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Biological Psychiatry Jun 2024Stressful events are ubiquitous in everyday life. The exposure to these stressors initiates the temporally orchestrated release of a multitude of hormones, peptides, and... (Review)
Review
Stressful events are ubiquitous in everyday life. The exposure to these stressors initiates the temporally orchestrated release of a multitude of hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters that target brain areas critically implicated in learning and memory. This review summarizes recent insights on the profound impact of stress on four fundamental processes of memory: memory formation, memory contextualization, memory retrieval, and memory flexibility. Stress mediators instigate dynamic alterations in these processes, facilitating efficient responding under stress and the creation of a decontextualized memory representation that can effectively aid coping with novel future threats. While being generally adaptive, the same stress-related changes may contribute to rigid behaviors, uncontrollable intrusions, or generalized fear responding seen in anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Drawing on recent discoveries in cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry, this review discusses how stress-induced alterations in memory processes can simultaneously foster adaptation to stressors and fuel psychopathology. The transition from adaptive to maladaptive changes in the impact of stress on memory hinges on the nuanced interplay of stressor characteristics and individual predispositions. Thus, taking individual differences in the cognitive response to stressors into account is essential for any successful treatment of stress-related mental disorders.
PubMed: 38880463
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.06.005 -
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Jun 2024Pain and psychopathology are observed in 18% and 55% of patients, respectively, 1 year after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. It is well known that chronic pain and...
Pain and psychopathology are observed in 18% and 55% of patients, respectively, 1 year after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. It is well known that chronic pain and psychopathology have a bidirectional relation in the general population, but it is not known whether this holds true for ICU survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pain before, during and after ICU admission is related to psychopathology in ICU survivors 1 year after discharge. We performed a cohort study in a mixed ICU in the Netherlands between 2013 and 2016. At 1-year follow-up, patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Impact of Event Scale/Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and answered standardised questions regarding pain. Psychopathology was defined as having anxiety, depressive and/or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association of pain before, during and after ICU admission with psychopathology at 1 year follow-up. We included 1105 patients of whom 558 (50%) (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48 to 0.54) had psychopathology at 1 year follow-up. Pain before ICU admission (odds ratio (OR) 1.18; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.26) and pain after ICU admission (OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.68 to 3.35) were associated with psychopathology. Pain during ICU stay was not associated with psychopathology, but the memory of insufficient pain management during ICU stay was (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.39 to 3.45). Paying attention to pain and pain treatment experiences related to ICU admission may therefore contribute to early identification of ICU survivors at risk of psychopathology development.
PubMed: 38879797
DOI: 10.1177/0310057X241226716 -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Jun 2024
Corrigendum to "Temporal associations between salivary cortisol and emotions in clinically depressed individuals and matched controls: A dynamic time warp analysis" [Psychoneuroendocrinology 158 (2023) 106394].
PubMed: 38879429
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107105 -
Brain and Behavior Jun 2024Low self-esteem is a frequent symptom in major depressive disorder (MDD). This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated whether MDD patients with low...
INTRODUCTION
Low self-esteem is a frequent symptom in major depressive disorder (MDD). This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated whether MDD patients with low self-esteem show a distinct neural pathophysiology. Previous studies linked low self-esteem to reduced task-induced deactivation of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) as a part of the default mode network, and to reduced connectivity between pgACC and reward system. Goya-Maldonado et al. identified an MDD subtype with pgACC and ventral striatal overactivations during reward processing. We hypothesized that this subtype might be characterized by low self-esteem.
METHODS
Eighty-three MDD patients performed the desire-reason dilemma task and completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Brain activity during bottom-up reward processing was regressed upon the RSES scores, controlling for depression severity measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. To corroborate the findings, we compared self-esteem scores between patient subgroups with impaired task-induced deactivation (n = 31) and with preserved task-induced deactivation (n = 31) of the pgACC.
RESULTS
Consistent with our a priori hypothesis, activity in a bilateral fronto-striatal network including pgACC and ventral striatum correlated negatively with RSES scores, also when controlling for depression severity. In the additional analysis, patients with impaired task-induced pgACC deactivation showed lower self-esteem (t (52.82) = -2.27; p = .027, d = 0.58) compared to those with preserved task-induced pgACC deactivation.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that low self-esteem in MDD patients is linked to a task-induced deactivation dysfunction of the pgACC. Our findings suggest that a previously described possible subtype of MDD with pgACC and ventral striatal overactivations during reward processing is clinically characterized by low self-esteem.
Topics: Humans; Depressive Disorder, Major; Self Concept; Reward; Male; Female; Adult; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Gyrus Cinguli; Middle Aged; Ventral Striatum
PubMed: 38873863
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3545 -
Journal of Eating Disorders Jun 2024Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) has demonstrated safety and efficacy for treatment of Binge Eating Disorder (BED). However, to date, trials have not included...
BACKGROUND
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) has demonstrated safety and efficacy for treatment of Binge Eating Disorder (BED). However, to date, trials have not included participants with co-occurring psychiatric disorders. This study explores how LDX affects eating disorder psychopathology, symptoms of common psychiatric comorbidities of BED (ADHD, depression, anxiety), and psychological quality of life, in people with moderate to severe BED.
METHODS
These are secondary analyses of an open-label LDX trial conducted in 41 adults (18-40 years) over eight-weeks. Participants received LDX titrated to 50 or 70 mg. Clinical assessments and self-report questionnaires were conducted at baseline and 8-week follow-up.
RESULTS
Eating disorder psychopathology and psychological quality of life improved after 8-weeks of LDX. No significant group-level changes in depression, anxiety or ADHD severity scores were observed. However, the majority within the small subsets with elevated depression and ADHD symptoms experienced reduced depressive and inattentive symptom severity, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
We provide proof-of-concept evidence that LDX may provide broader psychological benefits to individuals with BED, beyond reducing their BE frequency. Effects of LDX on anxiety should be monitored closely by clinicians. Early indications suggest that LDX may be effectively used in people with BED, with and without co-occurring psychiatric conditions, however tolerability may be lower in highly complex cases.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (anzctr.org.au) #ACTRN12618000623291.
PubMed: 38872181
DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01041-9 -
Schizophrenia Research Jun 2024
PubMed: 38870719
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.06.005 -
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Jun 2024There is an imminent need to identify neural markers during preadolescence that are linked to developing depression during adolescence, especially among youth at...
Familial risk for depression moderates neural circuitry in healthy preadolescents to predict adolescent depression symptoms in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.
BACKGROUND
There is an imminent need to identify neural markers during preadolescence that are linked to developing depression during adolescence, especially among youth at elevated familial risk. However, longitudinal studies remain scarce and exhibit mixed findings. Here we aimed to elucidate functional connectivity (FC) patterns among preadolescents that interact with familial depression risk to predict depression two years later.
METHODS
9-10 year-olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were classified as healthy (i.e., no lifetime psychiatric diagnoses) at high familial risk for depression (HR; n=559) or at low familial risk for psychopathology (LR; n=1203). Whole-brain seed-to-voxel resting-state FC patterns with the amygdala, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and caudate were calculated. Multi-level, mixed-effects regression analyses were conducted to test whether FC at ages 9-10 interacted with familial risk to predict depression symptoms at ages 11-12.
RESULTS
HR youth demonstrated stronger associations between preadolescent FC and adolescent depression symptoms (ps<0.001) as compared to LR youth (ps>0.001), primarily among amygdala/striatal FC with visual and sensory/somatomotor networks.
CONCLUSIONS
Preadolescent amygdala and striatal FC may be useful biomarkers of adolescent-onset depression, particularly for youth with family histories of depression. This research may point to neurobiologically-informed approaches to prevention and intervention for depression in adolescents.
PubMed: 38870601
DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101400 -
Assessment Jun 2024Existing research shows that children's responses to rewards and punishments are essential for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional...
Existing research shows that children's responses to rewards and punishments are essential for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and callous-unemotional traits. The present study developed the Contingency Response Rating Scale (CRRS) to fulfill the need for a reliable and valid measure of children's contingency response style that is brief, easy to use in applied settings, and provides additional information to existing clinical measures. We examined the psychometric properties of the CRRS in a sample of 196 children (ages 5-12), most of whom were referred to evaluate attention and behavior problems in an outpatient clinic. Using principal axis factoring, we identified five factors: (a) punishment ineffectiveness, (b) reward ineffectiveness, (c) punishment dysregulation, (d) reward dysregulation, and (e) contingency insensitivity. The subscales based on these factors showed acceptable test-retest and internal consistency reliability, and scale intercorrelations varied from low to moderate. The subscales also captured significant variance not explained by child or parent demographics and were associated with measures of psychopathology and impairment. The results provide preliminary evidence that the CRRS may be a helpful tool for assessing reward and punishment sensitivity in children with attention and behavior problems.
PubMed: 38869172
DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256536 -
PCN Reports : Psychiatry and Clinical... Dec 2023Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) sometimes undergo a chronic course, and they hardly maintain social participation. Work and social adjustment impairments are...
AIM
Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) sometimes undergo a chronic course, and they hardly maintain social participation. Work and social adjustment impairments are generally significantly associated with the clinical symptoms of eating disorders. Psychopathologies associated with the subjective social difficulties of patients with AN have been unclear. This study examined the association between AN psychopathologies and work and social adjustment impairments in adult female patients with AN.
METHODS
This study included 36 Japanese adult female patients with AN who completed the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to assess correlations between WSAS and EDI-2 or demographic variables.
RESULTS
The mean age was 31.8 years, the mean current body mass index was 13.4 kg/m, and the median illness duration was 5 years. Patients demonstrated social difficulties, especially in social leisure activities. The total WSAS scores were significantly correlated with EDI-2 "impulse regulation" and "asceticism." WSAS "social leisure" was significantly correlated with EDI-2 "bulimia," "interoceptive awareness," "impulse regulation," and "asceticism."
CONCLUSION
Psychopathologies, such as impulse regulation, asceticism, and interoceptive awareness, may be related factors to social difficulties. Emotion regulation, such as impulse regulation and emotional awareness, could be an important realm of treatment not only for psychopathology but also for social functioning in patients with AN.
PubMed: 38868735
DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.151 -
PCN Reports : Psychiatry and Clinical... Sep 2023The present article spotlights challenging conceptual and epistemological issues regarding delusions. A research history of various approaches to delusions in Europe,... (Review)
Review
The present article spotlights challenging conceptual and epistemological issues regarding delusions. A research history of various approaches to delusions in Europe, the United States, and Japan reveals the difficulty of defining delusions. Facing these difficulties, the standard concept of delusions has become thinner than the traditional ones, making its boundary with minority opinions vaguer. Nevertheless, clinical typology and epistemological approaches are contributing to the continuous conceptual refinement of delusions. Both standpoints validate and promote each other in elaborating the characteristics of delusions and their boundaries with non-delusions. In addition, epistemological inquiries into delusions shed new light on the extraordinarily difficult problems in the relationship among belief, knowledge, certainty, and delusions, contributing to epistemology in general. These approaches to delusions promote the evolution of the concept of delusions and related epistemological inquiries.
PubMed: 38867837
DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.126