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Marine Drugs Jun 2024Sortase A (SrtA) is a cysteine transpeptidase that binds to the periplasmic membrane and plays a crucial role in attaching surface proteins, including staphylococcal...
Sortase A (SrtA) is a cysteine transpeptidase that binds to the periplasmic membrane and plays a crucial role in attaching surface proteins, including staphylococcal protein A (SpA), to the peptidoglycan cell wall. Six pentacyclic polyketides (-) were isolated from the marine sponge sp., and their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques and by comparing them to previously reported data. Among them, halenaquinol () was found to be the most potent SrtA inhibitor, with an IC of 13.94 μM (4.66 μg/mL). Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR data suggest that halenaquinol does not inhibit the transcription of and , while Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy images suggest that it blocks the cell wall surface anchoring of SpA by inhibiting the activity of SrtA. The onset and magnitude of the inhibition of SpA anchoring on the cell wall surface in that has been treated with halenaquinol at a value 8× that of the IC of SrtA are comparable to those for an -deletion mutant. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanism by which marine-derived pentacyclic polyketides inhibit SrtA, highlighting their potential as anti-infective agents targeting virulence.
Topics: Aminoacyltransferases; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Staphylococcus aureus; Cell Wall; Bacterial Proteins; Animals; Porifera; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Polyketides
PubMed: 38921577
DOI: 10.3390/md22060266 -
Marine Drugs May 2024Neurodegenerative diseases involve neuroinflammation and a loss of neurons, leading to disability and death. Hence, the research into new therapies has been focused on...
Neurodegenerative diseases involve neuroinflammation and a loss of neurons, leading to disability and death. Hence, the research into new therapies has been focused on the modulation of the inflammatory response mainly by microglia/macrophages. The extracts and metabolites of marine sponges have been presented as anti-inflammatory. This study evaluated the toxicity of an extract and purified compound from the Brazilian marine sponge as well as its neuroprotection against inflammatory damage associated with the modulation of microglia response. PC12 neuronal cells and neonatal rat microglia were treated with the methanolic extract of (AF-MeOH, 0.1-200 μg/mL) or with its purified dimethyl ketal of 3,5-dibromoverongiaquinol (AF-H1, 0.1-100 μM). Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT tetrazolium, Trypan blue, and propidium iodide; microglia were also treated with the conditioned medium (CM) from PC12 cells in different conditions. The microglia phenotype was determined by the expression of Iba-1 and CD68. AF-MeOH and AF-H1 were not toxic to PC12 or the microglia. Inflammatory damage with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 μg/mL) was not observed in the PC12 cells treated with AF-MeOH (1-10 μg/mL) or AF-H1 (1-10 μM). Microglia subjected to the CM from PC12 cells treated with LPS and AF-MeOH or AF-H1 showed the control phenotype-like (multipolar, low-CD68), highlighting the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effect of components of this marine sponge.
Topics: Animals; Microglia; Rats; Porifera; Neuroprotective Agents; PC12 Cells; Brazil; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Inflammation
PubMed: 38921546
DOI: 10.3390/md22060235 -
Neural Development Jun 2024Nervous systems of bilaterian animals generally consist of two cell types: neurons and glial cells. Despite accumulating data about the many important functions glial... (Review)
Review
Nervous systems of bilaterian animals generally consist of two cell types: neurons and glial cells. Despite accumulating data about the many important functions glial cells serve in bilaterian nervous systems, the evolutionary origin of this abundant cell type remains unclear. Current hypotheses regarding glial evolution are mostly based on data from model bilaterians. Non-bilaterian animals have been largely overlooked in glial studies and have been subjected only to morphological analysis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of conservation of the bilateral gliogenic genetic repertoire of non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera). We overview molecular and functional features of bilaterian glial cell types and discuss their possible evolutionary history. We then examine which glial features are present in non-bilaterians. Of these, cnidarians show the highest degree of gliogenic program conservation and may therefore be crucial to answer questions about glial evolution.
Topics: Animals; Neuroglia; Biological Evolution; Cnidaria; Ctenophora; Placozoa
PubMed: 38907299
DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00184-4 -
Microbial Biotechnology Jun 2024Carboxylic ester hydrolases with the capacity to degrade polyesters are currently highly sought after for their potential use in the biological degradation of PET and...
Carboxylic ester hydrolases with the capacity to degrade polyesters are currently highly sought after for their potential use in the biological degradation of PET and other chemically synthesized polymers. Here, we describe MarCE, a carboxylesterase family protein identified via genome mining of a Maribacter sp. isolate from the marine sponge Stelligera stuposa. Based on phylogenetic analysis, MarCE and its closest relatives belong to marine-associated genera from the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides taxonomic group and appear evolutionarily distinct to any homologous carboxylesterases that have been studied to date in terms of structure or function. Molecular docking revealed putative binding of BHET, a short-chain PET derivative, onto the predicted MarCE three-dimensional structure. The synthetic ester-degrading activity of MarCE was subsequently confirmed by MarCE-mediated hydrolysis of 2 mM BHET substrate, indicated by the release of its breakdown products MHET and TPA, which were measured, respectively, as 1.28 and 0.12 mM following 2-h incubation at 30°C. The findings of this study provide further insight into marine carboxylic ester hydrolases, which have the potential to display unique functional plasticity resulting from their adaptation to complex and fluctuating marine environmentsw.
Topics: Carboxylesterase; Phylogeny; Animals; Porifera; Esters; Gene Expression; Molecular Docking Simulation; Aquatic Organisms
PubMed: 38881500
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14479 -
Heliyon Jun 2024Plastic pollution is a worldwide problem especially in the marine environment. Plastic items once fragmented into microplastics (MPs), can be captured by different...
Plastic pollution is a worldwide problem especially in the marine environment. Plastic items once fragmented into microplastics (MPs), can be captured by different marine species. Benthic filter feeders like sponges and polychaetas, due to their trophic strategy, are highly exposed to MPs pollution. Herein a simple but effective method to digest the fan worm and the calcareous sponge is presented: a solution with KOH and HO was able to remove quantitatively (more than 98 %) the organic matter in 3 h while an acid treatment dissolved most of spicules and chaetes in less than 30 min. MPs were easily identified both microscopically and spectroscopically on filters. Quantification in animals collected from the same environment showed that, on average, sponges accumulate fewer MPs than polychaetes (66 ± 31 and 117 ± 46 particles/g dry weight, respectively). The plastic recovery of the method was validated using three different approaches (spiking of standard PS microspheres, of common-use plastic objects, and of microplastics already weathered in marine environment). This procedure can make it easier and cost-effective to process biota in monitoring studies, providing information about bioindicator/bioremediation species.
PubMed: 38845917
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31796 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... May 2024This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Aaptos suberitoides on colorectal cancer cells (DLD-1) and murine fibroblast...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Aaptos suberitoides on colorectal cancer cells (DLD-1) and murine fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3).
METHODS
A. suberitoides was collected from Putus Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and was processed with maceration and ethyl acetate extraction. The sponge extract was characterized based on Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and then identified by using LCMS/MS analysis. DLD-1 and NIH-3T3 cells were treated with the ethyl acetate extract and then followed by 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess their cytotoxicity effect.
RESULTS
LCMS/MS analysis showed that the most abundant compounds in this extract were identified as aaptamine (1). Furthermore, this study revealed that the active ethyl acetate fraction of A. suberitoides has cytotoxic effects in colorectal cancer DLD-1 cells with an IC50 value of 9.597 µg/mL, higher than NIH-3T3 cells with an IC50 value of 12.23 µg/mL Thus, the active ethyl acetate fraction of A. suberitoides is considered more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells.
CONCLUSION
This study provides the first evidence to support the role of the ethyl acetate extract of A. suberitoides sponge extracts to be developed as a colorectal anticancer agent.
Topics: Animals; Colorectal Neoplasms; Porifera; Mice; Humans; Indonesia; Cell Proliferation; NIH 3T3 Cells; Antineoplastic Agents; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Apoptosis; Naphthyridines
PubMed: 38809646
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2024.25.5.1737 -
Marine Drugs May 2024Five new sulfated arylpyrrole and arylpyrrolone alkaloids, denigrins H-L (-), along with two known compounds, dictyodendrin B and denigrin G, were isolated from an...
Five new sulfated arylpyrrole and arylpyrrolone alkaloids, denigrins H-L (-), along with two known compounds, dictyodendrin B and denigrin G, were isolated from an extract of a New Zealand c.f. marine sponge. Denigrins H-L represent the first examples of sulfated denigrins with denigrins H and I (-), as derivatives of denigrin D, containing a pyrrolone core, and denigrins J-L (-), as derivatives of denigrin E (), containing a pyrrole core. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, ESI, and HR-ESI-MS spectrometric data, as well as comparison with literature data. Compounds , along with six known compounds previously isolated from the same extract, showed minimal cytotoxicity against the HeLa cervical cancer cell line.
Topics: Animals; Porifera; Humans; New Zealand; Pyrroles; HeLa Cells; Alkaloids; Sulfates; Molecular Structure; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Antineoplastic Agents
PubMed: 38786622
DOI: 10.3390/md22050231 -
Marine Drugs May 2024Marine sponges of the genus have proven to be unabated sources of novel secondary metabolites with remarkable scaffold diversities and significant bioactivities. The... (Review)
Review
Marine sponges of the genus have proven to be unabated sources of novel secondary metabolites with remarkable scaffold diversities and significant bioactivities. The discovery of chemical substances from sponges has continued to increase over the last few years. The current work provides an up-to-date literature survey and comprehensive insight into the reported metabolites from the members of the genus , as well as their structural features, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships when available. In this review, 222 metabolites are discussed based on published data from the period from mid-2015 to the beginning of 2024. The compounds are categorized into sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, meroterpenes, linear furanoterpenes, steroids, alkaloids, and other miscellaneous substances. The biological effects of these chemical compositions on a vast array of pharmacological assays including cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotective, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-inhibitory, and phytoregulating activities are also presented.
Topics: Porifera; Animals; Humans; Structure-Activity Relationship; Biological Products; Secondary Metabolism
PubMed: 38786604
DOI: 10.3390/md22050213 -
Marine Drugs Apr 2024As a result of screening a panel of marine organisms to identify lead molecules for the stimulation of endochondral bone formation, the calcareous sponge was identified...
As a result of screening a panel of marine organisms to identify lead molecules for the stimulation of endochondral bone formation, the calcareous sponge was identified to exhibit significant activity during endochondral differentiation. On further molecular networking analysis, dereplication and chemical fractionation yielded the known clathridine A-related metabolites and the homodimeric complex (clathridine A) Zn (), together with the new unstable heterodimeric complex (clathridine A-clathridimine)Zn (). With the presence of the zinc complexes annotated through the LC-MS analysis of the crude extract changing due to the instability of some metabolites and complexes constituting the mixture, we combined the isolation of the predicted molecules with their synthesis in order to confirm their structure and to understand their reactivity. Interestingly, we also found a large quantity of the contaminant benzotriazoles BTZ () and its semi-dimer (BTZ)CH (), which are known to form complexes with transition metals and are used for preventing corrosion in water. All isolated 2-aminoimidazole derivatives and complexes were synthesized not only for structural confirmation and chemical understanding but to further study their bioactivity during endochondral differentiation, particularly the positively screened imidazolone derivatives. Compounds leucettamine B, clathridine A and clathridimine were found to increase type X collagen transcription and stimulate endochondral ossification in the ATDC5 micromass model.
Topics: Animals; Porifera; Osteogenesis; Cell Differentiation; Aquatic Organisms; Zinc
PubMed: 38786586
DOI: 10.3390/md22050196 -
Cells Apr 2024Microtubules are an indispensable component of all eukaryotic cells due to their role in mitotic spindle formation, yet their organization and number can vary greatly in...
Microtubules are an indispensable component of all eukaryotic cells due to their role in mitotic spindle formation, yet their organization and number can vary greatly in the interphase. The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes already had microtubules and microtubule motor proteins moving along them. Sponges are traditionally regarded as the oldest animal phylum. Their body does not have a clear differentiation into tissues, but it contains several distinguishable cell types. The choanocytes stand out among them and are responsible for creating a flow of water with their flagella and increasing the filtering and feeding efficiency of the sponge. Choanocyte flagella contain microtubules, but thus far, observing a developed system of cytoplasmic microtubules in non-flagellated interphase sponge cells has been mostly unsuccessful. In this work, we combine transcriptomic analysis, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy with time-lapse recording to demonstrate that microtubules appear in the cytoplasm of sponge cells only when transdifferentiation processes are activated. We conclude that dynamic cytoplasmic microtubules in the cells of sponges are not a persistent but rather a transient structure, associated with cellular plasticity.
Topics: Microtubules; Animals; Interphase; Cell Differentiation; Porifera
PubMed: 38727272
DOI: 10.3390/cells13090736