-
Belitung Nursing Journal 2024Medication administration errors significantly impact patient safety, potentially leading to severe harm or fatality. Reporting such errors through active systems...
BACKGROUND
Medication administration errors significantly impact patient safety, potentially leading to severe harm or fatality. Reporting such errors through active systems improves medication administration, thereby enhancing patient safety and the quality of care. However, in the context of Saudi Arabia, little is understood about the causes of medication administration errors and the obstacles hindering their reporting.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to explore nurses' perceptions of the causes of medication administration errors and the barriers to reporting them.
METHODS
The study employed a qualitative descriptive design, conducting face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 43 nurses from three hospitals in Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia, between October and November 2023. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants, and thematic analysis was utilized for data analysis.
RESULTS
The following themes emerged regarding the causes of medication administration errors: order deficiencies, high workloads and staff shortages, and malpractice. Regarding the barriers to reporting errors, the emerging themes were fear of punishment and lack of support, lack of knowledge and awareness about reporting, and lack of feedback.
CONCLUSION
This study reveals nurses' perceptions of the causes of medication administration errors and the barriers to reporting them. Recognizing and addressing these causes and barriers are essential for patient safety and the improvement of the healthcare environment. Efforts should be directed toward implementing interventions that address high workloads, enhance staff education and awareness, and promote a workplace culture conducive to reporting errors without fear of repercussions. Additionally, supportive mechanisms, such as feedback systems and resources for professional development, should be implemented to empower nurses to actively participate in error reporting and contribute to continuous improvement in medication administration practices.
PubMed: 38690308
DOI: 10.33546/bnj.3249 -
Evolutionary Human Sciences 2024While humans are highly cooperative, they can also behave spitefully. Yet spite remains understudied. Spite can be normatively driven and while previous experiments have...
While humans are highly cooperative, they can also behave spitefully. Yet spite remains understudied. Spite can be normatively driven and while previous experiments have found some evidence that cooperation and punishment may spread via social learning, no experiments have considered the social transmission of spiteful behaviour. Here we present an online experiment where, following an opportunity to earn wealth, we asked participants to choose an action towards an anonymous partner across a full spectrum of social behaviour, from spite to altruism. In accordance with cultural evolutionary theory, participants were presented with social information that varied in source and content. Across six conditions, we informed participants that either the majority or the highest earner had chosen to behave spitefully, neutrally or altruistically. We found an overall tendency towards altruism, but at lower levels among those exposed to spite compared with altruism. We found no difference between social information that came from the majority or the highest earner. Exploratory analysis revealed that participants' earnings negatively correlated with altruistic behaviour. Our results contrast with previous literature that report high rates of spite in experimental samples and a greater propensity for individuals to copy successful individuals over the majority.
PubMed: 38689896
DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.18 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2024Previous models suggest that indirect reciprocity (reputation) can stabilize large-scale human cooperation [K. Panchanathan, R. Boyd, , 499-502 (2004)]. The logic...
Previous models suggest that indirect reciprocity (reputation) can stabilize large-scale human cooperation [K. Panchanathan, R. Boyd, , 499-502 (2004)]. The logic behind these models and experiments [J. Gross , , eadd8289 (2023) and O. P. Hauser, A. Hendriks, D. G. Rand, M. A. Nowak, , 36079 (2016)] is that a strategy in which individuals conditionally aid others based on their reputation for engaging in costly cooperative behavior serves as a punishment that incentivizes large-scale cooperation without the second-order free-rider problem. However, these models and experiments fail to account for individuals belonging to multiple groups with reputations that can be in conflict. Here, we extend these models such that individuals belong to a smaller, "local" group embedded within a larger, "global" group. This introduces competing strategies for conditionally aiding others based on their cooperative behavior in the local or global group. Our analyses reveal that the reputation for cooperation in the smaller local group can undermine cooperation in the larger global group, even when the theoretical maximum payoffs are higher in the larger global group. This model reveals that indirect reciprocity alone is insufficient for stabilizing large-scale human cooperation because cooperation at one scale can be considered defection at another. These results deepen the puzzle of large-scale human cooperation.
Topics: Cooperative Behavior; Humans; Game Theory; Interpersonal Relations; Models, Psychological
PubMed: 38683991
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322072121 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024Based on the system dynamics theory, this paper establishes an environmental mass event evolution model and explores the evolution law of mass events caused by...
Based on the system dynamics theory, this paper establishes an environmental mass event evolution model and explores the evolution law of mass events caused by environmental problems. From a methodological point of view, the mixed-strategy evolutionary game principle and dynamic punishment measures are combined, and simulation analysis is carried out by Anylogic software, and the results show that there is no stable evolutionary equilibrium solution for the two sides of the game in the traditional asymmetric mixed-strategy game model, and after adjusting the game payoff matrix and incorporating the dynamic punishment strategy, stable evolutionary equilibrium solutions appear in the evolutionary game model, and the system begins to tend to be stabilized. The process and conclusions of the simulation experiment provide methodological reference and theoretical support for the analysis of the evolution of environmental mass events.
PubMed: 38678041
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59283-1 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Understanding beliefs about corporal punishment is crucial, as evidence suggests that positive beliefs in its effectiveness predict its use. High parental stress,...
Examining the Moderating Role of Parental Stress in the Relationship between Parental Beliefs on Corporal Punishment and Its Utilization as a Behavior Correction Strategy among Colombian Parents.
Understanding beliefs about corporal punishment is crucial, as evidence suggests that positive beliefs in its effectiveness predict its use. High parental stress, especially in those valuing corporal punishment, increases the potential for child abuse. Factors such as having many children or low education and socioeconomic status contribute to parental tensions, leading to the use of corporal punishment for behavior correction. We posit that the accumulation of such variables results in heightened stress levels. Our focus aimed to determine the moderating role of stress levels among parental beliefs about corporal punishment and its reported use through quantitative research. In our study, 853 Colombian parents of low, middle, and high socioeconomic status, and from four different regions of Colombia, with children aged 0 to 17 participated. They provided information about their beliefs on corporal punishment, using the Beliefs and Punishment Scale. Correlations indicated that older parents with better socioeconomic status were less inclined to believe that strictness improves children. Regressions suggested that increased belief in corporal punishment modifying behavior, along with higher parental stress, increases corporal punishment use. Moderation models highlighted that when more stressors were present, corporal punishment was used due to stress rather than parental beliefs. Ultimately, stress emerged as a crucial factor influencing corporal punishment use among Colombian parents.
PubMed: 38671601
DOI: 10.3390/children11040384 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Jun 2024Reinforcement learning is a theoretical framework that describes how agents learn to select options that maximize rewards and minimize punishments over time. We often...
Reinforcement learning is a theoretical framework that describes how agents learn to select options that maximize rewards and minimize punishments over time. We often make choices, however, to obtain symbolic reinforcers (e.g., money, points) that are later exchanged for primary reinforcers (e.g., food, drink). Although symbolic reinforcers are ubiquitous in our daily lives, widely used in laboratory tasks because they can be motivating, mechanisms by which they become motivating are less understood. In the present study, we examined how monkeys learn to make choices that maximize fluid rewards through reinforcement with tokens. The question addressed here is how the value of a state, which is a function of multiple task features (e.g., the current number of accumulated tokens, choice options, task epoch, trials since the last delivery of primary reinforcer, etc.), drives value and affects motivation. We constructed a Markov decision process model that computes the value of task states given task features to then correlate with the motivational state of the animal. Fixation times, choice reaction times, and abort frequency were all significantly related to values of task states during the tokens task ( = 5 monkeys, three males and two females). Furthermore, the model makes predictions for how neural responses could change on a moment-by-moment basis relative to changes in the state value. Together, this task and model allow us to capture learning and behavior related to symbolic reinforcement.
Topics: Animals; Motivation; Reinforcement, Psychology; Male; Macaca mulatta; Choice Behavior; Reward; Reaction Time; Markov Chains; Female
PubMed: 38670805
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1873-23.2024 -
Sports (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024The benefits of sport in mental health have been broadly studied. However, few studies have examined these outcomes in high-performance athletes. We aimed to analyze the...
BACKGROUND
The benefits of sport in mental health have been broadly studied. However, few studies have examined these outcomes in high-performance athletes. We aimed to analyze the state of the mental health of the Villarreal Soccer Club's first- (FD) and second-division (SD) players and the possible mediating effects of sex and professional category.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study with an initial sample of 108 soccer players (final sample = 54). Data from MINI, HARS, HDRS, BARRAT-11 and SCSRQ questionnaires were analyzed.
RESULTS
The mean age was 23.41 years (SD = 4.56) and 61.1% ( = 33) were men. A proportion of 24.1% ( = 13) stated that they had undergone mental health treatment, 7.4% ( = 4) had taken psychotropic drugs, and 2.1% ( = 1) had made a suicide attempt. Differences were observed between the FD and SD players in terms of the sensitivity to punishment (t = -2.2; = 0.033), overall impulsivity (t = -3.1; = 0.003), unplanned impulsivity (t = 3.4; = 0.001), and the HDRS (U = -110.5; = 0.004), HARS-Total (U = -104.0; = 0.006) and HARS-Psychological subscale scores (U = -104.0; = 0.001). Differences were also observed between the female and male SD players for the HARS-Somatic subscale (U = 136.5; = 0.028).
CONCLUSION
The low values obtained in the clinical scales, together with the reported psychopathological histories, suggested that the Villareal players showed better mental health than the general population.
PubMed: 38668574
DOI: 10.3390/sports12040106 -
PLoS Computational Biology Apr 2024Reputations can foster cooperation by indirect reciprocity: if I am good to you then others will be good to me. But this mechanism for cooperation in one-shot...
Reputations can foster cooperation by indirect reciprocity: if I am good to you then others will be good to me. But this mechanism for cooperation in one-shot interactions only works when people agree on who is good and who is bad. Errors in actions or assessments can produce disagreements about reputations, which can unravel the positive feedback loop between social standing and pro-social behaviour. Cooperators can end up punished and defectors rewarded. Public reputation systems and empathy are two possible mechanisms to promote agreement about reputations. Here we suggest an alternative: Bayesian reasoning by observers. By taking into account the probabilities of errors in action and observation and their prior beliefs about the prevalence of good people in the population, observers can use Bayesian reasoning to determine whether or not someone is good. To study this scenario, we develop an evolutionary game theoretical model in which players use Bayesian reasoning to assess reputations, either publicly or privately. We explore this model analytically and numerically for five social norms (Scoring, Shunning, Simple Standing, Staying, and Stern Judging). We systematically compare results to the case when agents do not use reasoning in determining reputations. We find that Bayesian reasoning reduces cooperation relative to non-reasoning, except in the case of the Scoring norm. Under Scoring, Bayesian reasoning can promote coexistence of three strategic types. Additionally, we study the effects of optimistic or pessimistic biases in individual beliefs about the degree of cooperation in the population. We find that optimism generally undermines cooperation whereas pessimism can, in some cases, promote cooperation.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Humans; Cooperative Behavior; Game Theory; Computational Biology; Bias
PubMed: 38662682
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011979 -
Heliyon Apr 2024With the increasing focus on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on a global scale, stakeholders expect businesses to...
With the increasing focus on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on a global scale, stakeholders expect businesses to transform and enhance social responsibility. Over time, ESG and CSR have developed into vital performance metrics for businesses. Businesses are actively putting improvement measures into place in response to this new paradigm in order to stay competitive in this changing environment. China's dual commitment to CSR and sustainable development is in line with wider objectives, such as resolving issues of pay inequality. In 2012, the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) unveiled the "Green Credit Guidelines" (GCG), which take corporate governance's environmental considerations into account. These regulations set standards and specifically target high-pollution corporations. Companies may need to restructure their corporate structures and create efficient governance mechanisms in order to comply with these regulations and reduce carbon emissions. This will have an impact on the compensation packages of executives and regular employees. The most important question is how the "GCG" will affect the wage disparity in highly polluting companies. This study examines the 2012 "GCG" and its potential to reduce internal wage disparities, viewing it as a critical element of green financial policy. The paper uses data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2020. Besides, it uses the Difference-in-Differences method to assess the impact of China's GCG, treating its implementation as a quasi-natural experiment and controlling for concurrent policy effects to precisely identify its net impact on corporate carbon emissions and internal wage disparities. The findings show that "GCG" considerably closed internal wage disparities. Furthermore, the "GCG" has a path of guidance, incentives, and punishments that reduce internal wage disparities and promote a more equitable wage distribution within businesses. According to heterogeneity analysis, policies have a greater impact on the wage gap in businesses that are highly dependent on outside funding and have political connection. In order to achieve a compensation balance and meet the objectives of social responsibility and corporate sustainable development, the government should strengthen the complementary effects of green financial policies. The compensation balance in highly polluting companies has important theoretical and practical ramifications. On the one hand, it represents the convergence of income equality, corporate governance, and environmental responsibility. It helps to expand knowledge of sustainable development, fair compensation, and environmental policies. On the other hand, the widening pay disparity between executives and average employees reflects the exacerbation of income inequality in China, which could potentially impact companies' long-term development. Conversely, a well-balanced pay plan can improve worker productivity and motivation while empowering stakeholders to make wise investment choices.
PubMed: 38655360
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27851 -
Heliyon Apr 2024This study explored relationships between academic entitlement (AE) and Ratemyprofessors.com (RMP) use. It also investigated, while controlling for AE, if RMP evaluation...
Academic entitlement and Ratemyprofessors.com evaluations bias student teaching evaluations: Implications for faculty evaluation and policy-lenient professors' occupational health.
This study explored relationships between academic entitlement (AE) and Ratemyprofessors.com (RMP) use. It also investigated, while controlling for AE, if RMP evaluation positivity influences students' intentions to ask for policy exemptions, beliefs professors would provide them, intentions to reward and punish professors contingent upon provision of policy exemptions by improving or lowering their student teaching evaluations, and intentions to evaluate and reenroll with professors. Following exposure to RMP evaluations, participants ( = 320) rated their intentions and beliefs toward a fictional professor. They also completed an AE measure. AE was related to frequency of writing RMP evaluations as well as participants' intentions to ask for exemptions, beliefs they would receive them, and intentions to reward and punish professors. RMP evaluation positivity affected participants' intentions to ask for and beliefs they would receive policy exemptions as well as intention to evaluate and reenroll with professors. Effects did not differ by professor or student gender. Participants reported intention to improve the evaluation of professors who provide any policy exemption. This study's findings suggest that student attitudes related to AE and impacted by RMP evaluations have significant implications for professors' occupational health via requests for policy exemptions and the consequences of professors' responses to them. These findings also contribute to the body of evidence that student teaching evaluations do not exclusively measure teaching effectiveness. Similar to grade leniency, policy leniency may bias student teaching evaluations. These contribute to the ongoing discussion of the use of student teaching evaluations in faculty personnel decisions and underscore the need for robust approaches to professor evaluation.
PubMed: 38655302
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29473