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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2024Probiotics have been proven to improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of probiotic...
Probiotics have been proven to improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on the growth performance; rumen and intestinal microbiota; rumen fluid, serum, and urine metabolism; and rumen epithelial cell transcriptomics of fattening meat sheep. Twelve Hu sheep were selected and randomly divided into two groups. They were fed a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 × 10 CFU/g probiotics (PRB). The results show that the average daily weight gain, and volatile fatty acid and serum antioxidant capacity concentrations of the PRB group were significantly higher than those of the CON group ( < 0.05). Compared to the CON group, the thickness of the rumen muscle layer in the PRB group was significantly decreased ( < 0.01); the thickness of the duodenal muscle layer in the fattening sheep was significantly reduced; and the length of the duodenal villi, the thickness of the cecal and rectal mucosal muscle layers, and the thickness of the cecal, colon, and rectal mucosal layers ( < 0.05) were significantly increased. At the genus level, the addition of probiotics altered the composition of the rumen and intestinal microbiota, significantly upregulating the relative abundance of Subdivision5_genera_incertae_sedis and Acinetobacter in the rumen microbiota, and significantly downregulating the relative abundance of , and . The relative abundance of was significantly upregulated in the intestinal microbiota, while the relative abundance of , , and were significantly downregulated ( < 0.05). There were significant differences in the rumen, serum, and urine metabolites between the PRB group and the CON group, with 188, 138, and 104 metabolites ( < 0.05), mainly affecting pathways such as vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, and a series of amino acid metabolisms. The differential genes in the transcriptome sequencing were mainly enriched in protein modification regulation (especially histone modification), immune function regulation, and energy metabolism. Therefore, adding probiotics improved the growth performance of fattening sheep by altering the rumen and intestinal microbiota; the rumen, serum, and urine metabolome; and the transcriptome.
PubMed: 38731289
DOI: 10.3390/ani14091285 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles...
Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles with immobilized ciprofloxacin (CF), a commonly prescribed antibacterial agent, via a coprecipitation process using a supersaturated CaP solution. As the aging time in the coprecipitation process increased from 2 to 24 h, the CaP phase in the resulting particles transformed from amorphous to low-crystalline hydroxyapatite, and their Ca/P elemental ratio, yield, and CF content increased. Despite the higher CF content, the particles aged for 24 h displayed a slower release of CF in a physiological salt solution, most likely owing to their crystallized matrix (less soluble hydroxyapatite), than those aged for 2 h, whose matrix was amorphous CaP. Both particles exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activities along with an acid-neutralizing effect against the major oral bacteria, , , and , in a dose-dependent manner, although their dose-response relationship was slightly different. The aging time in the coprecipitation process was identified as a governing factor affecting the physicochemical properties of the resulting CF-immobilized CaP particles and their functionality as a dental disinfectant.
PubMed: 38730839
DOI: 10.3390/ma17092035 -
Food Science & Nutrition May 2024Neurotoxic microglia-provoked neuroinflammation is implicated in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Supplementation with , phosphatidylserine, , and propolis...
Neurotoxic microglia-provoked neuroinflammation is implicated in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Supplementation with , phosphatidylserine, , and propolis is reported to improve the cognitive functions of elderly people; however, the underlying mechanisms of this combination of natural ingredients are unknown. We investigated the effects of a mixture of extracts from propolis, , , phosphatidylserine, , and (mixture) on microglia polarization after exposure to amyloid β (Aβ, 1 μM) and lipopolysaccharide from (PgLPS, 1 μg/mL), using MG6 and BV2 microglial cells. Exposure to Aβ and PgLPS (AL) raised the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB in MG6 cells and BV2 cells, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MG6 cells. The mixture dramatically suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but significantly promoted that of IL-10, TGFβ1, and BDNF in AL-exposed MG6 and BV2 cells. Furthermore, the mixture significantly suppressed the nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB but significantly promoted that of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in AL-exposed MG6 and BV2 cells. Furthermore, the mixture significantly ameliorated mitochondrial ROS production but increased mitochondrial membrane potential in MG6 cells. These observations strongly suggest that the mixture demotes the neuropathic polarization of microglia by modulating NF-κB/Nrf2 activation and improving mitochondrial functions. This study supplies the potential mechanisms of the efficacy of a combination of natural ingredients that can be applied in the prevention of cognitive decline in AD and aging by targeting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
PubMed: 38726426
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4045 -
Dental Materials Journal Jun 2024We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals with or without an experimental fluoride varnish against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Five phytochemicals,...
We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals with or without an experimental fluoride varnish against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Five phytochemicals, chrysophanol (CHR), emodin (EMO), anthrarufin (ANT), bavachalcone (BCC), and isobavachromene (IBC), were tested using agar diffusion, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) assays. We also assessed the cell viability and cytotoxicity of phytochemicals. All phytochemicals showed clear inhibition zones in the agar diffusion test. The inhibition zones of all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes were similar to or larger than that of the positive control, excluding that of 1 mM EMO. With or without the fluoride varnish, BCC exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC levels. Cell viability was high in the presence of all phytochemicals except 200 μM EMO. In conclusion, BCC was most effective as a phytochemical alone, while all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes inhibited P. gingivalis growth without cytotoxicity.
Topics: Porphyromonas gingivalis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phytochemicals; Cell Survival; Periodontal Diseases; Fluorides, Topical; Humans
PubMed: 38719582
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-294 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Jun 2024Here, we report the complete genome sequences of three , one from patient with esophageal cancer (LyEC01), and the other two from periodontally healthy individuals...
Here, we report the complete genome sequences of three , one from patient with esophageal cancer (LyEC01), and the other two from periodontally healthy individuals (LyG-1 and LyG-2) in 2021 and 2023. The genome sizes of LyEC01, LyG-1, and LyG-2 were 2,408,275, 2,411,440, and 2,411,481 bp, respectively.
PubMed: 38717174
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00832-23 -
Oral microbiome dysbiosis among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users compared to non-users.Scientific Reports May 2024Tobacco use significantly influences the oral microbiome. However, less is known about how different tobacco products specifically impact the oral microbiome over time....
Tobacco use significantly influences the oral microbiome. However, less is known about how different tobacco products specifically impact the oral microbiome over time. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the oral microbiome of cigarette users, smokeless tobacco users, and non-users over 4 months (four time points). Buccal swab and saliva samples (n = 611) were collected from 85 participants. DNA was extracted from all samples and sequencing was carried out on an Illumina MiSeq, targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Cigarette and smokeless tobacco users had more diverse oral bacterial communities, including a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, when compared to non-users. Non-users had a higher relative abundance of Actinomyces, Granulicatella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Oribacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, Rothia, and Veillonella in buccal swab samples, compared to tobacco users. While the most abundant bacterial genera were relatively constant over time, some species demonstrated significant shifts in relative abundance between the first and last time points. In addition, some opportunistic pathogens were detected among tobacco users including Neisseria subflava, Bulleidia moorei and Porphyromonas endodontalis. Overall, our results provide a more holistic understanding of the structure of oral bacterial communities in tobacco users compared to non-users.
Topics: Humans; Tobacco, Smokeless; Male; Microbiota; Female; Dysbiosis; Adult; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Mouth; Saliva; Middle Aged; Bacteria; Smokers; Young Adult; Cigarette Smoking; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 38710815
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60730-2 -
PeerJ 2024Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease, characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory response and a progressive loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. is a...
BACKGROUND
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease, characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory response and a progressive loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. is a key etiologic agent in periodontitis. Cystatin C is an antimicrobial salivary peptide that inhibits the growth of . This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this peptide and its effect on cytokine production, nitric oxide (NO) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and programmed cell death in human macrophages infected with
METHODS
Monocyte-derived macrophages generated from peripheral blood were infected with (MOI 1:10) and stimulated with cystatin C (2.75 µg/ml) for 24 h. The intracellular localization of and cystatin C was determined by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The intracellular antimicrobial activity of cystatin C in macrophages was assessed by counting Colony Forming Units (CFU). ELISA assay was performed to assess inflammatory (TNFα, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. The production of nitrites and ROS was analyzed by Griess reaction and incubation with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (HDCFDA), respectively. Programmed cell death was assessed with the TUNEL assay, Annexin-V, and caspase activity was also determined.
RESULTS
Our results showed that cystatin C inhibits the extracellular growth of . In addition, this peptide is internalized in the infected macrophage, decreases the intracellular bacterial load, and reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines and NO. Interestingly, peptide treatment increased ROS production and substantially decreased bacterial-induced macrophage apoptosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Cystatin C has antimicrobial and immuno-regulatory activity in macrophages infected with These findings highlight the importance of understanding the properties of cystatin C for its possible therapeutic use against oral infections such as periodontitis.
Topics: Porphyromonas gingivalis; Humans; Macrophages; Cystatin C; Reactive Oxygen Species; Nitric Oxide; Cytokines; Periodontitis; Apoptosis
PubMed: 38708345
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17252 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Jun 2024Periodontal inflammation may be assessed by bleeding on probing and subgingival temperature. This pilot study evaluated the intrapatient relationship between subgingival...
OBJECTIVES
Periodontal inflammation may be assessed by bleeding on probing and subgingival temperature. This pilot study evaluated the intrapatient relationship between subgingival temperature and selected bacterial groups/species in deep periodontal pockets with bleeding on probing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In each of eight adults, an electronic temperature probe identified three "hot" pockets with elevated subgingival temperature and three "cool" pockets with normal subgingival temperature among premolars/molars with 6‒10 mm probing depths and bleeding on probing. Microbial samples collected separately from the hot and cool periodontal pockets were cultured for selected periodontal pathogens.
RESULTS
Hot compared to cool periodontal pockets revealed significantly higher absolute and normalized subgingival temperatures and yielded higher mean proportions of Porphyromonas gingivalis (10.2% for hot vs. 2.5% for cool, p = 0.030) and total red/orange complex periodontal pathogens (48.0% for hot vs. 24.6% for cool, p = 0.012).
CONCLUSIONS
Hot versus cool deep periodontal pockets harbored significantly higher levels of major periodontal pathogens. Subgingival temperature measurements may potentially be useful to assess risk of periodontitis progression and the efficacy of periodontal therapy.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Pilot Projects; Middle Aged; Periodontal Pocket; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Adult; Periodontitis; Body Temperature; Bacterial Load; Gingiva; Aged
PubMed: 38706420
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.891 -
BMC Oral Health May 2024To evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), funme peptide (FP) as well as domiphen against oral pathogens, and assess the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), funme peptide (FP) as well as domiphen against oral pathogens, and assess the efficacy of a BOP® mouthwash supplemented with this combination in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque in a clinical trial.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the compound against Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were determined by the gradient dilution method. Subsequently, the CCK-8 assay was used to detect the toxicity of mouthwash on human gingival fibroblastst, and the effectiveness in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque of the mouthwash supplemented with the combination was analyzed by a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled clinical trial.
RESULTS
The combination exhibited significant inhibitory effects on tested oral pathogens with the MIC < 1.56% (v/v) and the MBC < 3.13% (v/v), and the mouthwash containing this combination did not inhibit the viability of human gingival fibroblasts at the test concentrations. The clinical trial showed that the test group displayed notably lower volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) at 0, 10, 24 h, and 7 d post-mouthwash (P < 0.05), compared with the baseline. After 7 days, the VSC levels of the and control groups were reduced by 50.27% and 32.12%, respectively, and notably cutting severe halitosis by 57.03% in the test group. Additionally, the Plaque Index (PLI) of the test and control group decreased by 54.55% and 8.38%, respectively, and there was a significant difference in PLI between the two groups after 7 days (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The combination of ε-PL, FP and domiphen demonstrated potent inhibitory and bactericidal effects against the tested oral pathogens, and the newly formulated mouthwash added with the combination exhibited anti-dental plaque and anti-halitosis properties in a clinical trial and was safe.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The randomized controlled clinical trial was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR2300073816, Date: 21/07/2023).
Topics: Humans; Halitosis; Mouthwashes; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Male; Female; Polylysine; Adult; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Young Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Fibroblasts; Peptides; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 38702623
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04255-0 -
Archives of Microbiology May 2024Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an opportunistic Gram-negative periodontopathogen strongly associated with periodontitis and infective endocarditis. Recent... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an opportunistic Gram-negative periodontopathogen strongly associated with periodontitis and infective endocarditis. Recent evidence suggests that periodontopathogens can influence the initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Herein we aimed to investigate the effect of A. actinomycetemcomitans-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on OSCC cell behavior compared with EVs from periodontopathogens known to associate with carcinogenesis. EVs were isolated from: A. actinomycetemcomitans and its mutant strains lacking the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Fusobacterium nucleatum; and Parvimonas micra. The effect of EVs on primary and metastatic OSCC cells was assessed using cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and tubulogenesis assays. A. actinomycetemcomitans-derived EVs reduced the metastatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion, tubulogenesis, and increased apoptosis, mostly in CDT- and LPS O-antigen-dependent manner. EVs from F. nucleatum impaired the metastatic cancer cell proliferation and induced the apoptosis rates in all OSCC cell lines. EVs enhanced cancer cell migration regardless of bacterial species. In sum, this is the first study demonstrating the influence of A. actinomycetemcomitans-derived EVs on oral cancer in comparison with other periodontopathogens. Our findings revealed a potential antitumorigenic effect of these EVs on metastatic OSCC cells, which warrants further in vivo investigations.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Extracellular Vesicles; Mouth Neoplasms; Humans; Cell Line, Tumor; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Cell Movement; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 38702412
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03976-8