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Review of Education (British... Dec 2022School-based interventions for preventing dating and relationship violence (DRV) and gender-based violence (GBV) are an important way of attempting to prevent and reduce... (Review)
Review
School-based interventions for preventing dating and relationship violence (DRV) and gender-based violence (GBV) are an important way of attempting to prevent and reduce the significant amount of DRV and GBV that occurs in schools. A theoretical understanding of how these interventions are likely to cause change is essential for developing and evaluating effectiveness, so developing an overarching theory of change for school-based interventions to prevent DRV and GBV was the first step in our systematic review. Theoretical data were synthesised from 68 outcome evaluations using methods common to qualitative synthesis. Specifically, we used a meta-ethnographic approach to develop a line-of-argument for an overarching theory of change and Markham and Aveyard's (2003, , 56, 1209) theory of human functioning and school organisation as a framework for structuring the concepts. The overall theory of change generated was that by strengthening relationships between and among staff and students, between the classroom and the wider school, and between schools and communities, and by increasing students' sense of belonging with student-centred learning opportunities, schools would encourage student commitment to the school and its values, prosocial behaviour and avoidance of violence and aggression. The theory of human functioning informed our understanding of the mechanisms of action but from our analysis we found that it required refinement to address the importance of context and student agency.
PubMed: 37090159
DOI: 10.1002/rev3.3382 -
Accident; Analysis and Prevention Jul 2023In recent years, many studies have used poor cognitive functions to explain risk safety differences among drivers. Working memory is a cognitive function with...
In recent years, many studies have used poor cognitive functions to explain risk safety differences among drivers. Working memory is a cognitive function with information storage and attentional control that plays a crucial role in driver information processing. Furthermore, it is inextricably linked to parameters such as driving performance, driving eye movements and driving neurophysiology, which have a significant impact on drivers' risky behavior and crash risk. In particular, crash risk is a serious risk to social safety and economic development. For this reason, it is necessary to understand how risk-related working memory affects driving so that pre-driving safety pre-training programs and in-vehicle safety assistance systems for driving can be developed accordingly, contributing to the development of semi-autonomous vehicles and even autonomous vehicles. In this paper, a systematic search of the literature over the past 23 years resulted in 78 articles that met the eligibility criteria and quality assessment. The results show that higher working memory capacity, as measured neuropsychologically, is associated with more consistent and safer driving-related parameters for drivers (e.g., lane keeping) and may be related to pupil dilation during risk perception while driving, which is associated with driving outcomes (tickets, pull-overs, penalty points and fines,and driving accidents) is closely related to the perceived usefulness of the human-machine interface, reaction time, standard deviation of steering wheel corners, etc. when the autonomous driving takes over. In addition, higher working memory load interference was associated with more inconsistent and unsafe driving-related parameters (including but not limited to eye movements, electrophysiology, etc.), with higher working memory load being associated with easier driver concentration on the road, faster heart rate, lower heart rate variability, and lower oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (DeoxyHb). Only a limited number of studies have simultaneously investigated the relationship between working memory capacity, working memory load and driving, showing an interaction between working memory capacity and working memory load on lane change initiation and lane change correctness, with working memory capacity acting as a covariate that mediated the effect of working memory load on braking reaction time. In addition, working memory-related cognitive training had a transfer effect on improving driving ability. Overall, working memory capacity determines the upper limit of the number of working memory attention resources, while working memory load occupies part of the working memory attention resources, thus influencing information perception, decision judgment, operational response, and collision avoidance in driving. Future effective interventions for safe driving can be combined with capacity training and load alerting. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of working memory in driving and provide new insights into the design of driver safety training programs and automated driving personalized in-vehicle safety systems and roadside devices such as signage.
Topics: Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Accidents, Traffic; Reaction Time; Attention; Safety; Automobile Driving
PubMed: 37060663
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107071 -
AIDS Care Dec 2023The objective of this study is to synthesize the existing empirical literature and perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between HIV... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The objective of this study is to synthesize the existing empirical literature and perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between HIV disclosure and engagement in the HIV care continuum among men who have sex with men living with HIV. Twenty-three studies were included, with thirteen quantitative studies and ten qualitative studies. Meta-analytic techniques were used to compute and aggregate effect sizes (odds ratio [OR] and their confidence intervals [95%CI]) for the quantitative studies and a thematic analysis was employed for qualitative studies. Given the small number of eligible studies, meta-analysis was only conducted for the linkage to care outcome, where a positive association was observed from the pooled estimation (OR = 1.51, 95%CI [1.15, 1.99]). Regarding ART initiation, retention in care, and viral suppression outcomes, most of the individual studies revealed a positive association between HIV disclosure and these outcomes. Thematic analysis from qualitative studies complemented the quantitative findings by incorporating the approaching and avoidance motivations underlying the relationship between non-HIV disclosure and the participation in HIV care continuum. The small number of available studies limits the definitive conclusions, and more research is needed to ascertain the magnitude of effect sizes.
Topics: Male; Humans; HIV Infections; Disclosure; Homosexuality, Male; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Continuity of Patient Care
PubMed: 36912702
DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2188159 -
Journal of General Internal Medicine May 2023Physicians treating similar patients in similar care-delivery contexts vary in the intensity of life-extending care provided to their patients at the end-of-life.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Physicians treating similar patients in similar care-delivery contexts vary in the intensity of life-extending care provided to their patients at the end-of-life. Physician psychological propensities are an important potential determinant of this variability, but the pertinent literature has yet to be synthesized.
OBJECTIVE
Conduct a review of qualitative studies to explicate whether and how psychological propensities could result in some physicians providing more intensive treatment than others.
METHODS
Systematic searches were conducted in five major electronic databases-MEDLINE ALL (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (Ovid), and Cochrane CENTRAL (Wiley)-to identify eligible studies (earliest available date to August 2021). Eligibility criteria included examination of a physician psychological factor as relating to end-of-life care intensity in advanced life-limiting illness. Findings from individual studies were pooled and synthesized using thematic analysis, which identified common, prevalent themes across findings.
RESULTS
The search identified 5623 references, of which 28 were included in the final synthesis. Seven psychological propensities were identified as influencing physician judgments regarding whether and when to withhold or de-escalate life-extending treatments resulting in higher treatment intensity: (1) professional identity as someone who extends lifespan, (2) mortality aversion, (3) communication avoidance, (4) conflict avoidance, (5) personal values favoring life extension, (6) decisional avoidance, and (7) over-optimism.
CONCLUSIONS
Psychological propensities could influence physician judgments regarding whether and when to de-escalate life-extending treatments. Future work should examine how individual and environmental factors combine to create such propensities, and how addressing these propensities could reduce physician-attributed variation in end-of-life care intensity.
Topics: Humans; Communication; Death; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Physicians; Terminal Care
PubMed: 36732436
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-08011-4 -
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects, including onphysical and mental health and wellbeing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects, including onphysical and mental health and wellbeing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's health, especially on women's sexual life includingdesire, arousal, orgasm and satisfaction. The initial research in PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar and Scopus yielded 573 articles from Europe (Portugal, Poland, Italy, Greece), America (U.S, Brazil) and Africa (Egypt), of which 14 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results from the studies suggest that the pandemic negatively affected sexual functioning and satisfaction, while it increased sexual distress, sexual avoidance and solitary sexual approach behaviors. The desire to have children decreased during the pandemic, but so didthe use of contraception. There is conflicting evidence as to whether or not the pandemic has had an impact on sexual desire and frequency among women. However, some major factors associated with sexual life were psychological factors and working status. It is well documented that the pandemic has had a great psychological impact. Therefore, both of these factors are expected to significantly affect women's sexual life.
PubMed: 36673553
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020185 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Mar 2023Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the intentional and deliberate damage to an individual's own body tissue without the intent to suicide. Individuals who have higher... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the intentional and deliberate damage to an individual's own body tissue without the intent to suicide. Individuals who have higher self-reported levels of experiential avoidance are more likely to report a history of NSSI. The current study systematically reviewed the literature and meta-analysed studies assessing associations between experiential avoidance and self-injury.
METHOD
An extensive review was conducted of several databases (including ProQuest, Joanna Briggs, Web of Science, PsychArticles, PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid). Nineteen articles (two dissertations) met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and 14 were analysed in a Robust Bayesian Meta-analysis. This review was registered through PROSPERO (CRD42020198041).
RESULTS
There was a small to medium, pooled effect size (d = 0.48, 95 % Credibility Interval 0.00-0.85). There was strong evidence for this effect size (Bayes Factor = 12.16), although there was considerable heterogeneity between studies (τ =0.68, 95 % CI [0.44, 0.1.05]). The analysis testing whether these findings may be due to publication bias was inconclusive (Bayes Factor = 2.45).
LIMITATIONS
The majority of studies included were cross-sectional, in English, and most studies were of university students. While some studies reported on recency/frequency of NSSI there was not enough data to conduct meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest there is a robust association between history of NSSI and experiential avoidance. However, as most studies operationalise avoidance as a unidimensional construct, it is not clear which aspects of avoidance differentiate individuals with and without a history of NSSI.
Topics: Humans; Bayes Theorem; Self-Injurious Behavior; Self Report; Suicide; Bibliometrics; Suicidal Ideation
PubMed: 36638968
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.027 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Both the World Health Organization and the Lancet Series on Adolescent nutrition recommend that governments adopt fiscal policies to combat diet-related non-communicable...
INTRODUCTION
Both the World Health Organization and the Lancet Series on Adolescent nutrition recommend that governments adopt fiscal policies to combat diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, rigorous, systematic evidence regarding the effects of these interventions is lacking.
METHODS
We synthesize the available evidence regarding the impacts of taxes and subsidies that directly affect consumer prices on availability and accessibility of foods and beverages, purchasing behavior, diet quality, health and well-being outcomes as well as considerations for implementation, sustainability and equity.
RESULTS
Our initial search returned 2,113 de-duplicated studies, and ultimately 24 impact evaluations and two systematic reviews met final eligibility criteria and represented unique evaluations. Our meta-analysis of these studies suggests that taxes may decrease purchases of taxed beverages (SMD = -0.14 [95% CI: -0.29 to -0.07], = 15). Results should be interpreted cautiously due to considerable heterogeneity ((14) = 335.19, = 0.01, , = 95.82%).
DISCUSSION
The evidence base is too limited to draw conclusions about the effects of taxes on beverages and calorie-dense foods on purchases, or on the effects of subsidies on purchasing or diet quality. Overall, the evidence base is inconclusive on whether fiscal policies can meaningfully influence the availability and accessibility of foods and beverages, diet quality, and health outcomes. Policymakers implementing fiscal policies should consider information campaigns on health benefits and health risks associated with certain food and beverage consumption. For taxes, exposure to health information may amplify signaling effects of taxes and reduce avoidance behaviors, such as cross-border shopping. Future evaluations should diversify data sources to better understand impacts on diet and health outcomes.
PubMed: 36532551
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.967494 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2022Effective grassroots governance is the foundation for the stability of state power, but the "invalid busyness" behavior of a few grassroots cadres has seriously...
UNLABELLED
Effective grassroots governance is the foundation for the stability of state power, but the "invalid busyness" behavior of a few grassroots cadres has seriously deteriorated the local political ecology. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of "invalid busyness" behavior of grassroots cadres, this paper, following the analysis of typological research and combined with publicly available data, classifies the "invalid busyness" behavior of grassroots cadres into eight types, including hedging and self-preservation, drifting with the stream, patchwork response, conforming old rulers, replacing targets, blame avoidance, trace doctrine, and self-waiver. It is found that the "invalid busyness" behavior of grassroots cadres is shaped by the risk society paradox, local management paradox, incentive intensity paradox and technical governance paradox, and the "invalid busyness" behavior of grassroots cadres needs to be corrected from the four-dimensional logic of incentive, restraint, deep care, and strict control. This study systematically describes the manifestation, causes and correction mechanism of the "invalid busyness" behavior of grassroots cadres, which enriches and expands the theoretical research on the performance behavior of grassroots cadres.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://osf.io/h5wgj.
PubMed: 36506953
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1027427 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019 and the Russian-Ukrainian war in February 2022 created restrictions and uncertainties that affected the general... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019 and the Russian-Ukrainian war in February 2022 created restrictions and uncertainties that affected the general population's mental health. One of the affected groups was students. This systematic review summarizes the current literature on the prevalence, outcomes, and interventions for stress and anxiety among university, college, graduate, or postsecondary populations.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and ProQuest, following PRISMA guidelines. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and screening was performed to identify the definitive studies.
RESULTS
The prevalence of anxiety was relatively high, ranging from 88.9 to 13.63%, and the prevalence of stress ranged from 56 to 28.14%. The predictors of stress and anxiety included young age, gender being female, STEM course, loneliness, low academic level in school, urban lockdown, confinement, having a preexisting disease, having relatives or friends infected with COVID-19, and proximity to a COVID-19 zone. The predictors of stress included gender being female, living with family, living in a household with many people, being confined rather than having the freedom to relocate, proximity to confirmed cases of COVID-19, lack of access to materials on COVID-19, preexisting mental disorders, and lack of knowledge on the preventable nature of COVID-19. The sources of anxiety among the university students identified in the study included academics, postponement of graduation, cancelation or disruption of planned events, inability to achieve goals, and finances. In addition, the students used trauma-focused, forward-focused, task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented coping strategies.
CONCLUSION
The included studies showed that stress and anxiety increased during the pandemic and the war, with gender and uncertainty playing a critical role. The studies provide insights into the widespread use of problem-focused and task-focused coping strategies despite their impact on increasing stress and anxiety.
PubMed: 36506419
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1081013 -
Palliative & Supportive Care Jun 2024The demand of palliative care is increasing due to the aging population and treatment hesitancy or intentional avoidance compromises symptom management. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The demand of palliative care is increasing due to the aging population and treatment hesitancy or intentional avoidance compromises symptom management.
OBJECTIVES
To identify patient beliefs associated with medication hesitancy by using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) namely, attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intention, and perceived behavioral control associated with medication hesitancy or intentional noncompliance by avoidance.
METHODS
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline was followed to conduct a systematic literature search involving the CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases from inception until March 2022. Hand-searched articles from reference lists and gray literature were included. Thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative data and triangulated with quantitative data.
RESULTS
About 554 articles were retrieved from the literature search and 17 articles were included based on the eligibility criteria. Three subthemes that were identified under TPB constructs were : negative attitude toward medications, passive attitude toward illness and inaccurate information about disease or medication; one subtheme was identified under : perceived negative opinions from others; and one subtheme was identified under : perception of manageable symptoms. Quantitative data provided triangulation of qualitative findings related to fear of addiction and side effects, feelings of hopelessness, unclear direction and information, social stigma, endurable symptoms, and illness as determinants for medication avoidance.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS
This systematic review highlighted some patient beliefs related to medication hesitancy or avoidance. Clinicians should take patient beliefs and concerns into consideration when creating treatment regimens for people receiving palliative care to optimize medication adherence and the quality of care.
Topics: Humans; Palliative Care; Medication Adherence; Psychological Theory; Theory of Planned Behavior
PubMed: 36503650
DOI: 10.1017/S1478951522001547