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Revista Do Instituto de Medicina... Jan 2024[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946202365001].
[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946202365001].
PubMed: 38198378
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-9946202466001err -
International Medical Case Reports... 2024We report a fatal case of massive airway bleeding caused by pulmonary strongyloidiasis in a patient with a transplanted kidney.
INTRODUCTION
We report a fatal case of massive airway bleeding caused by pulmonary strongyloidiasis in a patient with a transplanted kidney.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 47-year-old male, regularly taking immunosuppressants post-kidney transplant, visited our hospital with symptoms of abdominal bloating, nausea, and emesis persisting for three days. After hospitalization, he developed a cough, hemoptysis, and respiratory failure. Sputum analysis confirmed an infestation with Strongyloides stercoralis. Despite receiving albendazole therapy and bronchoscopic management for bronchial hemorrhage, the patient ultimately died due to acute respiratory and circulatory collapse triggered by severe airway bleeding.
CONCLUSION
Patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation are at increased risk for disseminated strongyloidiasis. Consequently, infectious disease screening prior to transplantation, along with essential preventive pharmacotherapy, is of paramount importance.
PubMed: 38196944
DOI: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S442535 -
Parasitology Mar 2024Some serology assays demonstrated useful for post-treatment monitoring of infection. Serology frequently has low specificity, which might be improved by the use of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Some serology assays demonstrated useful for post-treatment monitoring of infection. Serology frequently has low specificity, which might be improved by the use of recombinant antigens. The Strongy Detect ELISA is based on 2 recombinant antigens (SsIR and NIE) and proved good accuracy. Aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of this test for the post-treatment monitoring of strongyloidiasis. We tested 38 paired sera, with matched fecal tests results, stored in our biobank and originating from a randomized controlled trial. At baseline, all patients tested positive for at least 1 fecal assay among PCR, direct stool microscopy and agar plate culture. Patients were re-tested with both serology and fecal assays 12 months after treatment. Primary outcome was the relative reduction in optical density (OD) between baseline and follow up. We observed that about 95% samples showed a reduction between pre and post-treatment OD, with a median relative reduction of 93.9% (IQR 77.3%–98.1%). In conclusion, the test proved reliable for post-treatment monitoring. However, some technical issues, including that the threshold for positivity has not be predefined, and that a substantial number of samples showed overflow signals, need to be fixed to permit use in routine practice.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Strongyloides stercoralis; Follow-Up Studies; Antibodies, Helminth; Strongyloidiasis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 38185819
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182024000027 -
Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 2024Canine strongyloidosis by Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic disease emerging in Europe, which represents both a veterinary clinical issue and a public health...
Canine strongyloidosis by Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic disease emerging in Europe, which represents both a veterinary clinical issue and a public health challenge because of the zoonotic potential. The disease, not yet frequent in Europe, could induce severe clinical signs in dogs; thus, an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are desirable. The aim of the present work is to retrospectively investigate the clinical and paraclinical findings in sick dogs naturally infected by S. stercoralis, with particular attention to ultrasound (US) changes at the gastrointestinal level. Twelve dogs were included in the study. The diagnosis was made by means of larval morphological identification on faecal samples and PCR. Most dogs presented with gastrointestinal signs; diarrhea and weight loss were the most common presenting complaint. Only one dog showed respiratory signs, associated to a parasitic cutaneous nodule. Hypoproteinaemia, anaemia, leucocytosis and an increase in alpha2-globulin fraction at serum protein electrophoresis were common (>50%) but not constant findings. The most reported US picture was a fluid-filled, distended, atonic small intestine mostly associated with altered wall layering, while the wall thickness commonly associated with chronic enteritis was only rarely reported. These changes, associated with other clinical and paraclinical alterations, could increase the suspicion of canine strongyloidosis and may direct clinicians to include strongyloidosis in the differential diagnosis of dogs with diarrhea. The histological examination at the intestinal level, available in five dogs, revealed the presence of parasites from the full-thickness biopsy, but not from the endoscopic biopsy. The critical points of diagnosis in clinical practice are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Dog Diseases; Strongyloidiasis; Male; Female; Retrospective Studies; Feces; Strongyloides stercoralis; Ultrasonography; Diarrhea
PubMed: 38184143
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100845 -
Journal of Parasitology Research 2023Gastrointestinal parasites cause health problems and even death in captive animals. These animals are more susceptible to parasitic infestations because of confinement...
Gastrointestinal parasites cause health problems and even death in captive animals. These animals are more susceptible to parasitic infestations because of confinement and stress. The aim of the study is to describe parasitic causal agents in captive wild animals at the Bangladesh National Zoo, Chittagong Zoo, and Tilagarh Eco Park, in Sylhet. A total of 54 fecal samples were collected from the Bangladesh Zoo, Chittagong Zoo, and Tilagarh Eco Park from April 2022 to November 2022. Samples were collected from animals of the groups Aves (16), Reptiles (4), Artiodactyla (23), Perissodactyla (8), and Proboscidea (3). All samples were examined using a modified formalin ether sedimentation technique. Fecal examination consoled an overall occurrence of 61.1%. Out of 54 samples, 33 were positive for parasitic infection. The parasites observed were as follows: Ascarididae eggs (57.58%), spp. (18.18%), spp. (9.09%), spp. (6.06%), and mixed infection (9.09%). The order Reptiles had a 100% infection rate, while Aves had the lowest infection rate (50%). Only nematodes were detected in this study. Without showing evident, clinical signs and symptoms of disease, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites is high. This indicates a subclinical infection. This study shows that more epidemiological research and sanitation management programs, including regular antihelminthic therapy for controlling parasitic infection, should be adopted in zoos and ecoparks.
PubMed: 38179198
DOI: 10.1155/2023/3692471 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Nov 2023Helminthiases inflict annual losses on the meat and dairy livestock industries. The commonest species of ruminant parasites are the nematodes: and , which lay eggs in...
BACKGROUND
Helminthiases inflict annual losses on the meat and dairy livestock industries. The commonest species of ruminant parasites are the nematodes: and , which lay eggs in the intestine and enter the feces. There, the eggs develop into larvae, which when voided with the feces crawl onto plants.
METHODS
In our experiment, we evaluated the survivability of the noninvasive and invasive (L1-2 and L3, respectively) larvae of , (L3), and (L1) by subjecting each to natural compounds present in the essential oils of many plants. In the experiment, we used aqueous emulsions of eugenol, isoeugenol, thymol, and carvacrol.
RESULTS
Administering 1% concentrations of those compounds killed 100% of the nematode larvae following 24 h of exposure. Thymol, eugenol, and isoeugenol at a concentration of 0.1% also caused high larvae mortality (over 96%).
CONCLUSIONS
Continuous usage of synthetic anthelmintic drugs in veterinary medicine has led to the parasites developing resistance, thus, a search for novel nematicidal drugs is required. Eugenol, isoeugenol, thymol, and carvacrol are promising compounds against nematodes. However, additional research is required regarding peculiarities in their actions toward the bodies of mammals and parasitic nematodes.
Topics: Animals; Thymol; Eugenol; Nematoda; Larva; Mammals
PubMed: 38163936
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbe1504025 -
Heliyon Jan 2024Pulmonary strongyloidiasis is a rare infection in patients with autoimmune diseases, and immunosuppression can lead to the development of hyperinfection syndrome with a...
Pulmonary strongyloidiasis is a rare infection in patients with autoimmune diseases, and immunosuppression can lead to the development of hyperinfection syndrome with a high mortality rate. We present a case of a 78-year-old male with previous idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) with interstitial lung disease. He developed hyperinfection syndrome and respiratory failure, and diagnostic metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) confirmed the presence of . After treatment with ivermectin, the patient's symptoms improved. Therefore, adequate screening and prophylactic treatment are needed for people at risk of immunosuppression, which can reduce the occurrence of the devastating hyperinfection syndrome. It also highlights mNGS as a highly accurate test for the detection of difficult to atypical pathogens.
PubMed: 38148807
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23484 -
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2024We aimed to evaluate the performance of a novel multiplex serological assay, able to simultaneously detect IgG of six infections, as a screening tool for imported...
BACKGROUND
We aimed to evaluate the performance of a novel multiplex serological assay, able to simultaneously detect IgG of six infections, as a screening tool for imported diseases in migrants.
METHODS
Six panels of 40 (n = 240) anonymized serum samples with confirmed infections were used as positive controls to assess the multiplex assay's sensitivity. One panel of 40 sera from non-infected subjects was used to estimate the seropositivity cutoffs, and 32 non-infected sera were used as negative controls to estimate each serology's sensitivity and specificity. The multi-infection screening test was validated in a prospective cohort of 48 migrants from endemic areas. The sensitivity of the Luminex assay was calculated as the proportion of positive results over all positive samples identified by reference tests. The specificity was calculated using 32 negative samples. Uncertainty was quantified with 95 % confidence intervals using receiver operating characteristic analyses.
RESULTS
The sensitivity/specificity were 100 %/100 % for HIV (gp41 antigen), 97.5 %/100 % for Hepatitis B virus (HBV-core antigen), 100 %/100 % for Hepatitis C virus (HCV-core antigen), 92.5 %/90.6 % for strongyloidiasis [31-kDa recombinant antigen (NIE)], 97.5 %/100 % for schistosomiasis (combined serpin Schistosoma mansoni and S.haematobium antigens) and 95 %/90.6 % for Chagas disease [combined Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP11) and paraflagellar rod proteins 2 (PFR2) antigens]. In the migrant cohort, antibody response to the combination of the T.cruzi antigens correctly identified 100 % individuals, whereas HBV-core antigen correctly identified 91.7 % and Strongyloides-NIE antigen 86.4 %.
CONCLUSIONS
We developed a new, robust and accurate 8-plex Luminex assay that could facilitate the implementation of screening programmes targeting migrant populations.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Transients and Migrants; Prospective Studies; Schistosomiasis; Immunoassay; Schistosoma mansoni; Hepatitis C; Hepacivirus
PubMed: 38141899
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102681 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2023Gastrointestinal helminth parasites continue to be a significant threat to the health of equine. OvaCyte Telenostic (OCT) (Telenostic Ltd., Kilkenny, Ireland) has...
Gastrointestinal helminth parasites continue to be a significant threat to the health of equine. OvaCyte Telenostic (OCT) (Telenostic Ltd., Kilkenny, Ireland) has developed an automated digital microscope utilising Artificial Intelligence to identify and count the clinically important helminth species in equine, bovine, and ovine host species. In this paper, the performance of the OCT analyser was evaluated for the detection and counting of equine helminth species parasites and its performance compared to the currently accepted benchmark methods of faecal egg counts being the McMaster and the Mini-FLOTAC techniques. A pairwise comparison of tests was assessed based on the correlation of egg counts and Cohen's kappa agreement statistics for dichotomized outcomes. Bayesian latent class analysis was used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of all three techniques in the absence of a gold standard for four helminth parasites (strongyles, spp., spp. and ). Based on the analysis of 783 equine faecal samples, we found a high level (ρ ≥ 0.94) of correlation between each pairwise comparison of techniques for strongyle egg counts. Cohen's kappa agreement between techniques was high for strongyles and , moderate for spp., and low for spp. All three techniques had a high sensitivity and specificity (>0.90) for strongyles. Across helminth parasites, the sensitivity of the OCT was the highest of the three techniques evaluated for strongyles (0.98 v 0.96 and 0.94), spp. (0.86 v 0.44 and 0.46) and spp. (0.96 v 0.83 and 0.96); but lowest for (0.74 v 0.88 and 0.88), compared to McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC, respectively. In terms of specificity, OCT was the lowest in two species ( spp. 0.96, spp. 0.95). In conclusion, OCT has a sensitivity and specificity statistically similar to both McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC, and had a higher correlation with Mini-FLOTAC. The OCT point of care faecal analyser offers improved workflow, test turn-around time and does not require trained laboratory personnel to operate or interpret the results.
PubMed: 38136911
DOI: 10.3390/ani13243874