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Scientific Reports Jan 2024Surveillance of endemic pathogens is essential for disease control, providing an evidence base for policy and advice. Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BoHV-1), the causative...
Surveillance of endemic pathogens is essential for disease control, providing an evidence base for policy and advice. Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BoHV-1), the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), has been found to have high seroprevalence within the Irish cattle population. The aim of the present study was to establish seroprevalence levels for culled cattle in Ireland aged < 30 months and to establish whether BVD exposure and other factors was associated with BoHV-1 exposure. We employed random effects logit models coupled with repeated bootstrap sampling to provide robust estimates. The final dataset contained results for 5273 animals tested over two study years, 2018 and 2020. The animal-level seroprevalence of BoHV-1 was 21.43% (1130/5273; 95%CI: 20.32-22.53%). Univariable analysis suggested that BoHV-1 seropositivity risk was associated with BVDV serodiagnosis status, age, sex, year sampled, herd type, herd-size, and metrics of movement into the herd. Final random-effects multivariable models suggested increased risk associated with increasing herd size of the last herd, movements made by animals during the previous year, and the year the animal was sampled. Despite BVDV status and sex being retained in the final model, repeated bootstrap sampling of the regression model to estimate biased-corrected 95%CI suggested that these associations were not robust. The overall apparent prevalence of BoHV-1 exposure for culled cattle in Ireland declined in 2020 relative to 2018 (from 23.32 to 17.61%). Herd-size and the movement of animals were found to be important factors associated with animal-level risk, but there was less statistical support for sex-based or BVDV status associations.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Coinfection; Ireland; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Risk Factors; Pestivirus Infections; Diarrhea
PubMed: 38195809
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50433-5 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2024The only natural hosts of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) are members of the family Suidae (Sus scrofa scrofa). In mammals, the infection is usually fatal and typically causes...
BACKGROUND
The only natural hosts of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) are members of the family Suidae (Sus scrofa scrofa). In mammals, the infection is usually fatal and typically causes serious neurologic disease. This study describes four Aujeszky's disease cases in free-ranging Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus). In Italy, the wolf is a strictly protected species and is in demographic expansion.
CASE PRESENTATION
Three wolves (Wolf A, B, and C) were found in a regional park in Northern Italy, and one (Wolf D) was found in Central Italy. Wolf A and D were alive at the time of the finding and exhibited a fatal infection with epileptic seizures and dyspnoea, dying after a few hours. Wolf B presented scratching lesions under the chin and a detachment of the right earlobe, whilst Wolf C was partially eaten. The wolves showed hepatic congestion, diffuse enteritis, moderate pericardial effusion, severe bilateral pneumonia, and diffuse hyperaemia in the brain. The diagnostic examinations included virological analyses and detection of toxic molecules able to cause serious neurological signs. All four wolves tested positive for pseudorabies virus (PrV). The analysed sequences were placed in Italian clade 1, which is divided into two subclades, "a" and "b". The sequences of Wolf A, B, and C were closely related to other Italian sequences in the subclade b, originally obtained from wild boars and hunting dogs. The sequence from Wolf D was located within the same clade and was closely related to the French hunting dog sequences belonging to group 4.
CONCLUSION
Results showed the presence of PrV strains currently circulating in wild boars and free-ranging Italian wolves. The genetic characterisation of the PrV UL44 sequences from the four wolves confirmed the close relationship with the sequences from wild boars and hunting dogs. This fact supports a possible epidemiological link with the high PrV presence in wild boars and the possibility of infection in wolves through consumption of infected wild boar carcasses or indirect transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first detection of Pseudorabies virus in free-ranging Italian wolves in northern and central Italy.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Swine; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Wolves; Pseudorabies; Italy; Sus scrofa; Dog Diseases; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 38172819
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03857-0 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an immunosuppressive virus that causes significant damage to the pig industry. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PRV on...
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an immunosuppressive virus that causes significant damage to the pig industry. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PRV on oxidative stress and apoptotic related in the spleen of mice to provide basis knowledge for further research on the pathogenesis of PRV in mice model. 36 mice were randomly two groups, the control group which only received 200 μL PBS and infection group which was subcutaneously infected with 200 μL of 1 × 10 TCID/100 μL PRV, respectively. Spleen tissues in each group were collected for further experiments at 48, 72, and 96 h post-infection (hpi). Pathological observation was performed by hematoxylin and eosin Y staining. Biochemical and Flow cytometry methods were used to determine the reactive oxygen species profile and apoptosis of the spleen post-infection and apoptosis detection. In addition, q-PCR and Western blot were adopted to measure the apoptotic conditions of the spleen infected with PRV. The results indicated that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the PRV infection group was remarkedly increased (p < 0.01) at a time-dependent pattern. Furthermore, the Malondialdehyde levels in the spleen of mice in the infection group increased (p < 0.01) in a time-dependent mode. However, the activity of Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase and the content of Glutathione in the infection group were decreased with the control group (p < 0.01) at a time-dependent manner. In addition, the ratio of splenocyte apoptosis in the infection group significantly increased (p < 0.01) in a time-dependent manner. In conclusion, PRV infection causes apoptosis of the spleen via oxidative stress in mice.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Swine; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Pseudorabies; Spleen; Reactive Oxygen Species; Oxidative Stress; Apoptosis
PubMed: 38155259
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50431-7 -
BMJ Open Dec 2023Although the herpes zoster vaccine has been available in mainland China since June 2020, residents' knowledge of herpes zoster and the herpes zoster vaccine is poor, and...
OBJECTIVE
Although the herpes zoster vaccine has been available in mainland China since June 2020, residents' knowledge of herpes zoster and the herpes zoster vaccine is poor, and vaccination rates are low, especially among the elderly, who are at high risk for herpes zoster. This study assessed willingness to be vaccinated against herpes zoster and factors associated with vaccination among urban residents in China.
METHODS
A mixed-methods study was conducted in community health centres from August 2022 to September 2022. We used convenience sampling to select 2864 residents from 9 Chinese cities for the quantitative study and 67 adults for the qualitative study. A structured questionnaire was used for the quantitative study, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with willingness to vaccinate. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis of barriers to herpes zoster vaccination.
RESULTS
A total of 2864 eligible respondents were included in the study. Of these, 42.67% intended to receive the herpes zoster vaccine, 21.44% refused and 35.89% were hesitant. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that the factors associated with respondents' willingness to be vaccinated against herpes zoster included: personal characteristics such as gender, age and income; knowledge and attitudes about herpes zoster and the vaccine; vaccine characteristics such as efficacy, safety and price; and other factors such as pain tolerance and accessibility to vaccination.
CONCLUSION
The low willingness to vaccinate, especially among the elderly, is mainly related to their poor knowledge and negative attitude towards the infection and vaccination. Therefore, health education about herpes zoster, immunisation promotion, and improvement of accessibility and affordability would be valuable in China.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Aged; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Urban Population; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccines; Vaccination; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
PubMed: 38149414
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079115 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Dexamethasone is routinely administered to horses but its effect on the antibody response to a commercial EIV/EHV vaccine is unclear.
BACKGROUND
Dexamethasone is routinely administered to horses but its effect on the antibody response to a commercial EIV/EHV vaccine is unclear.
HYPOTHESIS
Horses receiving dexamethasone will have lower postvaccination antibody levels against EIV and EHV-1 than vaccinated controls.
ANIMALS
Fifty-five healthy adult research horses.
METHODS
Randomized cohort study. Control (no vaccine, group 1), vaccination only (EIV/EHV-1/EHV-4, Prestige 2, Merck Animal Health, group 2), vaccination and concurrent single intravenous dose of dexamethasone (approximately .05 mg/kg, group 3), vaccination and 3 intravenous doses of dexamethasone at 24 hours intervals (group 4). Serum SAA levels were measured on day 1 and day 3. Antibody levels against EIV (hemagglutination inhibition assay, Kentucky 2014 antigen) and EHV-1 (multiplex ELISA targeting total IgG and IgG 4/7) were measured on day 1 and day 30.
RESULTS
Significantly increased mean antibody titers after vaccination were only noted against EIV and only after the vaccination alone (n = 14, prevaccine mean [prvm] 166.9, SD 259.6, 95% CI 16.95-316.8; postvaccine mean [povm] 249.1, SD 257.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 100.6-397.6, P = .02) and the single dose dexamethasone (n = 14, prvm 93.14, SD 72.2, CI 51.45-134.8; povm 185.1, SD 118, CI 116.7-253.6, P = .01), but not after multiple doses of dexamethasone (n = 14, prvm 194.3, SD 258.3, CI 45.16-343.4; povm 240.0, SD 235.7, CI 103.9-376.1, P > .05).
CONCLUSION
The effect of dexamethasone on the postvaccine antibody response varies depending on the dosing frequency and the antigen-specific antibody type.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Horses; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Antibody Formation; Cohort Studies; Antibodies, Viral; Herpesvirus 4, Equid; Vaccines; Vaccination; Horse Diseases; Immunoglobulin G; Orthomyxoviridae; Dexamethasone; Herpesviridae Infections
PubMed: 38141173
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16978 -
Viruses Nov 2023Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute... (Review)
Review
Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute and chronic allograft failure, infectious complications are highly incident. Viral infections represent nearly 30% of all infectious complications, with herpes viruses playing an important role in the development of acute and chronic diseases. Among them, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, being associated with an increased risk of chronic lung allograft failure. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with transformation of infected B cells with the development of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). Similarly, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 can also be responsible for acute manifestations in lung transplant patients. During these last years, new, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests have been developed, and preventive and prophylactic strategies have been studied aiming to reduce and prevent the incidence of these viral infections. In this narrative review, we explore epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment options for more frequent herpes virus infections in lung transplant patients.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesviridae Infections; Lung Transplantation; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Simplexvirus; Herpes Zoster
PubMed: 38140567
DOI: 10.3390/v15122326 -
Viruses Nov 2023Herpes zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The subunit vaccine, Shingrix, and live attenuated vaccine, Zostavax,...
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The subunit vaccine, Shingrix, and live attenuated vaccine, Zostavax, could be used as an HZ vaccine that prevents HZ from being developed due to the reactivation of latent VZV in the sensory ganglia due to aging, stress or immunosuppression. In this study, the recombinant adenoviruses rChAd63/gE expressing glycoprotein E (gE) of VZV based on chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) were constructed and investigated for the immunogenicity of different immune pathways in C57BL/6 mice. The results showed similar CD4 T and CD8 T cell responses to Shingrix were induced in mice vaccinated using rChAd63/gE via different immune pathways. This study elucidates that recombinant adenoviruses expressing VZV gE could be appropriate for further development as a new HZ vaccine candidate via different immune pathways.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Viral Envelope Proteins; Recombinant Proteins
PubMed: 38140528
DOI: 10.3390/v15122288 -
PloS One 2023Meningoencephalitis in children poses a diagnostic challenge, as etiology remains unknown for most of patients. Viral metagenomics by shotgun sequencing represents a...
INTRODUCTION
Meningoencephalitis in children poses a diagnostic challenge, as etiology remains unknown for most of patients. Viral metagenomics by shotgun sequencing represents a powerful tool for investigating unknown viral infections related to these cases.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In a two-year, reference-centre, retrospective study, we investigated the usefulness of viral metagenomics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the diagnosis of viral infectious meningoencephalitis in forty seven pediatric patients, forty of them previously tested negative with a routine neurologic panel of viral targets that included herpesvirus 1-3 and enterovirus. We enhanced the detection by targeting viral sequences by hybrid capture. Raw sequence data was analysed using three bioinformatics pipelines.
RESULTS
Out of forty remaining children with meningoencephalitis of unknown viral etiology, a significant detection of viral nucleic acid by shotgun sequencing was found in twenty one, which was confirmed in ten of them by specific PCR: seven human endogenous retrovirus K113 (HER K113), one parechovirus 3, one human herpesvirus 5 (HHV5); one enterovirus B (Echovirus 9). The remaining eleven CSF were not confirmed by PCR: three rotavirus, one human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7), one influenza A, one mastadenovirus C, one sindbis virus, one torque teno virus, one human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), one human alphaherpesvirus 3 (HHV3), one human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HHV2).
CONCLUSIONS
Underutilization of currently available meningitis-encephalitis diagnostic techniques such as BioFire® FilmArray® is the main cause of undiagnosed cases of meningoencephalitis. However, in this study we detected uncommon viruses that should be considered, including virus, rotavirus, sindbis virus, influenza A virus and HHV7. No other viral sequences that could be readily linked to CNS inflammation were detected. Some findings may stem from reagent or sample contamination, as seen with papillomavirus; for others, the clinical relevance of the virus remains uncertain and should be substantiated by further studies, as is the case with endogenous retrovirus K113 virus. Online bioinformatics pipeline CZID represents a valuable tool for analysing shotgun sequencing data in cases of neurological conditions with unknown etiology. Altogether, this study highlights the potential of shotgun sequencing in identifying previously unknown viral neuropathogens and sheds light on the interpretation issues related to its application in clinical microbiology.
Topics: Humans; Child; Retrospective Studies; Meningoencephalitis; Viruses; Virus Diseases; Inflammation; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Metagenomics
PubMed: 38127927
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296036 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2023Feline herpesvirus type 1 (HVF-1) is the infectious agent of feline viral rhinotracheitis. The main clinical signs are cough, nasal and eye discharge, fever,...
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (HVF-1) is the infectious agent of feline viral rhinotracheitis. The main clinical signs are cough, nasal and eye discharge, fever, conjunctivitis and sneezing. Although the occurrence of the virus is known in some regions of Brazil, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), there is no epidemiological information about its frequency. Thus, this study aimed to determine the frequency of feline herpesvirus type 1 in the region, and to evaluate its possible association with clinical and epidemiological factors. Ocular, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs, and blood were collected from 152 animals and analyzed through PCR and sequencing. In addition, epidemiological and clinical data were obtained through clinical examination and anamnesis. FHV-1 was detected in samples from 84 (55.26%) animals. There was no association between infection and age or sex. However, there was a significant association between infection and nasal (p < 0.0001) and ocular (p = 0.014) discharge and sneezing (p = 0.001). The results demonstrate the occurrence of the virus in domestic cats in the region with a high frequency of infection. Thus, FHV-1 should be considered as a potential causal agent of upper respiratory tract disease in domestic cats from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Brazil; Sneezing; Varicellovirus; Herpesviridae Infections
PubMed: 38126435
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320221010 -
Virology Journal Dec 2023Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes substantial losses in the swine industry worldwide. Attenuated PRV strains with deletions of immunomodulatory genes glycoprotein E (gE),...
BACKGROUND
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes substantial losses in the swine industry worldwide. Attenuated PRV strains with deletions of immunomodulatory genes glycoprotein E (gE), glycoprotein I (gI) and thymidine kinase (TK) are candidate vaccines. However, the effects of gE/gI/TK deletions on PRV-host interactions are not well understood.
METHODS
To characterize the impact of gE/gI/TK deletions on host cells, we analyzed and compared the transcriptomes of PK15 cells infected with wild-type PRV (SD2017), PRV with gE/gI/TK deletions (SD2017gE/gI/TK) using RNA-sequencing.
RESULTS
The attenuated SD2017gE/gI/TK strain showed increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and pathways related to immunity compared to wild-type PRV. Cell cycle regulation and metabolic pathways were also perturbed.
CONCLUSIONS
Deletion of immunomodulatory genes altered PRV interactions with host cells and immune responses. This study provides insights into PRV vaccine design.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Pseudorabies; Thymidine Kinase; Viral Envelope Proteins; Glycoproteins; Swine Diseases; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 38115115
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02265-y