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Journal of Biochemical and Molecular... Mar 2023Inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been long considered as the main diagnostic method of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides poisoning; however,... (Review)
Review
Inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been long considered as the main diagnostic method of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides poisoning; however, it has been shown that ChE activity may also be altered due to exposure to other non-organophosphorus toxicants and variety of different medical conditions. Hence, to avoid misdiagnosis, we aimed to systematically review available documents to look for additional biomarkers of OP and carbamate poisoning. The electronic databases in addition to Google scholar were searched for eligible articles on March 2022 using "organophosphate," "carbamate," and "biomarker" including all their similar terms. After collecting the relevant documents, the data were extracted and described qualitatively. In total, data of 66 articles from 51 human and 15 animal studies were extracted. Findings demonstrated that enzymes such as β-glucuronidase, neuropathy target esterase, amylase, and lipase, in addition to hematological indicators such as CBC, CRP, lactate dehydrogenase, and CPK have high sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of OP poisoning. Findings suggest that using various markers for diagnosis of OP intoxication is helpful for appropriate management, and early identifying the patients at risk of death. The suggested biomarkers also help to avoid misdiagnosis of OP poisoning with other similar conditions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pesticides; Organophosphates; Organophosphate Poisoning; Carbamates; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36524544
DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23285 -
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Jan 2023Humans experience multiple biological and emotional changes under acute stress. Adopting a multi-systemic approach, we summarized 61 studies on healthy people's... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Humans experience multiple biological and emotional changes under acute stress. Adopting a multi-systemic approach, we summarized 61 studies on healthy people's endocrinological, physiological, immunological and emotional responses to the Trier Social Stress Test. We found salivary cortisol and negative mood states were the most sensitive markers to acute stress and recovery. Biomarkers such as heart rate and salivary alpha-amylase also showed sensitivity to acute stress, but the numbers of studies were small. Other endocrinological (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone), inflammatory (C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6) and physiological (e.g., skin conductance level) measures received modest support as acute stress markers. Salivary cortisol showed some associations with mood measures (e.g., state anxiety) during acute stress and recovery, and heart rate showed preliminary positive relationship with calmness ratings during response to TSST, but the overall evidence was mixed. While further research is needed, these findings provide updated and comprehensive knowledge on the integrated psychobiological response profiles to TSST.
Topics: Humans; Hydrocortisone; Stress, Psychological; Emotions; Anxiety; Psychological Tests
PubMed: 36410619
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101050 -
Developmental Psychobiology Nov 2022The aim of this systematic review was to better understand whether and to what extent psychosocial stressors are associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or... (Review)
Review
The aim of this systematic review was to better understand whether and to what extent psychosocial stressors are associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or autonomic nervous system stress responses in young children (1-6 years of age). Studies were classified by psychosocial stressors from the ecobiodevelopmental model: social and economic resources, maternal mental health, parent-child relationships, and the physical environment. Of the 2388 identified studies, 32 met full inclusion criteria, including over 9107 children. Child physiologic stress responses were measured as hair and urinary cortisol and cortisone, salivary diurnal and reactive cortisol, salivary reactive alpha-amylase, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. There were 107 identified relations between psychosocial stressors and physiologic stress responses. Nearly two thirds of these relations suggested that children have dysregulated stress responses as either significantly blunted (n = 27) or increased (n = 37); 43 relations were not significant. Children most consistently had significantly dysregulated stress responses if they experienced postnatal maternal depression or anxiety. Some reasons for the mixed findings may be related to characteristics of the child (i.e., moderators) or stressor, how the stress response or psychosocial stressor was measured, unmeasured variables (e.g., caregiving buffering), researcher degrees of freedom, or publication bias.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Hydrocortisone; Cortisone; Stress, Psychological; alpha-Amylases; Saliva
PubMed: 36282746
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22320 -
Biology of Sport Oct 2022The aim of this paper was to synthesize the findings on salivary marker responses to the different basketball match typologies. An electronic database search of articles... (Review)
Review
The aim of this paper was to synthesize the findings on salivary marker responses to the different basketball match typologies. An electronic database search of articles published until October 2020 was performed in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies were then screened using pre-defined selection criteria and a subsequent assessment of methodological quality was conducted. Articles matching the selection criteria and methodological quality were included in the systematic review. The electronic database search produced 696 articles. After removing 505 duplicates, 191 articles were included for screening. Screening led to 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The main findings revealed that playing a basketball match induced a highly stressful condition reflected by increased post-match cortisol levels regardless of season phase (i.e. regular vs. semi-final vs. final matches), match outcome (i.e. winning vs. losing matches) and location (i.e. home vs. away). Different results were found for testosterone, which showed inconsistent outcomes when measured before and after matches. However, an effect of match location on testosterone levels was observed, with higher concentrations before home matches compared to away matches. Finally, playing basketball matches led to an increase in levels of alpha-amylase, a decrease in interleukin-21 and no changes in immunoglobulin A, total protein and brain-derived-neurotrophic factor. The current results provide a detailed description of salivary markers changes in response to different basketball matches, which can help practitioners to have a better understanding of the basketball performance profile.
PubMed: 36247952
DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.107481 -
Oral Diseases Oct 2023To analyze the use of salivary biomarkers to identify psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, and stress) in individuals with oral lichen planus (OLP). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the use of salivary biomarkers to identify psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, and stress) in individuals with oral lichen planus (OLP).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The search was made in Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, ProQuest, and by cross-reference. Original case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies, in human subjects (age ≥18 years) with clinical and histopathological diagnosis, with or without the use of psychometric scales, published until June 2021, were included. Random-effects meta-analyses, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity were performed. Publication bias was measured using the Egger test and visual inspection of the funnel plot.
RESULTS
A total of 67 articles were found, of which 12 were included in the meta-analysis. Among the different biomarkers identified, it was only possible to perform a meta-analysis for cortisol. The mean difference between salivary cortisol levels in patients with OLP compared to controls was 3.43 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.20-5.65) with I = 98.9%. Studies considered outliers were removed and based on sensitivity analyses, results did not change, therefore, being stable.
CONCLUSION
The studies analyzed demonstrated that cortisol was the most quantified biomarker to identify psychological disorders; however, DHEA, IgA, adiponectin, and α-amylase were also evaluated.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Lichen Planus, Oral; Hydrocortisone; Cross-Sectional Studies; Saliva; Case-Control Studies; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36161740
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14385 -
Oral Diseases Oct 2023The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate which salivary biomarkers are altered in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) compared to a control group... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate which salivary biomarkers are altered in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) compared to a control group (CG). A comprehensive literature search was conducted in four databases. Case-control studies evaluating salivary biomarkers in BMS patients were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. RevMan was used for meta-analysis. Seventeen studies were selected. The included studies collected 54 different biomarkers. Of these biomarkers, only three (cortisol, α-amylase, and dehydroepiandrosterone) were analyzed in three or more studies. Dehydroepiandrosterone obtained contradictory results among the studies. However, cortisol and α-amylase levels were found to be higher in BMS patients. Cortisol was the only biomarker which could be included for meta-analysis. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the BMS group compared to the CG (Mean Difference = 0.39; 95% CI [0.14-0.65]; p = 0.003). In conclusion, different studies investigated salivary biomarkers in patients with BMS compared to a CG, with controversial results. Meta-analysis, confirmed by trial-sequential analysis, showed how cortisol levels were significantly higher in BMS. Cortisol emerges as an interesting salivary biomarker in BMS, but future properly designed studies are needed to evaluate its role in diagnosis and/or response to treatment.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Hydrocortisone; Biomarkers; alpha-Amylases; Dehydroepiandrosterone
PubMed: 36135356
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14390 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Pancreatic injury (pancreatitis, amylase/lipase elevation) is a rare adverse event of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). With the high number of clinical studies on... (Review)
Review
Pancreatic injury (pancreatitis, amylase/lipase elevation) is a rare adverse event of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). With the high number of clinical studies on ICIs, the incidence and characteristics of associated pancreatic injury (PI) need to be reevaluated. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the incidence of PI in cancer patients who received ICIs in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PubMed, Embase, the ASCO, ESMO, and AACR conference proceedings before 1 April 2022, were investigated for relevant research. 50 RCTs involving 35,223 patients were included. The incidence of ICIs-PI was 2.22% (95% CI = 1.94%-2.53%). The incidence of PI was 3.76% (95% CI = 1.84-7.67%) when combining two ICIs, which was higher than single ICIs [2.25% (95% CI = 1.91-2.65%)]. The ICIs were ranked from high to low based on PI incidence: PD-L1 inhibitors 3.01% (95% CI = 1.86-4.87%), CTLA-4 inhibitors 2.92% (95% CI = 0.99-8.65%) and PD-1 Inhibitor 2% (95% CI = 1.67-2.39%). The ICI with the highest rate of PI was pembrolizumab 7.23.% (95% CI = 1.69-30.89%). In addition, the incidence of severe ICIs-PI was 2.08% (95% CI = 1.76-2.46%); and the incidence of severe PI was 2.32% (95% CI = 1.76-3.06%) when combining two ICIs, which was higher than single ICI [1.95% (95% CI = 1.58-2.41%)]. The ICIs were ranked from high to low according to the incidence of severe PI: PD-L1 inhibitors 3.1% (95% CI = 1.7-5.64%), CTLA-4 inhibitors 2.69% (95% CI = 0.76-9.49%), PD-1 inhibitors 1.80% (95% CI = 1.41-2.29%). Treatment with multiple ICIs result in a higher incidence of PI compared to single ICIs, irrespective of the grade of pancreatic injury. The incidence of PI caused by PD-L1 inhibitors is higher than that of CTLA-4 inhibitors and PD-1 Inhibitor, and Pembrolizumab has the highest rate of ICIs-PI. Although the incidence of ICIs-PI is not high, they are usually severe (≥ grade 3 events).
PubMed: 36133806
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.955701 -
Caries Research 2022Salivary proteins play an important role in repairing mechanisms of damaged tissues and the maintenance of oral health. However, there is a dearth of information in the...
Salivary proteins play an important role in repairing mechanisms of damaged tissues and the maintenance of oral health. However, there is a dearth of information in the literature regarding the concentrations of salivary proteins in caries-free (CF) and caries-active (CA) subjects. Hence, this systematic review was conducted to update our previous systematic review published in 2013 that aimed to assess the association between caries and salivary proteins by comparing CF and CA individuals. Thereby, evaluating the possibility of whether salivary proteins can be regarded as biomarkers for caries. An extensive search of studies was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, and Elsevier's Scopus between July 2012 and January 2022, without any language restriction. Manual searching in Google Scholar and evaluation of bibliographies of the included studies were also undertaken. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) within the included studies. Of 22 included studies, 1,551 human subjects (range: 30-213 participants) were recruited, of which 848 individuals (54.7%) were CA and 703 (45.3%) were CF. Regarding the utilization of DMFT as the caries index, high variability was observed across different articles. A statistically significant increase in the salivary levels of alpha-amylase, acidic proline-rich protein-1, histatin-5, lactoperoxidase, and mucin-1 was found in CA patients, while the salivary levels of carbonic anhydrase 6, proteinase-3, and statherin were observed to be significantly increased in CF subjects. Conflicting results were found regarding the salivary levels of immunoglobulin A and total proteins among CA and CF subjects. The included studies were categorized as low RoB (n = 15), medium RoB (n = 4), and high RoB (n = 3). Due to significant heterogeneity among the included studies, no meta-analysis could be performed. In conclusion, the salivary levels of protein(s) might be a useful biomarker for caries diagnosis, especially alpha-amylase, acidic proline-rich protein-1, histatin-5, lactoperoxidase, mucin-1, carbonic anhydrase 6, proteinase-3, and statherin. However, their diagnostic value must be verified by large-scale prospective studies.
Topics: Humans; Mucin-1; Dental Caries; Histatins; Lactoperoxidase; Prospective Studies; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Biomarkers; Proline; alpha-Amylases; Peptide Hydrolases
PubMed: 36116431
DOI: 10.1159/000526942 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022At present, a number of systematic reviews (SRs) on Xuebijing injection (a patent in China) in the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP) or severe acute pancreatitis...
At present, a number of systematic reviews (SRs) on Xuebijing injection (a patent in China) in the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP) or severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) have been published. However, the quality of evidence is uneven and has not been comprehensively evaluated. We evaluated the efficacy of Xuebijing injection for AP/SAP through an overview of SR, and to provide a scientific basis for its effectiveness and safety. We searched Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP comprehensively. The retrieval period from inception to 30 November 2021, and the two reviewers independently complete the literature retrieval, data extraction and evaluation. The Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2) and the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) were used to evaluate the methodological quality and reporting quality of the SRs, respectively. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to evaluate the quality grading of outcomes and the risk of bias in SRs was evaluated by ROBIS Tool. Finally, the RCTs involved in SRs were synthesized. Stata15.1 was used for quantitative analysis of total effectiveness rate, time until relief of abdominal pain, time until relief of abdominal distension, and serum amylase level. Nine eligible SRs were included, including 92 RCTs and 6,837 participants. The quality of SRs was relatively good, and the manuscript structures were relatively complete. However, the methodological quality of SRs was low or critically low. RoB rated 5 SRs as low risk of bias and 4 SRs as high risk of bias. In GRADE, a total of 47 results were included in the 9 SRs, of which 5 results (10.64%) were moderate quality, 22 results (46.81%) were low quality, and 20 results (42.55%) were very low quality. The results of data synthesis showed that Xuebijing injection combined treatment increased the total effectiveness rate of AP patients (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.17-1.23, < 0.0001), and there was no heterogeneity between studies (I = 0.0%, = 0.589). Compared with the control group, Xuebijing injection group shortened the abdominal pain and distension relief time in AP patients (WMD = -1.69, 95% CI -1.88--1.50, < 0.0001; WMD = -1.48, 95% CI -1.74--1.23, < 0.0001), with high heterogeneity (I = 84.3%, = 0.000; I = 72.2%, = 0.000). Serum amylase level was also reduced (WMD = -2.06, 95% CI -2.47--1.64, < 0.0001), with significant heterogeneity (I = 71.6%, = 0.000). A total of one SR reported adverse drug reaction (ADR), no ADRs were observed in the control group. Although the quality of the evidence is not high, it can still reflect the clinical value of Xuebijing injection as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of AP/SAP. Therefore, future clinical studies should focus on the long-term efficacy and adverse reactions of drugs. (website), identifier (registration number).
PubMed: 36034818
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.883729 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Aug 2022With the advent of green chemistry, the use of enzymes in industrial processes serves as an alternative to the conventional chemical catalysts. A high demand for... (Review)
Review
With the advent of green chemistry, the use of enzymes in industrial processes serves as an alternative to the conventional chemical catalysts. A high demand for sustainable processes for catalysis has brought a significant attention to hunt for novel enzymes. Among various hydrolases, the α-amylase has a gamut of biotechnological applications owing to its pivotal role in starch-hydrolysis. Industrial demand requires enzymes with thermostability and to ameliorate this crucial property, various methods such as protein engineering, directed evolution and enzyme immobilisation strategies are devised. Besides the traditional culture-dependent approach, metagenome from uncultured bacteria serves as a bountiful resource for novel genes/biocatalysts. Exploring the extreme-niches metagenome, advancements in protein engineering and biotechnology tools encourage the mining of novel α-amylase and its stable variants to tap its robust biotechnological and industrial potential. This review outlines α-amylase and its genetics, its catalytic domain architecture and mechanism of action, and various molecular methods to ameliorate its production. It aims to impart understanding on mechanisms involved in thermostability of α-amylase, cover strategies to screen novel genes from futile habitats and some molecular methods to ameliorate its properties.
Topics: Enzymes, Immobilized; Metagenome; Protein Engineering; Starch; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 35999473
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03396-0