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PloS One 2024The elderly is commonly susceptible to depression, the symptoms for which may overlap with natural aging or other illnesses, and therefore miss being captured by routine...
BACKGROUND
The elderly is commonly susceptible to depression, the symptoms for which may overlap with natural aging or other illnesses, and therefore miss being captured by routine screening questionnaires. Passive sensing data have been promoted as a tool for depressive symptoms detection though there is still limited evidence on its usage in the elderly. Therefore, this study aims to review current knowledge on the use of passive sensing data via smartphones and smartwatches in depressive symptom screening for the elderly.
METHOD
The search of literature was performed in PubMed, IEEE Xplore digital library, and PsycINFO. Literature investigating the use of passive sensing data to screen, monitor, and/or predict depressive symptoms in the elderly (aged 60 and above) via smartphones and/or wrist-worn wearables was included for initial screening. Studies in English from international journals published between January 2012 to September 2022 were included. The reviewed studies were further analyzed by a narrative analysis.
RESULTS
The majority of 21 included studies were conducted in Western countries with a few in Asia and Australia. Most studies adopted a cohort study design (n = 12), followed by cross-sectional design (n = 7) and a case-control design (n = 2). The most popular passive sensing data was related to sleep and physical activity using an actigraphy. Sleep characteristics, such as prolonged wakefulness after sleep onset, along with lower levels of physical activity, exhibited a significant association with depression. However, cohort studies expressed concerns regarding data quality stemming from incomplete follow-up and potential confounding effects.
CONCLUSION
Passive sensing data, such as sleep, and physical activity parameters should be promoted for depressive symptoms detection. However, the validity, reliability, feasibility, and privacy concerns still need further exploration.
Topics: Humans; Smartphone; Depression; Aged; Mass Screening; Wearable Electronic Devices; Sleep; Middle Aged; Exercise; Female
PubMed: 38935797
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304845 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Classic psychedelics and MDMA have a colorful history of recreational use, and both have recently been re-evaluated as tools for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Classic psychedelics and MDMA have a colorful history of recreational use, and both have recently been re-evaluated as tools for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Several studies have been carried out to assess potential long-term effects of a regular use on cognition, delivering distinct results for psychedelics and MDMA. However, to date knowledge is scarce on cognitive performance during acute effects of those substances. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigate how cognitive functioning is affected by psychedelics and MDMA during the acute drug effects and the sub-acute ("afterglow") window. Our quantitative analyses suggest that acute cognitive performance is differentially affected by psychedelics when compared to MDMA: psychedelics impair attention and executive function, whereas MDMA primarily affects memory, leaving executive functions and attention unaffected. Our qualitative analyses reveal that executive functioning and creativity may be increased during a window of at least 24 h after the acute effects of psychedelics have subsided, whereas no such results have been observed for MDMA. Our findings may contribute to inform recommendations on harm reduction for recreational settings and to help fostering differential approaches for the use of psychedelics and MDMA within a therapeutic framework.
Topics: Humans; Hallucinogens; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Cognition; Executive Function; Attention; Memory
PubMed: 38926480
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65391-9 -
Seizure Jun 2024Sleep disturbances significantly impact the lives of individuals with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME). This study aimed to investigate sleep studies, disturbances, and... (Review)
Review
Sleep disturbances significantly impact the lives of individuals with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME). This study aimed to investigate sleep studies, disturbances, and the impact of anti-seizure drugs on sleep in JME patients. Relevant studies were retrieved from the National Library of Medicine (Pubmed) database and the Cochrane Library utilizing the search terms "Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy" and "sleep". A total of 160 papers' review, data extraction, and resolution of discrepancies were performed independently by two reviewers according to the PRISMA protocol and were registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023472439). A systematic review of 31 studies was conducted, encompassing various methodologies, including sleep questionnaires (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (n = 13), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (n = 10)), polysomnography (n = 8), EEG (n = 9), actigraphy (n = 1), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (n = 1). Most studies were hospital-based (n = 31), cross-sectional (n = 11), and prospective (n = 25). Patients with JME exhibit a higher prevalence of sleep disturbances, worse quality of sleep (n = 4), daytime sleepiness (n = 2), sleep efficiency (n = 7), and increased sleep latency (n = 1) compared to controls. These disruptions are characterized by increased wakefulness (n = 3), frequent arousals (n = 3), decreased REM sleep (n = 2), and conflicting NREM sleep findings (n = 3). Additional sleep-related issues observed in JME patients include insomnia (n = 1) and increased prevalence of parasomnias such as nightmares and sleep talking. Periodic limb movement and obstructive sleep apnea are similar or less frequent (3/28). REM behavioral disorders and sleepwalking were not seen. Valproate showed conflicting effects on sleep (n = 7), while levetiracetam did not impact sleep (n = 1). These findings underlined the need for more sufficient evidence of sleep studies in JME. Future research should prioritize understanding the nature of sleep in JME and its impact on management.
PubMed: 38908143
DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.05.014 -
Psychiatry Research Jun 2024This systematic review aimed to explore sex differences in exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among refugees,... (Review)
Review
This systematic review aimed to explore sex differences in exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), and asylum seekers. A comprehensive search was conducted across three databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, and Embase), which yielded 2,255 studies. A total of 15 studies were included for trauma exposure assessment, and 8 studies for PTSD symptomatology assessment. The review revealed significant sex differences in trauma exposure, with women experiencing higher rates of sexual violence, while men faced greater risks of imprisonment and torture. In terms of PTSD symptomatology, our findings showed that women tend to exhibit greater symptoms of arousal and specific symptoms of avoidance such as loss of interest and avoidance of activities reminding of trauma, while men were more likely to experience estrangement and detachment. Findings regarding symptoms of reexperiencing were not entirely consistent. This review emphasizes the importance of considering sex-specific symptoms in trauma assessment among displaced populations and advocates for further research into targeted interventions, especially regarding sexual violence.
PubMed: 38906050
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116014 -
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine Jun 2024Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often experience poor sleep quality. Pharmacologic sleep aids are frequently used as primary or adjunctive therapy to improve... (Review)
Review
Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often experience poor sleep quality. Pharmacologic sleep aids are frequently used as primary or adjunctive therapy to improve sleep, although their benefits in the ICU remain uncertain. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the objective and subjective effects of medications used for sleep in the ICU, as well as their adverse effects. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched from their inception until June 2023 for comparative studies assessing the effects of pharmacologic sleep aids on objective and subjective metrics of sleep. Thirty-four studies with 3498 participants were included. Medications evaluated were melatonin, ramelteon, suvorexant, propofol, and dexmedetomidine. The majority of studies were randomized controlled trials. Melatonin and dexmedetomidine were the best studied agents. Objective sleep metrics included polysomnography (PSG), electroencephalography (EEG), bispectral index, and actigraphy. Subjective outcome measures included patient questionnaires and nursing observations. Evidence for melatonin as a sleep aid in the ICU was mixed but largely not supportive for improving sleep. Evidence for ramelteon, suvorexant, and propofol was too limited to offer definitive recommendations. Both objective and subjective data supported dexmedetomidine as an effective sleep aid in the ICU, with PSG/EEG in 303 ICU patients demonstrating increased sleep duration and efficiency, decreased arousal index, decreased percentage of stage N1 sleep, and increased absolute and percentage of stage N2 sleep. Mild bradycardia and hypotension were reported as side effects of dexmedetomidine, whereas the other medications were reported to be safe. Several ongoing studies have not yet been published, mostly on melatonin and dexmedetomidine. While definitive conclusions cannot be made for most medications, dexmedetomidine improved sleep quantity and quality in the ICU. These benefits need to be balanced with possible hemodynamic side effects.
PubMed: 38881385
DOI: 10.1177/08850666241255345 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a non-REM parasomnia with potentially significant negative effects on general health (dangerous activities during night eating...
Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a non-REM parasomnia with potentially significant negative effects on general health (dangerous activities during night eating episodes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome, for example). Although the history of SRED encompasses more than six decades, public awareness and even the awareness of the mental health specialists of this disorder is very limited, a phenomenon that hinders the development of research in this field. Therefore, a systematic review based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines explored the available evidence for SRED found in four electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration, Google Scholar, and Clarivate/Web of Science). A number of 94 primary and secondary reports were retrieved, investigating aspects regarding the risk factors, epidemiology, clinical data and differential diagnosis, epidemiology, structured evaluation, and treatment of SRED. Based on the results of these reports, Z-drugs, but also certain benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and psychostimulants may trigger the onset of SRED. Psychiatric and neurologic disorders have also been associated with SRED, either as risk factors or comorbid conditions. Cerebral glucose metabolism dysfunctions, neurotransmitter dysfunctions, and genetic factors have been invoked as pathogenetic contributors. Structured assessment of SRED is possible, but there is a dearth of instruments dedicated to this purpose. Data on the prevalence and treatment of SRED exist, but good-quality epidemiological studies and clinical trials are still missing. In conclusion, future research is expected to address the shortcomings of SRED exploration by creating the conditions for better quality and larger group clinical research. The need for such investigation is granted by the importance of this pathology and its negative functional consequences.
PubMed: 38873533
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1393337 -
Systematic Reviews Jun 2024Memory and attention are important for daily functioning, and their function deteriorates due to aging. However, fruit and vegetable consumption are one of the...
BACKGROUND
Memory and attention are important for daily functioning, and their function deteriorates due to aging. However, fruit and vegetable consumption are one of the protective factors against deterioration in memory and attention. This systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aims to identify the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on memory and attention.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search in EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception up to 06/09/2022. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles, fruit and vegetable intake measured using randomized controlled trials, and the outcome measures that showed the results of memory and attention scores. Two researchers independently extracted articles that met the selection criteria and evaluated the quality of each study.
RESULTS
There were 70 articles identified from the databases, of which 13 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. There were 493 participants in total. The results show that consumption of fruit and vegetable intake improved memory and attention in longitudinal studies (10 to 12 weeks). Children showed improvement in immediate recall after supplementation with blueberries. Older adults required a higher dose of fruit and vegetable intake consumption to achieve significant improvement compared with children and younger adults. Furthermore, the effect of fruits and vegetables on memory showed better immediate memory recall than delayed recall.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review showed that there is an improvement in memory and attention with fruit and vegetable intake consumption. Hence, awareness of fruit and vegetable intake consumption is important to maintain cognitive health.
Topics: Humans; Vegetables; Fruit; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Memory; Attention; Diet
PubMed: 38849879
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02547-8 -
BMC Oral Health Jun 2024To assess the efficacy of positional therapy and oral appliance therapy for the management of positional obstructive sleep apnea. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
AIM
To assess the efficacy of positional therapy and oral appliance therapy for the management of positional obstructive sleep apnea.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and SCOPUS for relevant clinical trials. Quality assessment of the included trials was evaluated according to Cochrane's risk of bias tool. We included the following outcomes: The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), AHI non-supine, AHI supine, sleep efficiency, percentage of supine sleep, Adherence (≥ 4 h/night, ≥ 5 days/week), Oxygen desaturation Index, Arousal Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (ESS), Mean SpO2, and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire.
RESULTS
The AHI non-supine and the ESS scores were significantly lower in the OAT cohort than in the PT cohort. The PT cohort was associated with a significantly decreased percentage of supine sleep than the OAT cohort (MD= -26.07 [-33.15, -19.00], P = 0.0001). There was no significant variation between PT cohort and OAT cohort regarding total AHI, AHI supine, ODI, sleep efficiency, arousal index, FOSQ, adherence, and mean SpO2.
CONCLUSION
Both Positional Therapy and Oral Appliance Therapy effectively addressed Obstructive Sleep Apnea. However, Oral Appliance Therapy exhibited higher efficiency, leading to increased supine sleep percentage and more significant reductions in the Apnea Hypopnea Index during non-supine positions, as well as lower scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Topics: Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Supine Position; Patient Positioning
PubMed: 38849827
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04277-8 -
Nutrition Reviews Jun 2024Dietary components or its overall properties can influence an individual's sleep status.
CONTEXT
Dietary components or its overall properties can influence an individual's sleep status.
OBJECTIVE
The aim for this study was to critically search, appraise, and synthesize research evidence on the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and sleep quality and its parameters.
DATA SOURCES
Original published studies on adults were obtained from the PubMed, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases.
DATA EXTRACTION
The search was conducted without date limitation until April 2023. Duplicated and irrelevant investigations were screened out, and the results of the remaining articles were descriptively summarized, then critically appraised and analyzed. Possible mechanistic pathways regarding diet, systemic inflammation, and sleep status were discussed.
DATA ANALYSIS
Of the 102 studies searched, 23 articles (n = 4 cohort studies, 18 cross-sectional studies, and 1 intervention study) were included in the final review. The association between DII and sleep status was investigated subjectively in 21 studies and objectively in 6 studies. The main studied sleep outcomes were sleep quality, duration, latency, efficiency, apnea, disturbances, the use of sleeping medications, daytime dysfunctions, wakefulness after sleep onset, and rapid eye movement.
CONCLUSIONS
According to most of the evidence, DII may not be related to overall sleep quality, sleep duration, latency, efficiency, and the use of sleeping medications. The evidence of positive association was greater between a high DII score (pro-inflammatory diet) with daytime dysfunctions, wakefulness after sleep onset, and sleep apnea. There is insufficient evidence to make any conclusion regarding sleep disturbances and rapid eye movement.
PubMed: 38849315
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae051 -
F1000Research 2023Despite medical advances in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), patients living with HIV continue to be at risk for developing HIV-associated neurocognitive... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Despite medical advances in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), patients living with HIV continue to be at risk for developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The optimization of non-HAART interventions, including cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT), shows promise in reversing the impact of HAND. No data exist indicating the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills following neuroHIV. This paper presents a meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to remediate attention skills following HIV CRT. The database search included literature from Google Scholar, ERIC, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, PsycINFO, and grey literature published between 2013 and 2022. Inclusion criteria included studies with participants living with HIV who had undergone CRT intervention to remediate attention skills following neuroHIV. Exclusion criteria included case studies, non-human studies, and literature reviews. To assess study quality, including, randomisation, allocation concealment, participant and personnel blinding, the Cochrane Collaboration ratings system was applied. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 532). There were significant pre- to post-intervention between-group benefits due to CRT in the experimental group relative to control conditions for the remediation of attention skills following HIV acquisition (Hedges g = 0.251, 95% CI = 0.005 to 0.497; p < 0.05). No significant effects (p > 0.05) were demonstrated for subgroup analysis. To the author's knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that exclusively analyses the remediation of attention skills in the era of HAART and neuroHIV, where all studies included participants diagnosed with HIV. The overall meta-analysis effect indicates the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills in HIV and HAND. It is recommended that future cognitive rehabilitation protocols to remediate attention skills should be context and population-specific and that they be supplemented by objective biomarkers indicating the efficacy of the CRT. Protocols.io (01/03/2023).
Topics: Humans; HIV Infections; Attention; Cognitive Remediation; Neurocognitive Disorders; AIDS Dementia Complex
PubMed: 38778812
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132166.1