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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2023Fasciolosis is a significant zoonotic and common parasitic disease for animals and humans, creating public health concerns worldwide. This study retrieved articles... (Review)
Review
Fasciolosis is a significant zoonotic and common parasitic disease for animals and humans, creating public health concerns worldwide. This study retrieved articles related to the occurrence of and in sheep and goats in China by searching five databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and the VIP Chinese Journal Database. A total of 60 valid articles were captured. The pooled prevalence of ovine and caprine fasciolosis was 26.00%. It was also found to be higher in the subgroups of Northwest China and Shaanxi Province, as well as in areas with a high altitude, rainfall of ≥800 mm, and temperature ranging between 10 °C and 20 °C. Analysis of the type of season and sampling years showed significant ( < 0.05) difference. In other subgroups, sheep (34.74%), hosts aged over 2 years (32.26%), females (48.33%) and free-range animals (26.83%) showed a higher disease prevalence. These results indicated that ovine and caprine fasciolosis was widely distributed, especially in Northwest China. The sampling years and the type of season are risk factors for the prevalence of ovine and caprine fasciolosis. Therefore, strategies for ovine and caprine fasciolosis control should be developed based on these epidemic risk factors, which will reduce the prevalence of fasciolosis in China.
PubMed: 37238117
DOI: 10.3390/ani13101687 -
Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) Mar 2023The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the recent scientific evidence of the clinical effects of altitude on breathing during sleep in healthy persons and... (Review)
Review
The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the recent scientific evidence of the clinical effects of altitude on breathing during sleep in healthy persons and sleep disordered patients. A search was carried out in PubMed and Scopus looking for articles published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2021, in English and Spanish, with the following search terms: "sleep disorders breathing and altitude". Investigations in adults and carried out at an altitude of 2000 meters above mean sea level (MAMSL) or higher were included. The correlation between altitude, apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and mean SpO2 during sleep was calculated. 18 articles of the 112 identified were included. A good correlation was found between altitude and AHI (Rs = 0.66 P = 0.001), at the expense of an increase in the central apnea index. Altitude is inversely proportional to oxygenation during sleep (Rs = -0.93 P = 0.001), and an increase in the desaturation index was observed (3% and 4%). On the treatment of respiratory disorders of sleeping at altitude, oxygen is better than servoventilation to correct oxygenation during sleep in healthy subjects and acetazolamide controlled respiratory events and oxygenation during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea under treatment with CPAP. Altitude increases AHI and decreases oxygenation during sleep; oxygen and acetazolamide could be an effective treatment for sleep-disordered breathing at altitude above 2000 MAMSL.
PubMed: 37151770
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767745 -
The Ocular Surface Jul 2023Several lifestyle choices made by contact lens wearers can have adverse consequences on ocular health. These include being non-adherent to contact lens care, sleeping in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Several lifestyle choices made by contact lens wearers can have adverse consequences on ocular health. These include being non-adherent to contact lens care, sleeping in lenses, ill-advised purchasing options, not seeing an eyecare professional for regular aftercare visits, wearing lenses when feeling unwell, wearing lenses too soon after various forms of ophthalmic surgery, and wearing lenses when engaged in risky behaviors (e.g., when using tobacco, alcohol or recreational drugs). Those with a pre-existing compromised ocular surface may find that contact lens wear exacerbates ocular disease morbidity. Conversely, contact lenses may have various therapeutic benefits. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impinged upon the lifestyle of contact lens wearers, introducing challenges such as mask-associated dry eye, contact lens discomfort with increased use of digital devices, inadvertent exposure to hand sanitizers, and reduced use of lenses. Wearing contact lenses in challenging environments, such as in the presence of dust and noxious chemicals, or where there is the possibility of ocular trauma (e.g., sport or working with tools) can be problematic, although in some instances lenses can be protective. Contact lenses can be worn for sport, theatre, at high altitude, driving at night, in the military and in space, and special considerations are required when prescribing in such situations to ensure successful outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis, incorporated within the review, identified that the influence of lifestyle factors on soft contact lens dropout remains poorly understood, and is an area in need of further research. Overall, this report investigated lifestyle-related choices made by clinicians and contact lens wearers and discovered that when appropriate lifestyle choices are made, contact lens wear can enhance the quality of life of wearers.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; COVID-19; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Dry Eye Syndromes; Life Style
PubMed: 37149139
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.010 -
Journal of Renal Nutrition : the... Nov 2023Plant-based protein is of growing interest for dietary management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is hypothesized to preserve kidney function and reduce CKD-mineral...
INTRODUCTION
Plant-based protein is of growing interest for dietary management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is hypothesized to preserve kidney function and reduce CKD-mineral bone disorder (MBD) complications, among other benefits. This systematic review aimed to summarize the available clinical trial evidence for the effect of plant-based protein on kidney function and CKD-MBD outcomes in adults with stage 3-5 CKD not on dialysis.
METHODS
Searches of Medline, Embase, Agricola, CAB abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus, and hand searching were performed. Clinical trials with ≥8 participants ≥18 years of age with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m but not on dialysis were included. Additionally, only clinical trials with ≥1-week interventions with ≥50% dietary protein from plant-based sources and reported at least one outcome for both kidney function and CKD-MBD outcomes were included. Of the 10,962 identified abstracts, 32 met inclusion criteria and were assessed for risk of bias.
RESULTS
Results for kidney function and CKD-MBD outcomes were heterogenous, with most studies having suboptimal methodological quality. In most of the studies (27/32), protein source was altered only secondarily to low-protein diet interventions. Thus, data synthesis and interpretation were focused on a subset of five studies that investigated a change in protein source only (i.e., animal vs. plant). Of this subset, four studies reported no change in kidney function, while one study reported a decrease. Three studies reported no change in serum phosphorus, and one study reported lower serum phosphorus following a vegetarian diet. Further, limited data and inconclusive results were observed for phosphaturic hormones, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor-23.
CONCLUSION
Current clinical trial evidence on plant-based protein interventions for preserving kidney function and preventing CKD-MBD is limited to inform clinical guidelines at this time. This systematic review emphasizes the ongoing need to research the effects of plant-based protein on kidney function and CKD-MBD outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder; Plant Proteins; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Parathyroid Hormone; Minerals; Phosphorus; Dietary Proteins; Kidney
PubMed: 37116624
DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2023.04.004 -
Journal of Athletic Training Nov 2023To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the implications of environmental and climate factors on sport-related concussion incidence in outdoor contact sports.
OBJECTIVE
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the implications of environmental and climate factors on sport-related concussion incidence in outdoor contact sports.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase (via Elsevier), CINAHL Complete (via EBSCOhost), SPORTDiscus (via EBSCOhost), and Scopus (via Elsevier).
STUDY SELECTION
Studies that report incidence of sport-related concussion, assess data from athletes participating in outdoor contact sports, report on 1 or more climate or environmental factors, and report a diagnosis of concussion performed by a licensed medical professional were included. Reasons for exclusion included no report on extrinsic or environmental factors, no data on sport-related concussion incidence, and self-report of concussion diagnosis.
DATA EXTRACTION
This systematic review was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using 2 reviewers at each phase and a third reviewer for conflict resolution.
DATA SYNTHESIS
A total of 7558 articles were reviewed, and 20 met the inclusion criteria. There was moderate to strong strength of evidence concluding no difference between surface type (grass versus artificial) on sport-related concussion risk. Moderate to strong strength of evidence was found supporting no difference in sport-related concussion incidence based on game location (home versus away). There was no consensus on the effects of altitude or temperature on sport-related concussion incidence. One high-quality study found a decreased risk of sport-related concussion when playing in wet versus dry conditions. Heterogenous populations and data collection methods prevented extraction and meta-analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Although a consensus on specific environmental and climate factors that influence sport-related concussion incidence was limited, the majority of studies were of high quality and gave insight into opportunities for future investigation. Administrators of large injury surveillance databases should consider including specific environmental and climate factors to provide investigators with robust data sets to better understand potential associations with sport-related concussion.
Topics: Humans; Athletes; Athletic Injuries; Brain Concussion; Incidence; Sports
PubMed: 37115014
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0655.22 -
The Ocular Surface Jul 2023Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality,...
Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality, prevalence and possible interactions between risk factors are reviewed. Environmental factors can be (a) climate-related: temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude, dew point, ultraviolet light, and allergen or (b) outdoor and indoor pollution: gases, particulate matter, and other sources of airborne pollutants. Temperature affects ocular surface homeostasis directly and indirectly, precipitating ocular surface diseases and/or symptoms, including trachoma. Humidity is negatively associated with dry eye disease. There is little data on wind speed and dewpoint. High altitude and ultraviolet light exposure are associated with pterygium, ocular surface degenerations and neoplastic disease. Pollution is associated with dry eye disease and conjunctivitis. Primary Sjögren syndrome is associated with exposure to chemical solvents. Living within a potential zone of active volcanic eruption is associated with eye irritation. Indoor pollution, "sick" building or house can also be associated with eye irritation. Most ocular surface conditions are multifactorial, and several environmental factors may contribute to specific diseases. A systematic review was conducted to answer the following research question: "What are the associations between outdoor environment pollution and signs or symptoms of dry eye disease in humans?" Dry eye disease is associated with air pollution (from NO) and soil pollution (from chromium), but not from air pollution from CO or PM. Future research should adequately account for confounders, follow up over time, and report results separately for ocular surface findings, including signs and symptoms.
Topics: Humans; Air Pollution; Particulate Matter; Dry Eye Syndromes; Conjunctiva; Life Style
PubMed: 37062427
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.007 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Feb 2023The term central sleep apnoea (CSA) encompasses diverse clinical situations where a dysfunctional drive to breathe leads to recurrent respiratory events, namely apnoea... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The term central sleep apnoea (CSA) encompasses diverse clinical situations where a dysfunctional drive to breathe leads to recurrent respiratory events, namely apnoea (complete absence of ventilation) and hypopnoea sleep (insufficient ventilation) during sleep. Studies have demonstrated that CSA responds to some extent to pharmacological agents with distinct mechanisms, such as sleep stabilisation and respiratory stimulation. Some therapies for CSA are associated with improved quality of life, although the evidence on this association is uncertain. Moreover, treatment of CSA with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation is not always effective or safe and may result in a residual apnoea-hypopnoea index.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and harms of pharmacological treatment compared with active or inactive controls for central sleep apnoea in adults.
SEARCH METHODS
We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 30 August 2022.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included parallel and cross-over randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated any type of pharmacological agent compared with active controls (e.g. other medications) or passive controls (e.g. placebo, no treatment or usual care) in adults with CSA as defined by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd Edition. We did not exclude studies based on the duration of intervention or follow-up. We excluded studies focusing on CSA due to periodic breathing at high altitudes.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were central apnoea-hypopnoea index (cAHI), cardiovascular mortality and serious adverse events. Our secondary outcomes were quality of sleep, quality of life, daytime sleepiness, AHI, all-cause mortality, time to life-saving cardiovascular intervention, and non-serious adverse events. We used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence for each outcome.
MAIN RESULTS
We included four cross-over RCTs and one parallel RCT, involving a total of 68 participants. Mean age ranged from 66 to 71.3 years and most participants were men. Four trials recruited people with CSA associated with heart failure, and one study included people with primary CSA. Types of pharmacological agents were acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), buspirone (anxiolytic), theophylline (methylxanthine derivative) and triazolam (hypnotic), which were given for between three days and one week. Only the study on buspirone reported a formal evaluation of adverse events. These events were rare and mild. No studies reported serious adverse events, quality of sleep, quality of life, all-cause mortality, or time to life-saving cardiovascular intervention. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors versus inactive control Results were from two studies of acetazolamide versus placebo (n = 12) and acetazolamide versus no acetazolamide (n = 18) for CSA associated with heart failure. One study reported short-term outcomes and the other reported intermediate-term outcomes. We are uncertain whether carbonic anhydrase inhibitors compared to inactive control reduce cAHI in the short term (mean difference (MD) -26.00 events per hour, 95% CI -43.84 to -8.16; 1 study, 12 participants; very low certainty). Similarly, we are uncertain whether carbonic anhydrase inhibitors compared to inactive control reduce AHI in the short term (MD -23.00 events per hour, 95% CI -37.70 to 8.30; 1 study, 12 participants; very low certainty) or in the intermediate term (MD -6.98 events per hour, 95% CI -10.66 to -3.30; 1 study, 18 participants; very low certainty). The effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on cardiovascular mortality in the intermediate term was also uncertain (odds ratio (OR) 0.21, 95% CI 0.02 to 2.48; 1 study, 18 participants; very low certainty). Anxiolytics versus inactive control Results were based on one study of buspirone versus placebo for CSA associated with heart failure (n = 16). The median difference between groups for cAHI was -5.00 events per hour (IQR -8.00 to -0.50), the median difference for AHI was -6.00 events per hour (IQR -8.80 to -1.80), and the median difference on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for daytime sleepiness was 0 points (IQR -1.0 to 0.00). Methylxanthine derivatives versus inactive control Results were based on one study of theophylline versus placebo for CSA associated with heart failure (n = 15). We are uncertain whether methylxanthine derivatives compared to inactive control reduce cAHI (MD -20.00 events per hour, 95% CI -32.15 to -7.85; 15 participants; very low certainty) or AHI (MD -19.00 events per hour, 95% CI -30.27 to -7.73; 15 participants; very low certainty). Hypnotics versus inactive control Results were based on one trial of triazolam versus placebo for primary CSA (n = 5). Due to very serious methodological limitations and insufficient reporting of outcome measures, we were unable to draw any conclusions regarding the effects of this intervention.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of pharmacological therapy in the treatment of CSA. Although small studies have reported positive effects of certain agents for CSA associated with heart failure in reducing the number of respiratory events during sleep, we were unable to assess whether this reduction may impact the quality of life of people with CSA, owing to scarce reporting of important clinical outcomes such as sleep quality or subjective impression of daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, the trials mostly had short-term follow-up. There is a need for high-quality trials that evaluate longer-term effects of pharmacological interventions.
Topics: Male; Adult; Humans; Aged; Female; Sleep Apnea, Central; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; Buspirone; Apnea; Triazolam; Theophylline; Acetazolamide; Heart Failure; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
PubMed: 36861808
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012922.pub2 -
BMJ Military Health Feb 2023Military practice or deployment in extreme conditions includes risks, dangers and rare disorders. One of the challenges is frostbite; however, current literature does...
BACKGROUND
Military practice or deployment in extreme conditions includes risks, dangers and rare disorders. One of the challenges is frostbite; however, current literature does not provide an overview of this condition in a military context. This review aims to map the incidence, risk factors and outcome of frostbite in military casualties in the armed forces.
METHODS
A systematic literature search on frostbite (freezing cold injuries) in military settings from 1995 to the present was performed. A critical appraisal of the included articles was conducted. Data on incidence, risk factors, treatment and outcome were extracted.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies were included in our systematic review. Most studies of frostbite in a military setting were published nearly half a century ago. Frostbite incidence has declined from 7% to around 1% in armed forces in arctic regions but could be as high as 20% in small-scale arctic manoeuvres. Overall and military-specific risk factors for contracting frostbite were identified.
CONCLUSION
During inevitable arctic manoeuvres, frostbite is a frequently diagnosed injury in service members. Postfreezing symptoms often persist after severe frostbite injury, which decreases employability within the service. Over time, military practice has changed considerably, and modern protective materials have been introduced; therefore, re-evaluation and future study in the military field are appropriate, preferably with other North Atlantic Treaty Organization partners.
PubMed: 36750255
DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002171 -
Current Problems in Cardiology May 2023High altitudes can cause hypobaric hypoxia, altering human physiology and the corresponding electrocardiogram (ECG). As part of the Altitude Nondifferentiated ECG Study... (Review)
Review
High altitudes can cause hypobaric hypoxia, altering human physiology and the corresponding electrocardiogram (ECG). As part of the Altitude Nondifferentiated ECG Study (ANDES), this paper reviews ECG changes in subjects ascending to high altitudes. This review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, OVID Medline, and Web of Science were searched. 19 studies were ultimately included. Notable ECG changes at high altitudes include T wave inversion in the precordial leads and rightward QRS axis deviation in leads I, II and aVF. Less common findings were increases in P wave amplitude, QRS amplitude, and QTc interval. These ECG deviations typically self-resolved within 2-6 weeks following return to sea level. Consideration must be taken when interpreting ECG changes in individuals during ascent to, at, or upon return from high altitudes. Further large-scale studies are needed to elucidate temporal and altitude-dependent ECG patterns and establish reference standards for clinicians.
Topics: Humans; Altitude; Electrocardiography; Arrhythmias, Cardiac
PubMed: 36731688
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101630 -
Frontiers in Pediatrics 2022Osteocalcin plays a role in glucose metabolism in mice, but its relevance in human energetic metabolism is controversial. Its relationship with markers of energetic... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Osteocalcin plays a role in glucose metabolism in mice, but its relevance in human energetic metabolism is controversial. Its relationship with markers of energetic metabolism in the pediatric population has not been systematically addressed in infants and adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to assess the mean differences between tOC, ucOC, and cOC among healthy children and children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D or T2D) and the correlation of these bone molecules with metabolic markers.
METHODS
A systematic review and metanalysis were performed following PRISMA criteria to identify relevant observational studies published in English and Spanish using PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, and Web of Science databases. The risk of bias was assessed using New Castle-Ottawa scale. Effect size measures comprised standardized mean difference (SMD) and Pearson correlations. Heterogeneity and meta-regressions were performed.
RESULTS
The 20 studies included were of high quality and comprised 3,000 pediatric patients who underwent tOC, cOC, or ucOC measurements. Among healthy subjects, there was a positive correlation of ucOC with WC and weight, a positive correlation of tOC with FPG, HDL-c, WC, height, and weight, and a negative correlation between tOC and HbA1c. Among diabetic subjects, a negative correlation of ucOC with HbA1c and glycemia in both T1D and T2D was found and a negative correlation between tOC and HbA1c in T1D but not in T2D. The ucOC concentrations were lower in T2D, T1D, and patients with abnormal glucose status than among controls. The serum concentrations of tOC concentrations were lower among T1D than in controls. The patient's age, altitude, and HbA1c influenced the levels of serum tOC.
CONCLUSION
Osteocalcin is involved in energy metabolism in pediatric subjects because it is consistently related to metabolic and anthropometric parameters.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42019138283.
PubMed: 36714656
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1075738