-
European Archives of Paediatric... Oct 2023The aim of this review was to compare the currently available root canal filling materials for primary teeth to zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) to find a suitable alternative....
PURPOSE
The aim of this review was to compare the currently available root canal filling materials for primary teeth to zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) to find a suitable alternative. The search question was: which root canal filling materials used in pulpectomy for primary teeth give better clinical and radiographic success rates than ZOE?
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted using five databases, namely Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE via PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and EBSCOhost using a selection of "MeSH terms". The "Modified Jadad Scale" was used for the methodology assessment of the included studies.
RESULTS
Out of 480 articles identified in the initial search, 8 articles met all the inclusion criteria. The results showed that, compared to ZOE, ZOE with calcium hydroxide and iodoform had better clinical and radiographic success rates, a resorption rate similar to that of the roots, faster resorption of extruded particles and a maximum decrease in the size of pre-operative inter-radicular radiolucencies.
CONCLUSION
Numerous materials, proposed and used by clinicians in root canal filling in primary teeth, can be recommended as alternatives to ZOE. However, none of them could be the ideal material in primary teeth. Thus, more high-quality well-designed randomised clinical trials are required to develop more high-performing materials.
Topics: Humans; Root Canal Filling Materials; Zinc Oxide; Eugenol; Tooth, Deciduous; Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; Calcium Hydroxide; Pulpectomy
PubMed: 37803184
DOI: 10.1007/s40368-023-00839-6 -
Nutritional Neuroscience Feb 2024Cinnamon is the inner bark of trees named Cinnamomum. Studies have shown that cinnamon and its bioactive compounds can influence brain function and affect behavioral...
Cinnamon is the inner bark of trees named Cinnamomum. Studies have shown that cinnamon and its bioactive compounds can influence brain function and affect behavioral characteristics. This study aimed to systematically review studies about the relationship between cinnamon and its key components in memory and learning. Two thousand six hundred five studies were collected from different databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) in September 2021 and went under investigation for eligibility. As a result, 40 studies met our criteria and were included in this systematic review. Among the included studies, 33 were studies, five were , and two clinical studies were also accomplished. The main outcome of most studies (n = 40) proved that cinnamon significantly improves cognitive function (memory and learning). In vivo studies showed that using cinnamon or its components, such as eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamic acid, could positively alter cognitive function. In vitro studies also showed that adding cinnamon or cinnamaldehyde to a cell medium can reduce tau aggregation, Amyloid β and increase cell viability. For clinical studies, one study showed positive effects, and another reported no changes in cognitive function. Most studies reported that cinnamon might be useful for preventing and reducing cognitive function impairment. It can be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of related diseases. However, more studies need to be done on this subject.
Topics: Acrolein; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Cognition; Eugenol; Cognitive Dysfunction
PubMed: 36652384
DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2023.2166436 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2022Alveolar osteitis (dry socket) is a complication of dental extractions more often involving mandibular molar teeth. It is associated with severe pain developing 2 to 3... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Alveolar osteitis (dry socket) is a complication of dental extractions more often involving mandibular molar teeth. It is associated with severe pain developing 2 to 3 days postoperatively with or without halitosis, a socket that may be partially or totally devoid of a blood clot, and increased postoperative visits. This is an update of the Cochrane Review first published in 2012. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of local interventions used for the prevention and treatment of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) following tooth extraction.
SEARCH METHODS
An Information Specialist searched four bibliographic databases up to 28 September 2021 and used additional search methods to identify published, unpublished, and ongoing studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials of adults over 18 years of age who were having permanent teeth extracted or who had developed dry socket postextraction. We included studies with any type of local intervention used for the prevention or treatment of dry socket, compared to a different local intervention, placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies reporting on systemic use of antibiotics or the use of surgical techniques because these interventions are evaluated in separate Cochrane Reviews.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We followed Cochrane statistical guidelines and reported dichotomous outcomes as risk ratios (RR) and calculated 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. For some of the split-mouth studies with sparse data, it was not possible to calculate RR so we calculated the exact odds ratio (OR) instead. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the body of evidence.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 49 trials with 6771 participants; 39 trials (with 6219 participants) investigated prevention of dry socket and 10 studies (with 552 participants) looked at the treatment of dry socket. 16 studies were at high risk of bias, 30 studies at unclear risk of bias, and 3 studies at low risk of bias. Chlorhexidine in the prevention of dry socket When compared to placebo, rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthrinses (0.12% and 0.2% concentrations) both before and 24 hours after extraction(s) substantially reduced the risk of developing dry socket with an OR of 0.38 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.58; P < 0.00001; 6 trials, 1547 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The prevalence of dry socket varies from 1% to 5% in routine dental extractions to upwards of 30% in surgically extracted third molars. The number of patients needed to be treated (NNT) with chlorhexidine rinse to prevent one patient having dry socket was 162 (95% CI 155 to 240), 33 (95% CI 27 to 49), and 7 (95% CI 5 to 10) for control prevalence of dry socket 0.01, 0.05, and 0.30 respectively. Compared to placebo, placing chlorhexidine gel intrasocket after extractions reduced the odds of developing a dry socket by 58% with an OR of 0.44 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.71; P = 0.0008; 7 trials, 753 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The NNT with chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) to prevent one patient developing dry socket was 180 (95% CI 137 to 347), 37 (95% CI 28 to 72), and 7 (95% CI 5 to 15) for control prevalence of dry socket of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.30 respectively. Compared to chlorhexidine rinse (0.12%), placing chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) intrasocket after extractions was not superior in reducing the risk of dry socket (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.20; P = 0.22; 2 trials, 383 participants; low-certainty evidence). The present review found some evidence for the association of minor adverse reactions with use of 0.12%, 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinses (alteration in taste, staining of teeth, stomatitis) though most studies were not designed explicitly to detect the presence of hypersensitivity reactions to mouthwash as part of the study protocol. No adverse events were reported in relation to the use of 0.2% chlorhexidine gel placed directly into a socket. Platelet rich plasma in the prevention of dry socket Compared to placebo, placing platelet rich plasma after extractions was not superior in reducing the risk of having a dry socket (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.33; P = 0.17; 2 studies, 127 participants; very low-certainty evidence). A further 21 intrasocket interventions to prevent dry socket were each evaluated in single studies, and there is insufficient evidence to determine their effects. Zinc oxide eugenol versus Alvogyl in the treatment of dry socket Two studies, with 80 participants, showed that Alvogyl (old formulation) is more effective than zinc oxide eugenol at reducing pain at day 7 (mean difference (MD) -1.40, 95% CI -1.75 to -1.04; P < 0.00001; 2 studies, 80 participants; very low-certainty evidence) A further nine interventions for the treatment of dry socket were evaluated in single studies, providing insufficient evidence to determine their effects.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Tooth extractions are generally undertaken by dentists for a variety of reasons, however, all but five studies included in the present review included participants undergoing extraction of third molars, most of which were undertaken by oral surgeons. There is moderate-certainty evidence that rinsing with chlorhexidine (0.12% and 0.2%) or placing chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) in the sockets of extracted teeth, probably results in a reduction in dry socket. There was insufficient evidence to determine the effects of the other 21 preventative interventions each evaluated in single studies. There was limited evidence of very low certainty that Alvogyl (old formulation) may reduce pain at day 7 in patients with dry socket when compared to zinc oxide eugenol.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlorhexidine; Dry Socket; Eugenol; Humans; Mouthwashes; Pain; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 36156769
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3 -
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Dec 2022Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is an important simple phenolic compound mainly derived from Syzygium aromaticum and many other plants. It is traditionally... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is an important simple phenolic compound mainly derived from Syzygium aromaticum and many other plants. It is traditionally used in ayurveda and aromatherapy for the healing of many health problems. It also has significant applications in dentistry, agriculture, and flavour industry. This simple phenol has an eclectic range of pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. It is regarded as safe by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations due to its non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic properties.
PURPOSE
The aim of this comprehensive review is to present a critical and systematic assessment of the antitumor ability of eugenol and its associated molecular targets in various cancers.
METHODS
It was carried out following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the SYstematic review centre for laboratory animal experimentation guidelines. The literature search was performed in standard databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science using the keywords 'eugenol' or 'eugenol essential oil' and 'anti-cancer properties of eugenol'.
RESULTS
The scientific information from fifty-three studies was encompassed in the present review work. Eugenol exhibits significant anticancer effects in a variety of biological pathways, namely apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle progression, inflammation, invasion, and metastasis. Eugenol-induced apoptosis has been noticed in osteosarcoma, skin tumors, melanoma, leukemia, gastric and mast cells. It decreases the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin B, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, nuclear factor-ƙB, inhibitor of nuclear factor ƙB, and B-cell lymphoma-2. Eugenol increases the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) associated X, BH3-interacting domain death agonist, BCL-2 associated agonist of cell death, apoptotic protease activating factor 1, cytochrome c, p21, and p53.
CONCLUSION
The anticancer potential exhibited by eugenol is mainly attributed to its anti-metastatic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic, and autophagic effects. Hence, the use of eugenol alone or along with other chemotherapeutic anticancer agents is found to be very effective in cancer therapy.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; Cyclin B; Cyclin D1; Cytochromes c; Eugenol; Neoplasms; Oils, Volatile; Phenols; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
PubMed: 36152592
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154456 -
PloS One 2021Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affect a million people yearly, leading to skin lesions and potentially disfiguring mucosal disease. Current treatments can...
Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affect a million people yearly, leading to skin lesions and potentially disfiguring mucosal disease. Current treatments can have severe side effects. Allylamine drugs, like terbinafine, are safe, including during pregnancy. This review assesses efficacy and safety of allylamines for the treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. It followed the PRISMA statement for reporting and was preregistered in PROSPERO(CRD4201809068). MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Global Health Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and clinical trial registers were searched from their creation to May 24th, 2020. All original human, animal, and in vitro studies concerning allylamines and cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis were eligible for inclusion. Comparators-if any-included both placebo or alternative cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis treatments. Complete cure, growth inhibition, or adverse events served as outcomes. The search identified 312 publications, of which 22 were included in this systematic review. There were one uncontrolled and two randomised controlled trials. The only well-designed randomised controlled trial that compared the treatment efficacy of oral terbinafine versus intramuscular meglumine antimoniate in 80 Leismania tropica infected patients showed a non-significant lower cure rate for terbinafine vs meglumine antimoniate (38% vs 53%). A meta-analysis could not be performed due to the small number of studies, their heterogeneity, and low quality. This systematic review shows that there is no evidence of efficacy of allylamine monotherapy against cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Further trials of allylamines should be carefully considered as the outcomes of an adequately designed trial were disappointing and in vitro studies indicate minimal effective concentrations that are not achieved in the skin during standard doses. However, the in vitro synergistic effects of allylamines combined with triazole drugs warrant further exploration.
Topics: Allylamine; Animals; Humans; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous; Prognosis
PubMed: 33826660
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249628 -
Current Medicinal Chemistry 2021The increasing incidence of diabetes worldwide has urged researchers to explore novel antidiabetic agents from natural products. Ethnomedicinal field studies on diabetes...
BACKGROUND
The increasing incidence of diabetes worldwide has urged researchers to explore novel antidiabetic agents from natural products. Ethnomedicinal field studies on diabetes have expanded across the globe, documenting large numbers of folk medicinal plants against diabetes. Nonetheless, a systematic review of these surveys has not been conducted so far. This study documents the medicinal plants traditionally used globally for managing diabetes.
METHODS
Key databases including Sciencedirect, Medline/PubMed, and Google Scholar were scrutinized. The Plant List and The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) were used to validate the scientific plant names.
RESULTS
2004 traditionally used plants belonging to 1112 genera and 197 families were reported across 92 countries for the management of diabetes. Leguminosae (105 genera and 193 species), Compositae (97 genera and 188 species), and Lamiaceae (47 genera and 121 species) were the main plant families reported. Momordica charantia L., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Allium sativum L., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Olea europaea L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., and Allium cepa L were the species mostly reported. Indeed, the antidiabetic properties of these main species have been evidenced by experimental studies. Several antidiabetic compounds acting via different mechanisms have been identified, including momordicoside, karaviloside, cucurbitacin, charantin, and charantoside from M. charantia, cuminoside from S. cumini, S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide from A. sativum, limonoids from A. indica, alkaloids including vindoline, vindolidine, vindolicine and vindolinine from C. roseus, oleuropein and oleanolic acid from O. europaea, flavone C-glycosides such as vicenin-1, isoschaftoside, and schaftoside from T. foenum-graecum seeds, gymnemosides, gymnemagenin, and pregnane glycosides from G. sylvestre, chysalodin from A. vera, and quercetin from A. cepa.
CONCLUSION
This review is the first to provide a compiled list of traditional medicinal plants used worldwide against diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Medicine, Traditional; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 33475054
DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210121123037