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PloS One 2024The aim of this research was to evaluate the incidence of congenital syphilis and the ratio between congenital syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women in Brazil...
The aim of this research was to evaluate the incidence of congenital syphilis and the ratio between congenital syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women in Brazil according to socioeconomic indicators (inadequate water supply and sanitation; illiteracy at 15 years of age or older; household income per capita; proportion of poor people; Gini index; human development index; and average health expenditure per inhabitant by the health system) and prenatal quality-of-care indicators. We conducted an ecological study using a sample composed of 257 municipalities, each with ≥ 100,000 inhabitants. Data was collected from four public databases: the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, comprising socioeconomical data from the 2010 census; and the data of 2019 available in the databases of the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Health System, Information and Management of Primary Care, and the Electronic Citizen Information System. Descriptive analysis of dependent and independent variables and bivariate analysis by Negative Binomial regression were carried out. The mean incidence of congenital syphilis was 38% higher in municipalities with a Human Development Index up to 0.785 (ratio of means [RM] = 1.38; p = 0.049) and 57% higher among populations where less than 50% of primary healthcare services provided a rapid test for syphilis (RM = 1.57; p < 0.001). The ratio between congenital syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women was 29% higher in municipalities with a low household income per capita (RM = 1.29; p < 0.001) and 28% higher in locations where less than 50% of the primary healthcare services provided a rapid test for syphilis (RM = 1.28; p < 0.001). There was no statistical significance of the quality of prenatal care compared to the outcomes. This result underscores the challenges in detecting syphilis infections among pregnant women during prenatal care, consequently increasing the risk of vertical transmission of the disease to the fetus. Traits of inequality in the occurrence of congenital syphilis also draw attention to strategies to reduce health inequities and improve prenatal care.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Brazil; Syphilis, Congenital; Prenatal Care; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Incidence; Adult; Socioeconomic Factors; Syphilis; Adolescent; Young Adult
PubMed: 38917233
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306120 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Jun 2024The Continuum of care for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health includes integrated service delivery for mothers and children from pre-pregnancy to delivery,...
BACKGROUND
The Continuum of care for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health includes integrated service delivery for mothers and children from pre-pregnancy to delivery, the immediate postnatal period, and childhood. In Ethiopia, the magnitude of antenatal care, skilled delivery, postnatal care, and immunization for children have shown improvement. Despite this, there was limited research on the percentage of mothers who have completed maternal and child continuum care.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the Completion of Maternal and Child Health Continuum of Care and Associated Factors among women in Gode District, Shebele Zone, Eastern Ethiopia ,2022.
METHOD
A community-based cross-sectional study design applied from November 1-15, 2022. A stratified sampling method was applied. A woman who had two 14-24 months child preceding the data collection period were included in the study. An interviewer-administered semi-structured questioner had been used for data collection. Data collected by using kobo collect and analyzed using STATA version 17. Both Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done. In multivariable analysis, variables having P-values ≤ 0.05 were taken as factors associated with the completion of the maternal and child health continuum of care.
RESULT
The Completion of maternal and child continuum of care was 13.5% (10.7-17.0%) in Gode district,2022. Accordingly, Husband occupation (Government employee) [AOR = 2.3, 95%CI 1.2-4.7] and perceived time to reach health facility (less than 30 min) [AOR = 2.96, 95%CI 1.2-7.5] were factors showing significant association with maternal and child health continuum of care among mothers in Gode district, Somali regional State;2022 at P-value ≤ 0.05.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Only 13.5% of mothers in Gode district received all of the recommended maternal and child health services during their pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum period. The study found that two factors were associated with a higher likelihood of receiving Maternal and child continuum of care: Government employed husband and perceived time to reach a health facility. Governments can play a key role in increasing the maternal and child health continuum of care by investing by making health care facility accessible.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Continuity of Patient Care; Adult; Pregnancy; Young Adult; Maternal-Child Health Services; Adolescent; Maternal Health Services; Prenatal Care; Infant; Postnatal Care; Child, Preschool; Mothers
PubMed: 38914927
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06639-0 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance and feasibility of transabdominal ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) in assessing sonoelastographic...
Aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance and feasibility of transabdominal ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) in assessing sonoelastographic features of the uterus. Twenty-seven premenopausal women were enrolled between 2021 and 2022. Transabdominal SWE measured myometrial stiffness in various uterine segments. Additionally, tissue stiffness of the quadriceps femoris muscle and autochthonous back muscle was measured. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests, t test, and a robust mixed linear model. Stiffness values of the uterus and the two investigated muscle types exhibited a similar spectrum: 6.38 ± 2.59 kPa (median 5.61 kPa; range 2.76-11.31 kPa) for the uterine myometrium, 7.22 ± 1.24 kPa (6.82 kPa; 5.11-9.39 kPa) for the quadriceps femoris musle, and 7.43 ± 2.73 kPa (7.41 kPa; 3.10-13.73 kPa) for the autochthonous back muscle. A tendency for significant differences in myometrial stiffness was observed concerning the type of labor mode (mean stiffness of 9.17 ± 1.35 kPa after vaginal birth vs. 3.83 ± 1.35 kPa after Caesarian section, p = 0.01). No significant differences in myometrial stiffness were observed concerning age, BMI, previous pregnancies, uterine flexion and menstrual cycle phase. Transabdominal SWE of uterine stiffness seems to be a fast and practicable method in a clinical setting. Uterine stiffness appears to be largely independent of various factors, except for the mode of delivery. However, further studies are needed to validate these results.
Topics: Humans; Female; Elasticity Imaging Techniques; Adult; Uterus; Myometrium; Pregnancy; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 38914622
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65238-3 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Jun 2024Differential exposure to chronic stressors by race/ethnicity may help explain Black-White inequalities in rates of preterm birth. However, researchers have not...
BACKGROUND
Differential exposure to chronic stressors by race/ethnicity may help explain Black-White inequalities in rates of preterm birth. However, researchers have not investigated the cumulative, interactive, and population-specific nature of chronic stressor exposures and their possible nonlinear associations with preterm birth. Models capable of computing such high-dimensional associations that could differ by race/ethnicity are needed. We developed machine learning models of chronic stressors to both predict preterm birth more accurately and identify chronic stressors and other risk factors driving preterm birth risk among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White pregnant women.
METHODS
Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) models were developed for preterm birth prediction for non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and combined study samples derived from the CDC's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data (2012-2017). For each sample population, MARS models were trained and tested using 5-fold cross-validation. For each population, the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) was used to evaluate model performance, and variable importance for preterm birth prediction was computed.
RESULTS
Among 81,892 non-Hispanic Black and 277,963 non-Hispanic White live births (weighted sample), the best-performing MARS models showed high accuracy (AUC: 0.754-0.765) and similar-or-better performance for race/ethnicity-specific models compared to the combined model. The number of prenatal care visits, premature rupture of membrane, and medical conditions were more important than other variables in predicting preterm birth across the populations. Chronic stressors (e.g., low maternal education and intimate partner violence) and their correlates predicted preterm birth only for non-Hispanic Black women.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study findings reinforce that such mid or upstream determinants of health as chronic stressors should be targeted to reduce excess preterm birth risk among non-Hispanic Black women and ultimately narrow the persistent Black-White gap in preterm birth in the U.S.
Topics: Humans; Female; Premature Birth; Pregnancy; Machine Learning; White People; Black or African American; Stress, Psychological; Adult; Risk Factors; United States; Young Adult; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 38909177
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06613-w -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Jun 2024Early initiation of prenatal care is widely accepted to improve the health outcomes of pregnancy for both mothers and their infants. Identification of the various...
BACKGROUND
Early initiation of prenatal care is widely accepted to improve the health outcomes of pregnancy for both mothers and their infants. Identification of the various barriers to entry into care that patients experience may inform and improve health care provision and, in turn, improve the patient's ability to receive necessary care.
AIM
This study implements a mixed-methods approach to establish methods and procedures for identifying barriers to early entry to prenatal care in a medically-vulnerable patient population and areas for future quality improvement initiatives.
METHODS
An initial chart review was conducted on obstetrics patients that initiated prenatal care after their first trimester at a large federally qualified health center in Brooklyn, NY, to determine patient-specified reasons for delay. A thematic analysis of these data was implemented in combination with both parametric and non-parametric analyses to characterize the population of interest, and to identify the primary determinants of delayed entry.
RESULTS
The age of patients in the population of interest (n = 169) was bimodal, with a range of 15 - 43 years and a mean of 28 years. The mean gestational age of entry into prenatal care was 19 weeks. The chart review revealed that 8% recently moved to Brooklyn from outside of NYC or the USA. Nine percent had difficulty scheduling an initial prenatal visit within their first trimester. Teenage pregnancy accounted for 7%. Provider challenges with documentation (21%) were noted. The most common themes identified (n = 155) were the patient being in transition (21%), the pregnancy being unplanned (17%), and issues with linkage to care (15%), including no shows or patient cancellations. Patients who were late to prenatal care also differed from their peers dramatically, as they were more likely to be Spanish-speaking, to be young, and to experience a relatively long delay between pregnancy confirmation and entry into care. Moreover, the greatest determinant of delayed entry into care was patient age.
CONCLUSION
Our study provides a process for other like clinics to identify patients who are at risk for delayed entry to prenatal care and highlight common barriers to entry. Future initiatives include the introduction of a smart data element to document reasons for delay and use of community health workers for dedicated outreach after no show appointments or patient cancellations.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Adult; Adolescent; Young Adult; New York City; Health Services Accessibility; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Time Factors
PubMed: 38907207
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06630-9 -
Midwifery Jun 2024Early identification of psychosocial vulnerability among expectant parents through psychosocial assessment is increasingly recommended within maternity care. For routine... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Early identification of psychosocial vulnerability among expectant parents through psychosocial assessment is increasingly recommended within maternity care. For routine antenatal assessment, a strong recognition exists regarding conversational assessment tools. However, the knowledge base of conversational tools is limited, inhibiting their clinical use.
OBJECTIVE
Synthesising existing knowledge pertaining to antenatal conversational psychosocial assessment tools, including identifying characteristics, acceptability, performance, effectiveness and unintended consequences.
DESIGN
Mixed-method systematic review based on searches in CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Scopus. 20 out of 5394 studies were included and synthesised with a convergent integrated approach using a thematic analysis strategy.
FINDINGS
We identified seven antenatal psychosocial assessment tools that partially or completely utilised a conversational approach. Women's acceptability was high, and tools were generally found to support person-centred communication and the parent-health care professional relationship. Evidence regarding effectiveness and performance of conversational tools was limited. Unintended consequences were found, including some women having negative experiences related to assessment of intimate partner violence, lack of preparation and lack of relevance. High acceptability was reported by health care professionals who considered the tools as valuable and enhancing of identification of vulnerability. Unintended consequences, including lack of time and competencies as well as discomfort when assessment is very sensitive, were reported.
CONCLUSIONS
Evidence regarding conversational tools' effectiveness and performance is limited. More is known about the acceptability of conversational tools, which is generally highly acceptable among women and health care professionals. Some unintended consequences of the use of included conversational tools were identified.
PubMed: 38905861
DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2024.104066 -
Medicine Jun 2024Although the physical complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are well known, emerging evidence suggests a significant link with psychiatric conditions such... (Review)
Review
Although the physical complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are well known, emerging evidence suggests a significant link with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (SCZ). This review aimed to explore the extent, nature, and implications of the association between GDM and SCZ, exploring how the 2 conditions may reciprocally influence each other. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and, analyzed clinical and mechanistic evidence supporting the mutual effects of GDM and SCZ. This review examined factors such as neurodevelopment and the impact of antipsychotics. The study found that Maternal GDM increases the risk of SCZ in offspring. Conversely, women with SCZ were more prone to hyperglycemic pregnancies. The research highlights significant regional variations in GDM prevalence, with the highest rate in the Middle East, North Africa, and South-East Asia regions. These regional variations may have an impact on the epidemiology of SCZ. Furthermore, this review identifies the potential biological and environmental mechanisms underlying these associations. There is a bidirectional relationship between GDM and SCZ, with each disorder potentially exacerbating the others. This relationship has significant implications for maternal and offspring health, particularly in regions with high GDM prevalence. These findings underline the need for integrated care approaches for women with SCZ during pregnancy and the importance of monitoring and managing GDM to mitigate the risk of SCZ in the offspring. Notably, this study recognizes the need for further research to fully understand these complex interactions and their implications for healthcare.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes, Gestational; Pregnancy; Female; Schizophrenia; Risk Factors; Antipsychotic Agents; Prevalence; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 38905391
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000038677 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2024Drug trials in neonates are scarce, and the neonates may consequently be at risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Spontaneous ADR reporting is an important tool for...
INTRODUCTION
Drug trials in neonates are scarce, and the neonates may consequently be at risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Spontaneous ADR reporting is an important tool for expanding the knowledge on drug safety in neonates. This study explores the quality of current neonatal ADR reports and the ADR reports of the most common drugs used in neonatal departments.
METHODS
An observational cross-sectional study focused on neonates was conducted using data on spontaneous reports extracted from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) from the third quarter of 2014 up to December 2022. Only the primary suspect drugs given to neonates or subjects aged <30 days were included in the analysis.
RESULTS
Spontaneous reports from 13 million patients of all ages, totaling 50 million ADRs, were evaluated. Information regarding the age was missing in 40% of the reports, and data on 43,737 neonates with 948 different suspected drugs were identified and included in the analysis. We report the frequency of spontaneous ADR reports in the FAERS database for the ten most frequently administered drugs in neonatal intensive care units in the USA.
CONCLUSION
Overall, neonatal ADRs are still underreported. The FAERS database in its current form discriminates insufficiently between prenatal and postnatal drug exposures. Hence, improved neonatal pharmacovigilance systems are urgently needed.
PubMed: 38903999
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1395982 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2024In October 2020, rapid prenatal exome sequencing (pES) was introduced into routine National Health Service (NHS) care in England, requiring the coordination of care from...
INTRODUCTION
In October 2020, rapid prenatal exome sequencing (pES) was introduced into routine National Health Service (NHS) care in England, requiring the coordination of care from specialist genetics, fetal medicine (FM) and laboratory services. This mixed methods study explored the experiences of professionals involved in delivering the pES service during the first 2 years of its delivery in the NHS.
METHODS
A survey ( = 159) and semi-structured interviews ( = 63) with healthcare professionals, including clinical geneticists, FM specialists, and clinical scientists (interviews only) were used to address: 1) Views on the pES service; 2) Capacity and resources involved in offering pES; 3) Awareness, knowledge, and educational needs; and 4) Ambitions and goals for the future.
RESULTS
Overall, professionals were positive about the pES service with 77% rating it as Good or Excellent. A number of benefits were reported, including the increased opportunity for receiving actionable results for parental decision-making, improving equity of access to genomic tests and fostering close relationships between FM and genetics departments. Nonetheless, there was evidence that the shift to offering pES in a clinical setting had brought some challenges, such as additional clinic time, administrative processes, perceived lack of autonomy in decision-making regarding pES eligibility and difficulty engaging with peripheral maternity units. Concerns were also raised about the lack of confidence and gaps in genomics knowledge amongst non-genetics professionals - especially midwives. However, the findings also highlighted value in both FM, obstetric and genetics professionals benefiting from further training with a focus on recognising and managing prenatally diagnosed genetic conditions.
CONCLUSION
Healthcare professionals are enthusiastic about the benefits of pES, and through multi-collaborative working, have developed relationships that have contributed to effective communication across specialisms. Although limitations on resources and variation in knowledge about pES have impacted service delivery, professionals were hopeful that improvements to infrastructure and the upskilling of all professionals involved in the pathway would optimise the benefits of pES for both parents and professionals.
PubMed: 38903755
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1401705 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024Addressing health inequity is a top priority for achieving sustainable development goals. The existing evidences in Ethiopia have shown that there are substantial...
BACKGROUND
Addressing health inequity is a top priority for achieving sustainable development goals. The existing evidences in Ethiopia have shown that there are substantial inequalities in the use of health services among various socioeconomic strata. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure socioeconomic inequalities and the contributing factors in postnatal health checks for newborns in Ethiopia.
METHODS
We used a secondary data from the recent 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset. The study includes a weighted sample of 2,105 women who gave birth in the 2 years preceding to the survey. The study participants were selected using two stage cluster sampling techniques. The socioeconomic inequality in postnatal health checks for newborns was measured using the Erreygers Normalized Concentration Index (ECI) and illustrated by the concentration curve. A decomposition analysis was done to identify factors contributing to the socioeconomic related inequality in postnatal health checks for newborns in Ethiopia.
RESULTS
The concentration curve of postnatal health checks for newborns lay below the line of equality, and the Erreygers normalized concentration index was 0.133, with a standard error = 0.0333, and a value <0.001; indicating that the postnatal health check for newborns was disproportionately concentrated among newborns with higher socioeconomic status. The decomposition analysis reported that antenatal care (ANC) visit (59.22%), household wealth index (34.43%), and educational level of the mother (8.58%) were the major contributors to the pro-rich socioeconomic inequalities in postnatal health checks for newborns.
CONCLUSION
The finding revealed that there is a pro-rich inequality in postnatal health checks for newborns in Ethiopia. To reduce the observed socioeconomic health inequality, the government needs to improve ANC visits, implement strategies to access health service for economically disadvantaged groups, and increase educational attainment among women.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; Female; Infant, Newborn; Adult; Socioeconomic Factors; Healthcare Disparities; Postnatal Care; Adolescent; Young Adult; Prenatal Care; Health Surveys; Middle Aged; Pregnancy
PubMed: 38903590
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1384729