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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, characterized by life-threatening and rapidly spreading progression. Traditional targeted therapy can alleviate... (Review)
Review
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, characterized by life-threatening and rapidly spreading progression. Traditional targeted therapy can alleviate tumors by inactivating hyperactive kinases such as BRAF or MEK but inevitably encounters drug resistance. The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized melanoma treatment and significantly improved the prognosis of melanoma patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are intricately involved in innate and adaptive immunity and are implicated in melanoma immunotherapy. This systematic review describes the roles of miRNAs in regulating the functions of immune cells in skin and melanoma, as well as the involvement of miRNAs in pharmacology including the effect, resistance and immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, which are used for treating cutaneous, uveal and mucosal melanoma. The expressions and functions of miRNAs in immunotherapy employing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and Toll-like receptor 9 agonists are also discussed. The prospect of innovative therapeutic strategies such as the combined administration of miRNAs and immune checkpoint inhibitors and the nanotechnology-based delivery of miRNAs are also provided. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between miRNAs and immunotherapy is crucial for the discovery of reliable biomarkers and for the development of novel miRNA-based therapeutics against melanoma.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Melanoma; Immunotherapy; Skin Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy
PubMed: 36499102
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314775 -
Inflammation Research : Official... Dec 2022MiR-155 is a member of the microRNAs (miRNAs) family and regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to the 3'UTR of target mRNA. MiR-155 has a critical... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
MiR-155 is a member of the microRNAs (miRNAs) family and regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to the 3'UTR of target mRNA. MiR-155 has a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. MiR-155 is aberrantly expressed in inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Functional studies suggest that miR-155 is involved in development of these diseases. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that inhibition of miR-155 can alter disease progression or ameliorate disease symptoms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review of relevant literatures published between January 1, 2005, and March 1, 2022 about miR-155 and its role in immune cells, autoimmune diseases was searched on PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar.
CONCLUSION
In this review, we comprehensively discussed the effects of miR-155, including role of miR-155 in different downstream signaling, which then differently regulate immune cells expression and functions. Furthermore, miR-155-mediated dysfunction of immune cells contributed to development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Therefore, miR-155 is expected to be a therapeutic target for inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Humans; Autoimmune Diseases; Sjogren's Syndrome; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 36308539
DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01643-6 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022There is evidence that the adaptive or acquired immune system is one of the crucial variables in differentiating the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),...
BACKGROUND
There is evidence that the adaptive or acquired immune system is one of the crucial variables in differentiating the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This work aimed to analyze the immunopathological aspects of adaptive immunity that are involved in the progression of this disease.
METHODS
This is a systematic review based on articles that included experimental evidence from assays, cohort studies, reviews, cross-sectional and case-control studies from PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE, and Lilacs databases in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between January 2020 and July 2022.
RESULTS
Fifty-six articles were finalized for this review. CD4+ T cells were the most resolutive in the health-disease process compared with B cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. The predominant subpopulations of T helper lymphocytes (Th) in critically ill patients are Th1, Th2, Th17 (without their main characteristics) and regulatory T cells (Treg), while in mild cases there is an influx of Th1, Th2, Th17 and follicular T helper cells (Tfh). These cells are responsible for the secretion of cytokines, including interleukin (IL) - 6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-7, IL-22, IL-21, IL-15, IL-1α, IL-23, IL-5, IL-13, IL-2, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CXC motivating ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL9 and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β), with the abovementioned first 8 inflammatory mediators related to clinical benefits, while the others to a poor prognosis. Some CD8+ T lymphocyte markers are associated with the severity of the disease, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Among the antibodies produced by SARS-CoV-2, Immunoglobulin (Ig) A stood out due to its potent release associated with a more severe clinical form.
CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that through this study it is possible to have a brief overview of the main immunological biomarkers and their function during SARS-CoV-2 infection in particular cell types. In critically ill individuals, adaptive immunity is varied, aberrantly compromised, and late. In particular, the T-cell response is also an essential and necessary component in immunological memory and therefore should be addressed in vaccine formulation strategies.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; SARS-CoV-2; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-15; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-13; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Cross-Sectional Studies; Critical Illness; Ligands; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-7; Adaptive Immunity; HLA-DR Antigens; Interleukin-23; Inflammation Mediators; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Immunoglobulins
PubMed: 36300105
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001198 -
British Journal of Cancer Nov 2022Patients living with cancer are at a significantly increased risk of morbidity and mortality after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2...
BACKGROUND
Patients living with cancer are at a significantly increased risk of morbidity and mortality after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This systematic review aims to investigate the current available evidence about the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccines in patients living with cancer.
METHODS
A systematic search was undertaken for studies published until March 1, 2022. A systematic narrative review was undertaken to include all studies that evaluated the efficacy of booster vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with cancer.
RESULTS
Fifteen studies encompassing 1205 patients with cancer were included. We found that a booster vaccine dose induced a higher response in patients with solid cancer as compared to haematological malignancies. Recent systemic anticancer therapy does not appear to affect seroconversion in solid organ malignancies, however, there is an association between B-cell depleting therapies and poor seroconversion in haematological patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Third booster vaccination induces an improved antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in adults with haematological and solid cancer, relative to patients who only receive two doses. Access to vaccination boosters should be made available to patients at risk of poor immunological responses, and the provision of fourth doses may be of benefit to this vulnerable population.
REGISTRATION
PROSPERO number CRD42021270420.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Neoplasms; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 36224402
DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01951-y -
International Journal of... 2022The B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 is the most antigenically unique SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern to date, which is currently widespread across the world....
INTRODUCTION
The B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 is the most antigenically unique SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern to date, which is currently widespread across the world. Omicron variant and its sublineages contain a plethora of mutations than other variants of concern, which increases their transmissibility and virulence. Concerns regarding potential immunological evasion have been reignited by emerging subvariants of the Omicron variant. Determining the effectiveness of Omicron-induced immunity and whether it is cross-protective against other variants is a crucial aspect of the research.
METHOD
A systematic search of relevant articles until September 25, 2022, from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect was done independently by two authors. A total of 11 articles discussing about immunological evasion of different Omicron subvariants were included in the study.
RESULTS
Numerous studies have demonstrated that Omicron variant causes a restricted immune response after infection. Omicron infection boosts preexisting vaccine-induced immunity, but it may not be enough to establish widespread, cross-neutralizing humoral immunity in unvaccinated people.
CONCLUSION
Due to co-circulation and the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, findings highlight the importance of booster vaccinations for immune protection. More studies should focus on the efficacy of Omicron-induced immunity, its cross-protective properties against other variants, and development of a universal vaccine.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36214233
DOI: 10.1177/03946320221133001 -
Haematologica Feb 2023
Meta-Analysis
Topics: Adult; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Antibody Formation; COVID-19; Hematologic Neoplasms; Vaccination; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 36172816
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281902 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Nov 2022Amphibians are among the vertebrate groups suffering great losses of biodiversity due to a variety of causes including diseases, such as chytridiomycosis (caused by the...
Amphibians are among the vertebrate groups suffering great losses of biodiversity due to a variety of causes including diseases, such as chytridiomycosis (caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans). The amphibian metamorphic period has been identified as being particularly vulnerable to chytridiomycosis, with dramatic physiological and immunological reorganisation likely contributing to this vulnerability. Here, we overview the processes behind these changes at metamorphosis and then perform a systematic literature review to capture the breadth of empirical research performed over the last two decades on the metamorphic immune response. We found that few studies focused specifically on the immune response during the peri-metamorphic stages of amphibian development and fewer still on the implications of their findings with respect to chytridiomycosis. We recommend future studies consider components of the immune system that are currently under-represented in the literature on amphibian metamorphosis, particularly pathogen recognition pathways. Although logistically challenging, we suggest varying the timing of exposure to Bd across metamorphosis to examine the relative importance of pathogen evasion, suppression or dysregulation of the immune system. We also suggest elucidating the underlying mechanisms of the increased susceptibility to chytridiomycosis at metamorphosis and the associated implications for population persistence. For species that overlap a distribution where Bd/Bsal are now endemic, we recommend a greater focus on management strategies that consider the important peri-metamorphic period.
Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Chytridiomycota; Immune System; Metamorphosis, Biological; Mycoses
PubMed: 35985564
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104510 -
International Journal of Biological... 2022Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has undergone multiple mutations since its emergence, and its latest variant, Omicron (B.1.1.529), is the...
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has undergone multiple mutations since its emergence, and its latest variant, Omicron (B.1.1.529), is the most contagious variant of concern (VOC) which poses a major and imminent threat to public health. Since firstly reported by World Health Organization (WHO) in November 2021, Omicron variant has been spreading rapidly and has become the dominant variant in many countries worldwide. Omicron is the most mutated variant so far, containing 60 mutations in its genome, including 37 mutations in the S-protein. Since all current COVID-19 vaccines in use were developed based on ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strains, whether they are protective against Omicron is a critical question which has been the center of study currently. In this article, we systemically reviewed the studies regarding the effectiveness of 2- or 3-dose vaccines delivered in either homologous or heterologous manner. The humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by various vaccine regimens to protect against Omicron variant are discussed. Current understanding of the molecular basis underlying immune escape of Omicron was also analyzed. These studies indicate that two doses of vaccination are insufficient to elicit neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron variant. Nevertheless, Omicron-specific humoral immune responses can be enhanced by booster dose of almost all type vaccines in certain degree, and heterologous vaccination strategy may represent a better choice than homogenous regimens. Intriguingly, results of studies indicate that all current vaccines are still able to elicit robust T cell response against Omicron. Future focus should be the development of Omicron variant vaccine, which may induce potent humoral as well as cellular immune responses simultaneously against all known variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Immunity, Cellular; SARS-CoV-2; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35874952
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73583 -
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical... Jul 2023This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the immune response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 prime-vaccination in patients with cancer. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the immune response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 prime-vaccination in patients with cancer.
METHODS
We performed a systematic literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library until 28/09/2021, and conference proceedings from ASCO and ESMO 2021 annual meetings. We screened for observational or interventional studies including subjects ≥ 16 years old with cancer diagnosis who were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Prime-vaccination was defined as one dose of Ad26.COV2-S vaccine or two doses of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The outcomes were humoral and adaptive immune responses (proportion of subjects with positive titers of antibody anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular responses, respectively).
RESULTS
We included 89 records reporting data from 30,183 subjects. The overall seropositive rate within the first month after complete anti-SARS-CoV-2 prime-vaccination was 80% [95% confidence interval (CI), 72-86%], 60% (95%CI, 53-67%) in patients with hematological malignancies (HM) versus 94% (95%CI, 88-97%) in patients with solid malignancies (SM). The diagnosis of HM was significantly associated with a lower seropositive rate on multivariate meta-regression (odds ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.18-0.69, HM versus both, p = 0.002). The overall humoral response was 49% (95% CI, 42-56%) after incomplete prime-vaccination and 79% (95% CI, 70-86%) at 2 months after complete prime-vaccination. These responses were also lower in patients with HM at these time points. The overall cellular response rate at any time after vaccination was 61% (95% CI, 44-76%).
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis provides compelling evidence of humoral and adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with cancer, which last for at least 2 months following complete prime-vaccination.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; COVID-19 Vaccines; BNT162 Vaccine; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Neoplasms; Hematologic Neoplasms; Vaccination; Immunity; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 35867203
DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04185-w -
Epidemiology and Infection Jul 2022The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, first notified in China, has spread around the world causing high morbidity and mortality,... (Review)
Review
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, first notified in China, has spread around the world causing high morbidity and mortality, which is due to factors such as the subversion of the immune response. The aims of the study are to summarise and present the immunopathological relationship of COVID-19 with innate immunity. This is a systematic review conducted by the National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health, USA (PUBMED), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) databases with clinical trials, assays, case-controls, cohort studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses between February 2020 and July 2021. The version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for RCTs (RoB 2), Joana Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal (for the review articles) and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools were used to evaluate the quality and the risk of bias of the studies included in this review. The innate immune response through the generation of interferons, alternative pathways and complement system lectins and the joint action of innate immune cells and cytokines and chemokines lead to different clinical outcomes, taking into account the exacerbated inflammatory response and pathogenesis. Then, in addition to interacting as a bridge for adaptive immunity, the innate immune response plays an essential role in primary defense and is one of the starting points for immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Innate; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; United States
PubMed: 35843719
DOI: 10.1017/S095026882200125X