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Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024Varicella vaccine was first licensed in Japan and South Korea in 1989 for use in healthy children and was introduced in US in 1995. So far, 29 countries have adopted...
Varicella vaccine was first licensed in Japan and South Korea in 1989 for use in healthy children and was introduced in US in 1995. So far, 29 countries have adopted varicella vaccine in their universal immunization program (UIP). No Asian country, India included, has adopted the varicella vaccine as part of their UIP. The extra-cutaneous sites for VZV diseases are central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, the expanded disease spectrum includes vasculopathy, myelitis, inflammatory bowel disease, perforated ulcers, and gastritis. The actual disease burden of varicella is not known as most of the infected individuals may not visit the physician. The amplifiable VZV DNA will not always be detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in protracted illnesses such as vasculopathies, but demonstrable anti-VZV IgG in CSF has diagnostic value. The World Health Organization (WHO) position paper 2014 recommends two doses of varicella and zoster vaccines in targeted population. In India, varicella vaccine is not included in the UIP due to the cost and the belief that lifelong immunity occurs following primary infection. The expanded spectrum of VZV disease and the mounting body of evidence, however, suggest the need for both varicella and zoster vaccines in routine immunization schedule.
Topics: Child; Humans; Chickenpox; Herpes Zoster; Chickenpox Vaccine; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccination; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Vaccines, Attenuated; India
PubMed: 38517089
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2328955 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Mar 2024The burden of herpes zoster (shingles) virus and associated complications, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, is higher in older adults and has a significant impact on... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Immune response to the recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in people living with HIV over 50 years of age compared to non-HIV age-/gender-matched controls (SHINGR'HIV): a multicenter, international, non-randomized clinical trial study protocol.
BACKGROUND
The burden of herpes zoster (shingles) virus and associated complications, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, is higher in older adults and has a significant impact on quality of life. The incidence of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to an age-matched general population, including PLWH on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) with no detectable viremia and normal CD4 counts. PLWH - even on effective ART may- exhibit sustained immune dysfunction, as well as defects in cells involved in the response to vaccines. In the context of herpes zoster, it is therefore important to assess the immune response to varicella zoster virus vaccination in older PLWH and to determine whether it significantly differs to that of HIV-uninfected healthy adults or younger PLWH. We aim at bridging these knowledge gaps by conducting a multicentric, international, non-randomised clinical study (SHINGR'HIV) with prospective data collection after vaccination with an adjuvant recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in two distinct populations: in PLWH on long-term ART (> 10 years) over 50 years of and age/gender matched controls.
METHODS
We will recruit participants from two large established HIV cohorts in Switzerland and in France in addition to age-/gender-matched HIV-uninfected controls. Participants will receive two doses of RZV two months apart. In depth-evaluation of the humoral, cellular, and innate immune responses and safety profile of the RZV will be performed to address the combined effect of aging and potential immune deficiencies due to chronic HIV infection. The primary study outcome will compare the geometric mean titer (GMT) of gE-specific total IgG measured 1 month after the second dose of RZV between different age groups of PLWH and between PLWH and age-/gender-matched HIV-uninfected controls.
DISCUSSION
The SHINGR'HIV trial will provide robust data on the immunogenicity and safety profile of RZV in older PLWH to support vaccination guidelines in this population.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05575830. Registered on 12 October 2022. Eu Clinical Trial Register (EUCT number 2023-504482-23-00).
Topics: Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Neuralgia, Postherpetic; HIV Infections; Quality of Life; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccines, Synthetic; Immunity; Multicenter Studies as Topic
PubMed: 38504173
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09192-5 -
Vaccine Apr 2024Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, employed primarily for manufacturing monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant protein (r-protein) therapeutics, are emerging as a... (Review)
Review
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, employed primarily for manufacturing monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant protein (r-protein) therapeutics, are emerging as a promising host for vaccine antigen production. This is exemplified by the recently approved CHO cell-derived subunit vaccines (SUV) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), as well as the enveloped virus-like particle (eVLP) vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here, we summarize the design, production, and immunogenicity features of these vaccine and review the most recent progress of other CHO-derived vaccines in pre-clinical and clinical development. We also discuss the challenges associated with vaccine production in CHO cells, with a focus on ensuring viral clearance for eVLP products.
Topics: Cricetinae; Animals; Humans; CHO Cells; Cricetulus; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccines, Subunit; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines
PubMed: 38503664
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.034 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024This qualitative, cross-sectional study aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators related to the adherence and completion of the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV)...
Attitudes, barriers, and facilitators to adherent completion of the recombinant zoster vaccine regimen in Canada: Qualitative interviews with healthcare providers and patients.
This qualitative, cross-sectional study aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators related to the adherence and completion of the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) two-dose series in Canada, as perceived by healthcare providers (HCPs) and patients. Data collection occurred via 60-minute concept elicitation interviews with 12 HCPs (4 physicians, 2 nurse practitioners, 6 pharmacists) who had prescribed and/or administered RZV in Canada, and 21 patients aged ≥50 years who had received ≥1 dose of RZV. Patients were categorized as adherent (received both doses within the recommended 2-to-6-month timeframe; = 11) or non-adherent (received only one dose or second dose outside the recommended timeframe; = 10). Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using a two-part thematic analysis approach. HCP-identified barriers to RZV adherence included high out-of-pocket cost, inconsistent/lack of health plan coverage, inconvenient processes for accessing RZV, and patient forgetfulness. HCP-identified facilitators included desire for shingles protection, HCP encouragement, and reminders. Barriers to RZV adherence identified by patients included lack of HCP knowledge/experience with RZV, receiving unreliable/confusing information, having unpleasant/severe side effects following the first dose, high out-of-pocket cost, lack of insurance coverage, and forgetfulness. Patient-identified facilitators included self-motivation, financial support, convenient processes for obtaining RZV, and reminders. In conclusion, many factors can influence RZV series completion and adherence among adults in Canada, including cost, insurance coverage, HCP knowledge and encouragement, and reminders. Awareness of these factors may inform HCPs in helping patients overcome barriers and identify opportunities for future consideration, facilitating protection against herpes zoster.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccines, Synthetic; Health Personnel; Canada
PubMed: 38502342
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2317595 -
Journal of Virology Apr 2024Equine herpesvirus type 8 (EHV-8) causes abortion and respiratory disease in horses and donkeys, leading to serious economic losses in the global equine industry....
Equine herpesvirus type 8 (EHV-8) causes abortion and respiratory disease in horses and donkeys, leading to serious economic losses in the global equine industry. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or drug against EHV-8 infection, underscoring the need for a novel antiviral drug to prevent EHV-8-induced latent infection and decrease the pathogenicity of this virus. The present study demonstrated that hyperoside can exert antiviral effects against EHV-8 infection in RK-13 (rabbit kidney cells), MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney), and NBL-6 cells (E. Derm cells). Mechanistic investigations revealed that hyperoside induces heme oxygenase-1 expression by activating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 axis, alleviating oxidative stress and triggering a downstream antiviral interferon response. Accordingly, hyperoside inhibits EHV-8 infection. Meanwhile, hyperoside can also mitigate EHV-8-induced injury in the lungs of infected mice. These results indicate that hyperoside may serve as a novel antiviral agent against EHV-8 infection.IMPORTANCEHyperoside has been reported to suppress viral infections, including herpesvirus, hepatitis B virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. However, its mechanism of action against equine herpesvirus type 8 (EHV-8) is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrated that hyperoside significantly inhibits EHV-8 adsorption and internalization in susceptible cells. This process induces HO-1 expression via c-Jun N-terminal kinase/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 axis activation, alleviating oxidative stress and triggering an antiviral interferon response. These findings indicate that hyperoside could be very effective as a drug against EHV-8.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Mice; Rabbits; Antiviral Agents; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horses; Interferons; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; MAP Kinase Signaling System; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Quercetin; Cell Line
PubMed: 38499512
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00159-24 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences of infection are abortion and...
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences of infection are abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The previous consensus statement was published in 2009 and considered pathogenesis, strain variation, epidemiology, diagnostic testing, vaccination, outbreak prevention and control, and treatment. A recent survey of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine large animal diplomates identified the need for a revision to this original consensus statement. This updated consensus statement is underpinned by 4 systematic reviews that addressed key questions concerning vaccination, pharmaceutical treatment, pathogenesis, and diagnostic testing. Evidence for successful vaccination against, or effective treatment of EHV-1 infection was limited, and improvements in experimental design and reporting of results are needed in future studies of this important disease. This consensus statement also updates the topics considered previously in 2009.
Topics: Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horses; Horse Diseases; Herpesviridae Infections; Pregnancy; Female
PubMed: 38497217
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17047 -
BMC Veterinary Research Mar 2024Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV) and Feline calicivirus (FCV) are the primary co-infecting pathogens that cause upper respiratory tract disease in cats. However, there...
BACKGROUND
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV) and Feline calicivirus (FCV) are the primary co-infecting pathogens that cause upper respiratory tract disease in cats. However, there are currently no visual detection assays available for on-site testing. Here, we develop an ultrasensitive and visual detection method based on dual recombinase polymerase amplification (dRPA) reaction and the hybrid Cas12a/Cas13a trans-cleavage activities in a one-tube reaction system, referred to as one-tube dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay.
RESULTS
The recombinant plasmid DNAs, crRNAs, and RPA oligonucleotides targeting the FCV ORF1 gene and FHV-1 TK gene were meticulously prepared. Subsequently, dual RPA reactions were performed followed by screening of essential reaction components for hybrid CRISPR-Cas12a (targeting the FHV-1 TK gene) and CRISPR-Cas13a (targeting the FCV ORF1 gene) trans-cleavage reaction. As a result, we successfully established an ultra-sensitive and visually detectable method for simultaneous detection of FCV and FHV-1 nucleic acids using dRPA and CRISPR/Cas-powered technology in one-tube reaction system. Visual readouts were displayed using either a fluorescence detector (Fluor-based assay) or lateral flow dipsticks (LDF-based assay). As expected, this optimized assay exhibited high specificity towards only FHV-1 and FCV without cross-reactivity with other feline pathogens while achieving accurate detection for both targets with limit of detection at 2.4 × 10 copies/μL for the FHV-1 TK gene and 5.5 copies/μL for the FCV ORF1 gene, respectively. Furthermore, field detection was conducted using the dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay and the reference real-time PCR methods for 56 clinical samples collected from cats with URTD. Comparatively, the results of Fluor-based assay were in exceptional concordance with the reference real-time PCR methods, resulting in high sensitivity (100% for both FHV-1 and FCV), specificity (100% for both FHV-1 and FCV), as well as consistency (Kappa values were 1.00 for FHV-1 and FCV). However, several discordant results for FHV-1 detection were observed by LDF-based assay, which suggests its prudent use and interpretaion for clinical detection. In spite of this, incorporating dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay and visual readouts will facilitate rapid and accurate detection of FHV-1 and FCV in resource-limited settings.
CONCLUSIONS
The one-tube dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay enables simultaneously ultrasensitive and visual detection of FHV-1 and FCV with user-friendly modality, providing unparalleled convenience for FHV-1 and FCV co-infection surveillance and decision-making of URTD management.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Calicivirus, Feline; Herpesviridae; Recombinases; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Varicellovirus
PubMed: 38493286
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03953-9 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of two doses of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) against herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in Chinese...
We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of two doses of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) against herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in Chinese adults at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC). Chinese KPSC members were identified based on self-reported ethnicity or self-reported preferred spoken/written language. Those aged ≥50 years who received two doses of RZV 4 weeks to ≤ 6 months apart were matched 1:4 to RZV unvaccinated Chinese members and followed through June 2022; second doses were accrued 6/1/2018-12/31/2020. We estimated incidence and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing outcomes (HZ and PHN). Adjusted VE (%) was calculated as (1-aHR)×100. 3978 RZV vaccinated Chinese members were matched to 15,912 RZV unvaccinated Chinese members. The incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) of HZ in the vaccinated group was 1.5 (0.9-2.5) and 10.9 (9.8-12.1) in the unvaccinated group; aHR (95% CI) was 0.12 (0.07-0.21). Adjusted VE (95% CI) was 87.6% (78.9-92.7) against HZ. We identified 0 PHN cases in the vaccinated group and 19 in the unvaccinated group. Among Chinese adults aged ≥50 years, two doses of RZV provided substantial protection against HZ and PHN supporting the real-world effectiveness of the vaccine in this population.
Topics: Humans; United States; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Herpes Zoster; Neuralgia, Postherpetic; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccines, Synthetic; China
PubMed: 38488143
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2327145 -
Alzheimer's Research & Therapy Mar 2024In this study, the risk of dementia in patients with a history of herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection was evaluated.
BACKGROUND
In this study, the risk of dementia in patients with a history of herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection was evaluated.
METHODS
This nationwide cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service collected between 2006 and 2017. A total of 752,205 subjects ≥ 45 years of age not diagnosed with dementia until 2006 were included. A multivariate Cox regression model, adjusted for age, sex, and other comorbidities, was used to assess the hazard ratio (HR) for dementia based on VZV or HSV infection. The interaction effects of both viral infections were analysed. Viral infections are classified into four categories: eye, central nervous system (CNS), simple, and complicated. The hazard ratio (HR) of viral infection was analysed based on the type of dementia.
RESULTS
In multivariable analysis, both HSV and VZV infection were associated with an increased risk of dementia (HR = 1.38, 95% confidence interval, CI:1.33-1.43) and (HR = 1.41, 95% CI:1.37-1.46), respectively. Patients who experienced both HSV and VZV infections were also at an increased risk of dementia (HR = 1.57, 95% CI:1.50-1.63). The co-infection group showed the shortest time from viral infection to dementia diagnosis (4.09 ± 3.02 years). In the subgroup analysis, all types of HSV and VZV infections were associated with an increased risk of dementia compared to the non-infection group. The eye, CNS, and complicated VZV infections were associated with a significantly higher risk than simple VZV infections. There were no significant differences between the subtypes of HSV infection. Furthermore, HSV, VSV, and co-infection were associated with an increased risk of all dementia types, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD).
CONCLUSIONS
Individual HSV and VZV infections were associated with an increased risk of all types of dementia, including AD and VD. Patients co-infected with HSV and VZV, VZV infection in the eye, CNS, or complicated type were more vulnerable to the development of dementia.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Simplexvirus; Cohort Studies; Retrospective Studies; Coinfection; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Simplex; Virus Diseases; Dementia
PubMed: 38475873
DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01418-7 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2024Compare immune responses induced by 2 commercial intranasal (IN) modified-live viral (MLV) vaccines given individually or coadministered and evaluate prevention of...
No vaccine interference between bovine coronavirus and bovine herpesvirus-1 in a randomized trial when coadministrating two intranasal modified-live viral vaccines to neonatal calves.
OBJECTIVE
Compare immune responses induced by 2 commercial intranasal (IN) modified-live viral (MLV) vaccines given individually or coadministered and evaluate prevention of infection and lung pathology following bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) challenge.
ANIMALS
36 male Holstein calves (ages, 5 to 12 days).
METHODS
In a randomized complete block design, each calf received an IN injection of either vaccine diluent (Placebo), an MLV vaccine containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1; N3), bovine coronavirus vaccine (BC), or both N3 and BC (BC + N3) with a booster 4 weeks later. Nasal secretions and blood were collected weekly. Three weeks after the booster, the calves were challenged with BHV-1, sampled for virus shedding, and euthanized 10 days later to quantify lung pathology. The study period was September 7, 2020, to April 6, 2021.
RESULTS
Calves were seropositive for BHV-1 and BC before vaccination. No significant difference in BC-specific serum immunoglobin G and nasal immunoglobin A antibody responses in the BC versus BC + N3 group or BHV-1-specific serum immunoglobin G and nasal immunoglobin A antibody responses in the N3 versus BC + N3 group. Cytokine responses to BHV-1 and BC did not differ among groups. BHV-1 shedding after challenge was significantly reduced in N3 groups versus Placebo and BC. There was a significant reduction in lung pathology in the N3 + BC group versus Placebo.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This study provides evidence an MLV vaccine containing BHV-1 and an MLV BC vaccine can be coadministered to neonatal calves without significantly altering immune responses to the 2 viruses or compromising the prevention of BHV-1 respiratory disease. Calves receiving the BC + N3 vaccine had a significant reduction in lung pathology after BHV-1 aerosol challenge.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Administration, Intranasal; Male; Viral Vaccines; Animals, Newborn; Vaccines, Attenuated; Coronavirus, Bovine; Cattle Diseases; Coronavirus Infections; Herpesviridae Infections; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Virus Shedding; Antibodies, Viral; Random Allocation
PubMed: 38457927
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.12.0281