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Revue Medicale de Liege Jun 2024This brief article focuses on vaccines targeted against five infectious agents that are linked to an increased cardiovascular risk in adults: COVID-19, influenza,... (Review)
Review
This brief article focuses on vaccines targeted against five infectious agents that are linked to an increased cardiovascular risk in adults: COVID-19, influenza, pneumococcus, respiratory syncytial virus, and varicella-zoster virus. The article is divided into three parts. Firstly, it outlines the mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular events that occur during and after infections. Secondly, it discusses the principles of vaccine protection in this context. The third part is dedicated to clinical studies that specifically demonstrate the cardiovascular protection afforded by the vaccines. Vaccines targeting the five aforementioned infectious agents should undoubtedly be considered key elements in the prevention of cardiovascular risk.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; COVID-19; Adult; COVID-19 Vaccines; Influenza Vaccines; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Vaccines
PubMed: 38869111
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024Despite the Ethiopian government included the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) in the national expanded program for immunization in 2011, only 56% of children aged...
BACKGROUND
Despite the Ethiopian government included the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) in the national expanded program for immunization in 2011, only 56% of children aged 12-23 months received the full dose of PCV. Despite some studies on PCV uptake in Ethiopia, there was a dearth of information on the geographical distribution and multilevel factors of incomplete PCV uptake. Hence, this study aimed to identify the spatial variations and predictors of incomplete PCV uptake among children aged 12-35 months in Ethiopia.
METHODS
The study was based on an in-depth analysis of 2016 Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey data, using a weighted sample of 3,340 women having children aged 12-35 months. Arc-GIS version 10.7 and SaTScan version 9.6 statistical software were used for the spatial analysis. To explore spatial variation and locate spatial clusters of incomplete PCV, the Global Moran's I statistic and Bernoulli-based spatial scan (SaTScan) analysis were carried out, respectively. A multilevel mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression was done by STATA version 16. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its corresponding 95% CI was used as a measure of association, and variables with a < 0.05 were deemed as significant determinants of incomplete PCV.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of incomplete PCV in Ethiopia was found to be 54.0% (95% CI: 52.31, 55.69), with significant spatial variation across regions (Moran's I = 0.509, < 0.001) and nine most likely significant SaTScan clusters. The vast majority of Somali, southeast Afar, and eastern Gambela regions were statistically significant hot spots for incomplete PCV. Lacking ANC visits (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.91, 4.00), not getting pre-birth Tetanus injections (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.74), home birth (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.34), not having a mobile phone (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.93), and residing in a peripheral region (AOR = 4.63; 95% CI: 2.34, 9.15) were identified as statistically significant predictors of incomplete PCV.
CONCLUSION
The level of incomplete PCV uptake was found to be high in Ethiopia with a significant spatial variation across regions. Hence, the federal and regional governments should collaborate with NGOs to improve vaccination coverage and design strategies to trace those children with incomplete PCV in peripheral regions. Policymakers and maternal and child health program planners should work together to boost access to maternal health services like antenatal care and skilled delivery services to increase immunization coverage.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; Infant; Female; Multilevel Analysis; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Child, Preschool; Spatial Analysis; Vaccines, Conjugate; Male; Pneumococcal Infections; Adult; Vaccination; Vaccination Coverage; Health Surveys
PubMed: 38864011
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1344089 -
EBioMedicine Jun 2024Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were developed to counter increasing susceptibility to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We evaluated the durability of immunity and protection...
BACKGROUND
Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were developed to counter increasing susceptibility to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We evaluated the durability of immunity and protection following first bivalent vaccination among nursing home residents.
METHODS
We evaluated anti-spike and neutralization titers from blood in 653 community nursing home residents before and after each monovalent booster, and a bivalent vaccine. Concurrent clinical outcomes were evaluated using electronic health record data from a separate cohort of 3783 residents of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes who had received at least the primary series monovalent vaccination. Using target trial emulation, we compared VA residents who did and did not receive the bivalent vaccine to measure vaccine effectiveness against infection, hospitalization, and death.
FINDINGS
In the community cohort, Omicron BA.5 neutralization activity rose after each monovalent and bivalent booster vaccination regardless of prior infection history. Titers declined over time but six months post-bivalent vaccination, BA.5 neutralization persisted at detectable levels in 75% of infection-naive and 98% of prior-infected individuals. In the VA nursing home cohort, bivalent vaccine added effectiveness to monovalent booster vaccination by 18.5% for infection (95% confidence interval (CI) -5.6, 34.0%), and 29.2% for hospitalization or death (95% CI -14.2, 56.2%) over five months.
INTERPRETATION
The level of protection declined after bivalent vaccination over a 6 month period and may open a window of added vulnerability before the next updated vaccine becomes available, suggesting a subset of nursing home residents may benefit from an additional vaccination booster.
FUNDING
CDC, NIH, VHA.
PubMed: 38861869
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105180 -
PloS One 2024The Ukrainian Ministerial Order (UMO) recommends pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) in risk groups but not free-of-charge resulting in coverage <5% (crude estimation). In 2022,...
BACKGROUND
The Ukrainian Ministerial Order (UMO) recommends pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) in risk groups but not free-of-charge resulting in coverage <5% (crude estimation). In 2022, the vaccination calendar will include PCV for children <5years. Doctors' pneumococcal knowledge, attitudes and practices (КAP) are paramount to successful roll-out but unexplored. We surveyed doctors aiming to assess their KAP to address gaps and misconceptions and support PCV implementation.
METHODS
In March 2021, we selected and surveyed primary care doctors using simple random sampling and structured self-administered online questionnaire. We measured attitudes (importance, effectiveness, safety) and practices using 5-point Likert-type questions. We defined pneumococcal disease (PD) knowledge as low/moderate (<80%) and high (≥80%), PCV and overall knowledge as low (≤50%) and moderate/high (51-100%) and PCV attitudes and practices as negative/neutral (1.0-3.4) and positive (3.5-5.0). We calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using Poisson regression.
RESULTS
The response rate was 46% (286/628). Females represented 85% (243/285); the median age was 47 (interquartile range: 33-59, N = 281) years. Twenty-six percent (72/277) had high PD knowledge associated with age (>47 years: PR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.30-0.90) and child-related UMO awareness (PR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.04-3.08); 65% (182/278) had moderate/high PCV knowledge associated with positive attitudes towards PCV effectiveness (PR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.20-3.59). Overall knowledge was moderate/high in 69% (188/271); 83% (220/265) had positive PCV attitudes; 52% (135/258) had positive practices associated with female sex (PR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.09-4.09), positive attitudes (PR = 3.40, 95%CI: 1.23-9.39) and perception of vaccine supply as medium/big barrier (PR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.02-2.72).
CONCLUSION
We observed moderate pneumococcal knowledge, especially in older doctors, positive PCV attitudes and neutral practices. Females and doctors with positive attitudes recommended PCV more. For successful PCV implementation, we recommend proper planning and prior educational activities targeting patients and primary care doctors, especially older males, to improve knowledge, introduce PCV and address concerns while ensuring uninterrupted vaccine supply.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Ukraine; Pneumococcal Infections; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Adult; Physicians, Primary Care; Vaccination; Middle Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Attitude of Health Personnel
PubMed: 38843200
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304346 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jun 2024Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, usually manifests as meningitis or septicemia and can be severe and...
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, usually manifests as meningitis or septicemia and can be severe and life-threatening (1). Six serogroups (A, B, C, W, X, and Y) account for most cases (2). N. meningitidis is transmitted person-to-person via respiratory droplets and oropharyngeal secretions. Asymptomatic persons can carry N. meningitidis and transmit the bacteria to others, potentially causing illness among susceptible persons. Outbreaks can occur in conjunction with large gatherings (3,4). Vaccines are available to prevent meningococcal disease. Antibiotic prophylaxis for close contacts of infected persons is critical to preventing secondary cases (2).
Topics: Humans; Meningococcal Infections; United States; France; Saudi Arabia; Young Adult; Adult; Adolescent; Male; Female; Neisseria meningitidis; Child; Child, Preschool; United Kingdom; Middle Aged; Infant; Aged; Travel-Related Illness; Disease Outbreaks; Travel
PubMed: 38843099
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7322e1 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 3. A conjugate of...
The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 3. A conjugate of the disaccharide with BSA (di-BSA conjugate) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced - in contrast to the non-adjuvanted conjugate - IgG1 antibody production and protected mice against serotype 3 infection after intraperitoneal prime-boost immunization. Adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted conjugates induced production of Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα); Th2 (IL-5, IL-13); Th17 (IL-17A), Th1/Th17 (IL-22), and Th2/Th17 cytokines (IL-21) after immunization. The concentration of cytokines in mice sera was higher in response to the adjuvanted conjugate, with the highest level of IL-17A production after the prime and boost immunizations. In contrast, the non-adjuvanted conjugate elicited only weak production of IL-17A, which gradually decreased after the second immunization. After boost immunization of mice with the adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate, there was a significant increase in the number of CD45+/CD19+ B cells, TCR+ γδ T cell, CD5+ В1 cells, and activated cells with MHC II+ expression in the spleens of the mice. IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells play a crucial role in preventing pneumococcal infection, but can also contribute to autoimmune diseases. Immunization with the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate did not elicit autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA targeting cell nuclei in mice. Thus, the molecular and cellular markers associated with antibody production and protective activity in response to immunization with the di-BSA conjugate adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide are IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells against the background of increasing MHC II+ expression.
Topics: Animals; Interleukin-17; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Mice; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumococcal Infections; Disaccharides; Bacterial Capsules; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Female; Antibodies, Bacterial; Intraepithelial Lymphocytes; Serogroup; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
PubMed: 38840926
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388721 -
Immunity & Ageing : I & A Jun 2024Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of pneumonia in older adults. Successful control of pneumococci requires robust pulmonary neutrophil influx...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of pneumonia in older adults. Successful control of pneumococci requires robust pulmonary neutrophil influx early in infection. However, aging is associated with aberrant neutrophil recruitment and the mechanisms behind that are not understood. Here we explored how neutrophil recruitment following pneumococcal infection changes with age and the host pathways regulating this.
RESULTS
Following pneumococcal infection there was a significant delay in early neutrophil recruitment to the lungs of aged mice. Neutrophils from aged mice showed defects in trans-endothelial migration in vitro compared to young controls. To understand the pathways involved, we examined immune modulatory extracellular adenosine (EAD) signaling, that is activated upon cellular damage. Signaling through the lower affinity A2A and A2B adenosine receptors had no effect on neutrophil recruitment to infected lungs. In contrast, inhibition of the high affinity A1 receptor in young mice blunted neutrophil recruitment to the lungs following infection. A1 receptor inhibition decreased expression of CXCR2 on circulating neutrophils, which is required for trans-endothelial migration. Indeed, A1 receptor signaling on neutrophils was required for their ability to migrate across endothelial cells in response to infection. Aging was not associated with defects in EAD production or receptor expression on neutrophils. However, agonism of A1 receptor in aged mice rescued the early defect in neutrophil migration to the lungs and improved control of bacterial burden.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests age-driven defects in EAD damage signaling can be targeted to rescue the delay in pulmonary neutrophil migration in response to bacterial pneumonia.
PubMed: 38840213
DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00442-3 -
Cureus Jun 2024To evaluate the vaccination coverage of patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease (CIRD) against influenza, pneumococcus, and COVID-19 and to determine, per...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the vaccination coverage of patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease (CIRD) against influenza, pneumococcus, and COVID-19 and to determine, per the patients' point of view, the possible factors related to vaccination hesitation and/or refusal.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study carried out by the vaccination working group of the Moroccan Society of Rheumatology, including patients with CIRD in Morocco. Information about vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination against influenza, pneumococcal infection, and COVID-19 was collected.
RESULTS
This survey included 230 patients (mean age of 46.9 +/-13.89 years; 68.7% females) affected by CIRD (rheumatoid arthritis 53%, spondyloarthritis 39.6%, psoriatic arthritis 7%). The study shows a significant lack of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in CIRD patients, with vaccination coverage against influenza, pneumococcal infection, and COVID-19 at 2.2%, 0.4%, and 80.9%, respectively. The main reason for non-vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus was related to the absence of recommendations by their doctors (77%, 87%, p = 0.04). Additionally, the primary reason for non-vaccination against COVID-19 was the fear of the vaccine's side effects (51%, p = 0.0001), mainly a flare-up of CIRD (44%, p = 0.001).
CONCLUSION
This survey shows a lack of influenza, pneumococcal, and COVID-19 vaccination in CIRD patients. The principal actions to improve vaccination should aim to educate patients and encourage rheumatologists to vaccinate their patients.
PubMed: 38835556
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61676 -
Canada Communicable Disease Report =... May 2024Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, ) has been a nationally notifiable disease in Canada since 2000. The use of conjugate vaccines has caused a shift in the distribution...
BACKGROUND
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, ) has been a nationally notifiable disease in Canada since 2000. The use of conjugate vaccines has caused a shift in the distribution of serotypes over time. This report is a summary of the demographics, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of IPD isolates collected in Canada in 2021 and 2022.
METHODS
The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) of the Public Health Agency of Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba collaborates with provincial and territorial public health laboratories to conduct national surveillance of IPD. There were 1,999 isolates reported in 2021 and 3,775 isolates in 2022. Serotype was determined by the Quellung reaction or whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by WGS methods, broth microdilution, or data shared by collaborators in the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance program at the University of Manitoba. Population-based IPD incidence rates were obtained through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System.
RESULTS
The incidence of IPD in Canada was 5.62 cases per 100,000 population in 2021, decreasing from the peak of 10.86 cases per 100,000 population in 2018. Serotypes with increasing trends (<0.05) between 2018 and 2022 included: 4 (6.1%-12.4%), 9V (1.0%-5.1%) and 12F (4.8%-5.4%). The overall prevalence of PCV13 serotypes increased over the same period (31.2%-41.5%, <0.05) while the prevalence of non-vaccine types decreased significantly (27.3%-21.5%, <0.0001). The highest rates of antimicrobial resistance in 2021 and 2022 were seen with clarithromycin (21%, 2021; 24%, 2022) and erythromycin (22%, 2021; 24%, 2022). Multidrug-resistant IPD continued to increase from 2018 to 2022 (6.7%-12.6%, <0.05).
CONCLUSION
The number of cases of IPD continued to decrease in 2021 in comparison to previous years, however, 2022 saw a return to pre-COVID-19 levels. Disease due to PCV13 serotypes 3, 4, 9V and 19F, as well as non-PCV13 serotypes 12F and 20, is increasing in prevalence. Surveillance of IPD to monitor changing serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance is essential.
PubMed: 38835503
DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v50i05a02 -
MBio Jun 2024A crucial step in lowering the risk of invasive pneumococcal illness in high-risk populations, such as individuals with plaque psoriasis, is pneumococcal vaccination....
UNLABELLED
A crucial step in lowering the risk of invasive pneumococcal illness in high-risk populations, such as individuals with plaque psoriasis, is pneumococcal vaccination. The serologic response to the sequential vaccination with Prevenar 13 (PCV13) and Pneumovax 23 (PPSV23) in psoriasis patients under immunosuppressive therapy is still poorly characterized despite national recommendations suggesting vaccination for immunocompromised patients. In this prospective study, we investigated the serological response in 57 patients under active systemic treatment for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who underwent sequential vaccination with PCV13 followed by PPSV23. Our analysis focused on global and serotype-specific anti-pneumococcal antibody responses over a 7-month period post-vaccination. Our findings reveal a robust serological response in patients with plaque psoriasis under systemic therapy. When comparing our results with a cohort of kidney transplant recipients who completed a similar sequential vaccination protocol, psoriasis patients showed higher antibody concentrations. In psoriasis patients, the mean levels of all global antibody classes tested (IgG, IgG2, IgA, IgM) increased more than 4-fold ( < 0.0001) and serotype-specific antibodies more than 1.9-fold ( < 0.01). In addition to providing strong evidence of the safety and effectiveness of sequential pneumococcal vaccination in individuals with plaque psoriasis, our work sheds light on the complex interactions that exist between immunosuppressive treatment, vaccination schedule, and antibody responses in various risk groups.
IMPORTANCE
To protect against severe courses of infection with , the national guidelines recommend sequential vaccination for these patients. However, there are only studies on the efficacy of a single administration of these vaccines in this particular risk group. The immunological responses to the vaccine were correlated with clinical patient data. In summary, our study shows for the first time that sequential vaccination is immunogenic in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.
PubMed: 38832785
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00482-24