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BMC Endocrine Disorders Jan 2022Adipocytes and their products, adipocytokines, play important roles in the generation and development of multiple myeloma (MM). Studies have demonstrated some... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Adipocytes and their products, adipocytokines, play important roles in the generation and development of multiple myeloma (MM). Studies have demonstrated some adipocytokines to be associated with MM, although those results are controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to verify the association of adipocytokines with MM.
METHODS
We performed a systematic retrieval of literature published prior to 26 October 2021. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to evaluate pooled effects. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were conducted to detect sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the stability of the study. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger's linear regression test.
RESULTS
Ten eligible studies with 1269 MM patients and 2158 controls were included. The pooled analyses indicated that circulating leptin levels of MM patients were significantly higher than control levels (SMD= 0.87, 95%CI: 0.33 to 1.41), while the circulating adiponectin levels in MM patients were significantly lower than controls with a pooled SMD of -0.49 (95%CI: -0.78 to -0.20). The difference of circulating resistin levels were not significant between MM patients and controls (SMD= -0.08, 95%CI: -0.55 to 0.39). Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis found that sample size, age, and sex were possible sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated our pooled results to be stable.
CONCLUSION
Decreased circulating adiponectin and increased leptin levels were associated with the occurrence and development of MM. Adiponectin and leptin may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MM.
Topics: Adipokines; Biomarkers, Tumor; Case-Control Studies; Humans; Multiple Myeloma
PubMed: 35073877
DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-00939-2 -
European Journal of Surgical Oncology :... Apr 2022Autologous fat grating has become increasingly popular as a breast reconstructive procedure. Nevertheless, preclinical studies show that fat transfer to a previous... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Autologous fat grating has become increasingly popular as a breast reconstructive procedure. Nevertheless, preclinical studies show that fat transfer to a previous breast cancer site could activate latent cancer cells, creating a favourable environment for disease recurrence. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate whether fat grafting increases the risk of locoregional recurrence in patients formerly treated for breast cancer.
METHODS
Based on PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review searching for randomised clinical trials and matched cohorts on the topic was performed in the electronic databases Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane. The date of the last search was July 20, 2021. The meta-analysis assessed the comparison of locoregional recurrence between groups.
RESULTS
From a total of 558 publications, data from nine matched cohorts (1.6%) reporting on 4247 subjects (1590 and 2657 subjects, respectively, in lipofilling and control groups) were suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Neither of the outcomes had a statistically significant difference for disease recurrence. For the primary outcome, comparing locoregional recurrence rates between groups, the incidence rate ratio was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.68-1.26; P = 0.620).
CONCLUSION
The present meta-analysis, which comprises the outcomes of the individual studies with the best current evidence on the topic so far, strengthens the evidence favouring the oncologic safety of lipofilling for breast reconstruction.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Mammaplasty; Mastectomy; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Transplantation, Autologous
PubMed: 34972623
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.12.017 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes immune (T, B, NK, dendritic), stromal, mesenchymal, endothelial, adipocytic cells, extracellular matrix, and...
What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 3: PD-L1, Intracellular Signaling Pathways and Tumor Microenvironment.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes immune (T, B, NK, dendritic), stromal, mesenchymal, endothelial, adipocytic cells, extracellular matrix, and cytokines/chemokines/soluble factors regulating various intracellular signaling pathways (ISP) in tumor cells. TME influences the survival/progression of prostate cancer (PC), enabling tumor cell immune-evasion also through the activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. We have performed a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA guidelines, to investigate how the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is influenced by TME and ISPs. Tumor immune-escape mechanisms include suppression/exhaustion of tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes, inhibition of tumor suppressive NK cells, increase in immune-suppressive immune cells (regulatory T, M2 macrophagic, myeloid-derived suppressor, dendritic, stromal, and adipocytic cells). IFN-γ (the most investigated factor), TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-15, IL-27, complement factor C5a, and other soluble molecules secreted by TME components (and sometimes increased in patients' serum), as well as and hypoxia, influenced the regulation of PD-L1. Experimental studies using human and mouse PC cell lines (derived from either androgen-sensitive or androgen-resistant tumors) revealed that the intracellular ERK/MEK, Akt-mTOR, NF-kB, WNT and JAK/STAT pathways were involved in PD-L1 upregulation in PC. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling by using immunotherapy drugs can prevent tumor immune-escape, increasing the anti-tumor activity of immune cells.
Topics: Animals; B7-H1 Antigen; Cell Line, Tumor; Cytokines; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Immunotherapy; Killer Cells, Natural; Male; Mice; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; Prostatic Neoplasms; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Tumor Escape; Tumor Microenvironment; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 34830209
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212330 -
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Apr 2022
Meta-Analysis
Invited Response on: Letter to the Editor-The Efficacy of Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer Versus Conventional Lipotransfer in Breast Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Humans; Mammaplasty
PubMed: 34643764
DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02619-3 -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Aug 2022Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been growing in popularity for their potential in wound healing and tissue engineering. Stem cell therapies are limited in... (Review)
Review
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been growing in popularity for their potential in wound healing and tissue engineering. Stem cell therapies are limited in application, with the need to maintain cell viability and function as well as safety concerns. It has been increasingly reported that the effects of ASCs are predominantly attributable to the paracrine effects of the secreted factors, which can be collected in conditioned medium (CM). The goal of this systematic review was to investigate the effects on wound healing of CM collected from ASC culture. Original articles relevant to ASC-CM and wound healing (: dermal fibroblast, epidermal keratinocytes, and their equivalent cell lines; : full-thickness wound models) were included. The agreement level of selections between two investigators was calculated by the kappa scores. And the information concerning to the publications, CM preparation, and its application and effects was extracted and reported in a systematic way and summarized in tables. In total, 121 publications were initially identified through a search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database with a specific search algorithm, and 36 articles were ultimately included after 2 screenings. Nineteen were studies that met the search criteria and 17 were studies with or without data. In summary, based on the included articles, treatment with ASC-CM, to a large extent, resulted in positive effects on wound healing and . Modulation of the culture conditions of ASCs producing the CM, including hypoxic conditions, alternative substrates, medium supplementation, as well as genetic modification of cells, favorably promoted the effects of ASC-CM. Finally, a discussion of the future perspectives and therapeutic potential of ASC-CM, which also addresses the limitations of the field, is presented. A limitation of the evidence is the inconsistency in CM preparation methods among included articles. In conclusion, ASC-CM is a promising novel cell-free therapy for wound healing in regenerative medicine and warrants further exploration. Impact Statement This systematic review researched and studies regarding therapeutic effects of adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) conditioned medium (CM) on wound healing, generally indicating favorable effects. ASC-CM can avoid safety concerns accompanying stem cell therapies and reduce the cost of treatment. Modulation in the process of ASC culture and CM preparation may promote its therapeutic potential. The limitation and future perspectives of the field of ASC-CM therapy were also presented. ASC-CM may be useful to its future application for a wide range of clinical targets including inflammatory and ischemic diseases.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Culture Media, Conditioned; Humans; Stem Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34409890
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2021.0100 -
Cells Jul 2021Adipose tissue senescence is implicated as a major player in obesity- and ageing-related disorders. There is a growing body of research studying relevant mechanisms in...
Adipose tissue senescence is implicated as a major player in obesity- and ageing-related disorders. There is a growing body of research studying relevant mechanisms in age-related diseases, as well as the use of adipose-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. The cell banking of tissue by utilising cryopreservation would allow for much greater flexibility of use. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the most commonly used cryopreservative agent but is toxic to cells. Trehalose is a sugar synthesised by lower organisms to withstand extreme cold and drought that has been trialled as a cryopreservative agent. To examine the efficacy of trehalose in the cryopreservation of human adipose tissue, we conducted a systematic review of studies that used trehalose for the cryopreservation of human adipose tissues and adipose-derived stem cells. Thirteen articles, including fourteen studies, were included in the final review. All seven studies that examined DMSO and trehalose showed that they could be combined effectively to cryopreserve adipocytes. Although studies that compared nonpermeable trehalose with DMSO found trehalose to be inferior, studies that devised methods to deliver nonpermeable trehalose into the cell found it comparable to DMSO. Trehalose is only comparable to DMSO when methods are devised to introduce it into the cell. There is some evidence to support using trehalose instead of using no cryopreservative agent.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Cell Differentiation; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Humans; Lipectomy; Permeability; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells; Trehalose
PubMed: 34360005
DOI: 10.3390/cells10071837 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2021Physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of cognitive decline (CD) in the general population. However, little is known about whether the presence of the apolipoprotein E... (Review)
Review
Physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of cognitive decline (CD) in the general population. However, little is known about whether the presence of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele () could modify this beneficial effect. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and synthetize the scientific evidence related to PA levels and CD risk in cognitively healthy carriers. Four electronic databases were analyzed. Only original articles with longitudinal study design were selected to analyze the relationship between PA and CD in carriers. Five studies were included in the systematic review. All studies except one stated that PA is a protective factor against CD in carriers. Moreover, partial support was found for the hypothesis that a greater amount and intensity of PA are more beneficial in CD prevention. The results support the idea that PA is a protective factor against CD in carriers. Nevertheless, it would be necessary to carry out further studies that would allow these findings to be contrasted.
Topics: Alleles; Apolipoprotein E4; Apolipoproteins E; Cognitive Dysfunction; Exercise; Genotype; Humans; Longitudinal Studies
PubMed: 34299687
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147238 -
Postgraduate Medicine Nov 2021Aging is associated with body composition changes that include a reduction of muscle mass or sarcopenia and an increase in visceral obesity. Thus, aging involves a...
BACKGROUND
Aging is associated with body composition changes that include a reduction of muscle mass or sarcopenia and an increase in visceral obesity. Thus, aging involves a muscle-fat imbalance with a shift toward more fat and less muscle. Therefore, sarcopenic obesity, defined as a combination of sarcopenia and obesity, is a global health phenomenon due to the increased aging of the population combined with the increased epidemic of obesity. Previous studies have shown inconsistent association between sarcopenic obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
AIMS
To systematically review the recent literature on the CVD risks associated with sarcopenic obesity and summarizes ways of diagnosis and prevention.
METHODS
A systematic review of studies that reported the association between sarcopenic obesity and CVD risk in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations.
RESULTS
Risk factors of sarcopenic obesity included genetic factors, aging, malnutrition, sedentary lifestyle, hormonal deficiencies and other molecular changes. The muscle-fat imbalance with increasing age results in an increase in the pro-inflammatory adipokines secreted by adipocytes and a decline in the anti-inflammatory myokines secreted by myocytes. This imbalance promotes and perpetuates a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that is characteristic of sarcopenic obesity. After application of exclusion criteria, only 12 recent studies were included in this review. The recent studies have shown a consistent association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk although most of the studies are of cross-sectional design that does not confirm a causal relationship. In addition, most of the population studied were of Asian origin which may limit the generalizability of the results. Non-pharmacological interventions by exercise training and adequate nutrition appear to be useful in maintenance of muscle strength and muscle mass in combination with a reduction of adiposity to promote healthy aging.
CONCLUSIONS
Sarcopenic obesity appears to increase the risk of CVD in older people; however, future prospective studies of diverse population are still required. Although non-pharmacologic interventions are useful in reducing the risk of sarcopenic obesity, novel specific pharmacologic agents are lacking.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 34126036
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1942934 -
Endocrine Reviews Jan 2022The obesity pandemic increasingly causes morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many other chronic diseases. Fat cell size (FCS)...
The obesity pandemic increasingly causes morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many other chronic diseases. Fat cell size (FCS) predicts numerous obesity-related complications such as lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, the scarcity of systematic literature reviews on this subject is compounded by the use of different methods by which FCS measurements are determined and reported. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the current literature on the relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and obesity-related glucose and lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, and cardiovascular disorders. We also review the numerous mechanistic origins of adipocyte hypertrophy and its relationship with metabolic dysregulation, including changes in adipogenesis, cell senescence, collagen deposition, systemic inflammation, adipokine secretion, and energy balance. To quantify the effect of different FCS measurement methods, we performed statistical analyses across published data while controlling for body mass index, age, and sex.
Topics: Adipocytes; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cell Size; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hypertrophy; Insulin Resistance; Lipids; Obesity
PubMed: 34100954
DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab018 -
Advances in Medical Sciences Sep 2021Recent studies have revealed that fatty tissue, so far considered an energy storage organ, is also the source of many substances called adipokines, including chemerin... (Review)
Review
Recent studies have revealed that fatty tissue, so far considered an energy storage organ, is also the source of many substances called adipokines, including chemerin which plays many important functions in the body. Chemerin stimulates adipocytes maturation and differentiation, as well as acts as a chemoattractant, which stimulates innate and acquired immunity. This adipokine participates in the early stages of acute inflammation as well as its suppression by reacting with the CMKLR1 receptor. In various diseases associated with inflammatory processes, the level of chemerin in the serum increases. It is also considered a marker for benign and malignant tumors. Explanation of the pathomechanisms involving this adipokine is of a high importance and may contribute to the development of new possibilities in the treatment of many diseases. The article presents the latest information on the role of chemerin in various pathological states, particularly in psoriasis.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipokines; Chemokines; Human Body; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
PubMed: 34082283
DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2021.05.002