of care for staging the axilla in patients with breast cancer. Sulfur or antimony colloids labeled with Technetium (Tc) are used globally for the procedure, with a detection rate of 94%. However, in Iran, Tc phytate has been used because it is more easily producible in the country. The detection rate with Tc phytate has not been well determined in large-scale studies. We performed this study to report the detection rate of SLNB with Tc phytate, its advantages and disadvantages using large multicentric data.
METHODS
This is a retrospective cross-sectional multicenter study. Participants were breast cancer patients without previous history of axillary surgery, who underwent sentinel node biopsy using Tc phytate on the morning of surgery or the day before. The detection rate was calculated as the number of patients with histologically positive sentinel nodes to all patients with histologically positive lymph nodes; we compared those injected on the day of surgery and those injected on the day before.
RESULTS
Overall, 2663 women aged 50.2±11.6 years were included. The detection rate was 91.8% (806 out of 878). The false negative rate was 8.2% overall, and statistically similar for injections on the day or the day before surgery (2.9 vs 2.1; =0.32).
CONCLUSION
Tc phytate has a good detection rate for breast radio-guided SLNB with similar result for injections on the surgery day or the day before it.
Topics: Female; Humans; Sentinel Lymph Node; Phytic Acid; Lymph Nodes; Breast Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Radionuclide Imaging; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; Organotechnetium Compounds
PubMed: 38310421
DOI: 10.34172/aim.2023.91 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Feb 2024To support the transition towards more sustainable and healthy diets, viable alternatives to foods of animal origin need to be identified. Many plant-based protein...
To support the transition towards more sustainable and healthy diets, viable alternatives to foods of animal origin need to be identified. Many plant-based protein sources are currently marketed with claims of minimal environmental impact, but very limited consideration has been given to their protein quality and bioavailable mineral content considering the fact that animal-based foods are typically the primary source of both in Western diets. In this study, traditionally consumed soy foods (cooked soybeans, soymilk, tofu) from different Swiss soybean cultivars were nutritionally characterized and the in vitro digestibility of individual amino acids and total protein were assessed using an in vitro model based on the static INFOGEST protocol; the protein quality was evaluated using the in vitro digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). The results reveal an increase in total protein in vitro digestibility across the traditional soy food production value chain: 52.1-62.7% for cooked soybeans, 84.1-90.6% for soymilk, and 94.9-98.4% for tofu. Protein quality, determined using the recommended amino acid pattern for 0.5-3 years old, was "low" (no claim) for cooked soybeans (DIAAS < 60), while soymilk (DIAAS = 78-88) and tofu products (DIAAS = 79-91) were of similar "good" protein quality, with considerably higher DIAAS values than those of cooked soybeans (P < 0.001). The iron and zinc contents in soy foods were substantial, but high molar ratios of phytic acid (PA) to iron (PA/Fe; >8) and PA to zinc (PA/Zn; >15) indicate a possible strong inhibition of iron and zinc bioavailability. Based on the DIAAS results, soymilk and tofu would be suitable plant-based alternatives to animal-based foods, while future efforts should focus on optimizing soybean preparation to overcome the negative effects of the plant tissue matrix as well as processing steps to reduce mineral absorption inhibiting substances.
Topics: Animals; Glycine max; Soy Foods; Amino Acids; Switzerland; Plant Proteins; Iron; Minerals; Zinc
PubMed: 38309908
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113947