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Journal of the American Heart... May 2024There is a potential concern about increased bleeding risk in patients receiving omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The aims of this study-level meta-analysis... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
There is a potential concern about increased bleeding risk in patients receiving omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The aims of this study-level meta-analysis were to determine the risk of bleeding and to assess whether this relationship is linked to the received dose of omega-3 PUFAs or the background use of antiplatelet treatment.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Electronic databases were searched through May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials of patients receiving omega-3 PUFAs. Overall bleeding events, including fatal and central nervous system events, were identified and compared with those of a control group. A total of 120 643 patients from 11 randomized clinical trials were included. There was no difference in the pooled meta-analytic events of bleeding among patients receiving omega-3 PUFAs and those in the control group (rate ratio [RR], 1.09 [95% CI, 0.91-1.31]; =0.34). Likewise, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke, intracranial bleeding, and gastrointestinal bleeding were similar. A prespecified analysis was performed in patients receiving high-dose purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which demonstrated a 50% increase in the relative risk of bleeding but only a modest increase in the absolute risk of bleeding (0.6%) when compared with placebo. Bleeding risk was associated with the dose of EPA (risk difference, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.05-0.43]; =0.02) but not the background use of antiplatelet therapy (risk difference, -0.01 [95% CI, -0.02 to 0]; =0.056).
CONCLUSIONS
Omega-3 PUFAs were not associated with increased bleeding risk. Patients receiving high-dose purified EPA may incur additional bleeding risk, although its clinical significance is very modest.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Hemorrhage; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
PubMed: 38742535
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.032390 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024Correct nutrition and diet are directly correlated with mental health, functions of the immune system, and gut microbiota composition. Diets with a high content of some...
Correct nutrition and diet are directly correlated with mental health, functions of the immune system, and gut microbiota composition. Diets with a high content of some nutrients, such as fibers, phytochemicals, and short-chain fatty acids (omega-3 fatty acids), seem to have an anti-inflammatory and protective action on the nervous system. Among nutraceuticals, supplementation of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids plays a role in improving symptoms of several mental disorders. In this review, we collect data on the efficacy of nutraceuticals in patients with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of recent evidence obtained on this topic, pointing out the direction for future research.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mental Disorders; Probiotics
PubMed: 38732043
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094824 -
Nutrition Research Reviews Apr 2024Restriction of dietary carbohydrates, fat and/or protein is often used to reduce body weight and/or treat (metabolic) diseases. Since diet is a key modulator of the... (Review)
Review
Restriction of dietary carbohydrates, fat and/or protein is often used to reduce body weight and/or treat (metabolic) diseases. Since diet is a key modulator of the human gut microbiome, which plays an important role in health and disease, this review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge of the effects of macronutrient-restricted diets on gut microbial composition and metabolites. A structured search strategy was performed in several databases. After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, thirty-six articles could be included. Data are included in the results only when supported by at least three independent studies to enhance the reliability of our conclusions. Low-carbohydrate (<30 energy%) diets tended to induce a decrease in the relative abundance of several health-promoting bacteria, including , as well as a reduction in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in faeces. In contrast, low-fat diets (<30 energy%) increased alpha diversity, faecal SCFA levels and abundance of some beneficial bacteria, including There were insufficient data to draw conclusions concerning the effects of low-protein (<10 energy%) diets on gut microbiota. Although the data of included studies unveil possible benefits of low-fat and potential drawbacks of low-carbohydrate diets for human gut microbiota, the diversity in study designs made it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Using a more uniform methodology in design, sample processing and sharing raw sequence data could foster our understanding of the effects of macronutrient restriction on gut microbiota composition and metabolic dynamics relevant to health. This systematic review was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42020156929.
PubMed: 38602133
DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000131 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery May 2024ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a range of health benefits, including anticancer activity, and are converted to lipid mediators that could be adapted into... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a range of health benefits, including anticancer activity, and are converted to lipid mediators that could be adapted into pharmacological strategies. However, the stability of these mediators must be improved, and they may require formulation to achieve optimal tissue concentrations.
AREAS COVERED
Herein, the author reviews the literature around chemical stabilization and formulation of ω-3 PUFA mediators and their application in anticancer drug discovery.
EXPERT OPINION
Aryl-urea bioisosteres of ω-3 PUFA epoxides that killed cancer cells targeted the mitochondrion by a novel dual mechanism: as protonophoric uncouplers and as inhibitors of electron transport complex III that activated ER-stress and disrupted mitochondrial integrity. In contrast, aryl-ureas that contain electron-donating substituents prevented cancer cell migration. Thus, aryl-ureas represent a novel class of agents with tunable anticancer properties. Stabilized analogues of other ω-3 PUFA-derived mediators could also be adapted into anticancer strategies. Indeed, a cocktail of agents that simultaneously promote cell killing, inhibit metastasis and angiogenesis, and that attenuate the pro-inflammatory microenvironment is a novel future anticancer strategy. Such regimen may enhance anticancer drug efficacy, minimize the development of anticancer drug resistance and enhance outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Discovery; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Mitochondria; Neoplasms
PubMed: 38595031
DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2340493 -
La Clinica Terapeutica 2024Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a processed edible oil, which is removed from the mature coconuts. It is a colourless water insoluble liquid and obtained by the hot and cold...
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a processed edible oil, which is removed from the mature coconuts. It is a colourless water insoluble liquid and obtained by the hot and cold extraction processes. The nutritional components of VCO are mainly contributed to by lauric acid, its primary content. VCO has shown its anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory properties. Because of these medicinal properties, VCO has gained the wider attention among the medical field. Most evidently VCO has shown its potential antioxidant property, because of its phenolic compounds and medium chain fatty acids. It is one of the beneficial compounds used to prevent and treat the oxidative stress induced neurological disorders like stress, depression and Alzheimer's disease. Dietary supplementation of VCO is easy and economical and safer in daily life among all age groups. It is also beneficial for the cardiovascular, respiratory, dermatological, reproductive and bone health. It can also be applied to the skin as a moisturizer in the paediatric age group. Hence, exploration of antioxidant property as well as other beneficial effects of VCO in various health conditions will be valuable.
Topics: Humans; Child; Coconut Oil; Antioxidants; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 38571463
DOI: 10.7417/CT.2024.5037 -
Food & Function May 2024: Currently, the reported links between olive oil intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer morbidity and mortality, and all-cause mortality are inconsistent. The... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
: Currently, the reported links between olive oil intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer morbidity and mortality, and all-cause mortality are inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis is to study the reported correlations of olive oil intake with CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cancer incidence and mortality, and all-cause mortality. : PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched until March 7, 2024. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by the random-effects model. Nonlinear dose-response relationships were modeled with restricted cubic splines. This study has been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023419001). : Overall, 30 articles covering 2 710 351 participants were identified. Higher olive oil intake was linked with a reduced risk of CVD incidence (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.93), CHD incidence (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.99), CVD mortality (RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.88), and all-cause mortality (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.89). For a 10 g d increment of olive oil intake, the risk of CVD incidence, stroke incidence, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality decreased by 7%, 5%, 8%, and 8%, respectively. No association was found between olive oil intake and cancer incidence and mortality. Nonlinear relationships between olive oil intake and CVD and all-cause mortality were observed, with a reduced risk from intakes ranging from 0 to 18 g d and 0 to 22 g d, respectively. : Our study found that high olive oil intake was related to a lower risk of CVD and CHD incidence and CVD mortality and all-cause mortality.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Incidence; Neoplasms; Olive Oil; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 38568797
DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05246j -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Jun 2024The present systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize existing data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) concerning the impact of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The present systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize existing data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) concerning the impact of citrus flavonoids supplementation (CFS) on endothelial function. Relevant RCTs were identified through comprehensive searches of the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to May 30, 2023. Weighted mean differences and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled utilizing a random-effects model. A total of eight eligible RCTs, comprising 596 participants, were included in the analysis. The pooled data demonstrated a statistically significant augmentation in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) (2.75%; 95% CI: 1.29, 4.20; I = 87.3%; p < 0.001) associated with CFS compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, the linear dose-response analysis indicated that each increment of 200 mg/d in CFS led to an increase of 1.09% in FMD (95% CI: 0.70, 1.48; I = 94.5%; p < 0.001). The findings from the nonlinear dose-response analysis also revealed a linear relationship between CFS and FMD (P = 0.903, P <0.001). Our findings suggest that CFS enhances endothelial function. However, more extensive RTCs encompassing longer intervention durations and different populations are warranted to establish more precise conclusions.
Topics: Humans; Citrus; Flavonoids; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vasodilation; Endothelium, Vascular; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
PubMed: 38561995
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8190 -
PloS One 2024To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials and prospective studies on antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with ADHD were searched in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from the inception of databases to November 12, 2022. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the included studies. Network meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number CRD 42023382824) was carried out by using R Studio 4.2.1.
RESULTS
48 studies involving 12 antioxidant drugs (resveratrol, pycnogenol, omega-3, omega-6, quercetin, phosphatidylserine, almond, vitamin D, zinc, folic acid, ginkgo biloba, Acetyl-L-carnitine) were finally included, with 3,650 patients. Network meta-analysis showed that omega-6 (0.18), vitamin D (0.19), and quercetin (0.24) were the top three safest drugs according to SUCRA. The omega-3 (SUCRA 0.35), pycnogenol (SUCRA 0.36), and vitamin D (SUCRA 0.27) were the most effective in improving attention, hyperactivity, and total score of Conners' parent rating scale (CPRS), respectively. In terms of improving attention, hyperactivity, and total score of Conners' teacher rating scale (CTRS), pycnogenol (SUCRA 0.32), phosphatidylserine+omega-3 (SUCRA 0.26), and zinc (SUCRA 0.34) were the most effective, respectively. In terms of improving attention, hyperactivity and total score of ADHD Rating Scale-Parent, the optimal agents were phosphatidylserine (SUCRA 0.39), resveratrol+MPH (SUCRA 0.24), and phosphatidylserine (SUCRA 0.34), respectively. In terms of improving attention, hyperactivity and total score of ADHD Rating Scale-Teacher, pycnogenol (SUCRA 0.32), vitamin D (SUCRA 0.31) and vitamin D (SUCRA 0.18) were the optimal agents, respectively. The response rate of omega-3+6 was the highest in CGI (SUCRA 0.95) and CPT (SUCRA 0.42).
CONCLUSION
The rankings of safety and efficacy of the 12 antioxidants vary. Due to the low methodological quality of the included studies, the probability ranking cannot fully explain the clinical efficacy, and the results need to be interpreted with caution. More high-quality studies are still needed to verify our findings.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Antioxidants; Network Meta-Analysis; Resveratrol; Quercetin; Prospective Studies; Phosphatidylserines; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Vitamin D; Zinc
PubMed: 38547138
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296926 -
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology Mar 2024Gluten-free diet (GFD) includes a higher intake of sugars and fats. Previous studies have investigated its effect on body mass index (BMI) in celiac disease (CD)...
GOALS AND BACKGROUND
Gluten-free diet (GFD) includes a higher intake of sugars and fats. Previous studies have investigated its effect on body mass index (BMI) in celiac disease (CD) patients but had contradictive conclusions. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of GFD on BMI in CD patients.
STUDY
Systematically, we conducted literature research using Medline, Scopus, and Embase, and we identified 1565 potential studies/abstracts. Only studies of patients with CD under a GFD with recorded BMI before and after dietary intervention were included. Subgroup analyses based on study design and BMI categories were performed. We calculated the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) for the number of patients in each BMI group according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions after GFD using fixed and random effect meta-analysis.
RESULTS
The analysis included 10 studies and 38 sub-studies/data sets, which encompassed 2450 patients from 5 countries. We found nonsignificant odds for changing the BMI group (pooled OR 0.972, 95% CI: 0.858-1.101, P=0.65) after GFD. However, looking specifically at BMI subgroups, we found higher odds for BMI category change after GFD in underweight patients (OR 0.588, 95% CI: 0.479-0.723, P <0.001), and overweight patients,25
CONCLUSION
Although crucial in patients with CD, GFD is associated with increased BMI in some CD patient populations. Accordingly, special considerations and follow-up should be maintained in overweight patients with CD after GFD.
PubMed: 38546459
DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001998 -
Nutrients Mar 2024Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder, is closely associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndromes. A body... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The Effects of Olive Oil Consumption on Biochemical Parameters and Body Mass Index of People with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder, is closely associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndromes. A body of research has proposed that olive oil, a basic component of the Mediterranean diet with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may alleviate metabolic disturbances and retard the progression of NAFLD. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of olive oil intake in people with NAFLD. We systematically searched the major electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), as well as grey literature sources, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of olive oil consumption on biochemical and anthropometric parameters of individuals with NAFLD. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the risk-of-bias tool 2.0 (RoB 2). The mean difference (MD) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed-effects and random-effects models. Seven RCTs involving 515 subjects were included in the analysis. In the random-effects model, no statistically significant differences were identified with respect to alanine transaminase (MD = -1.83 IU/L, 95% CI: -5.85, 2.19 IU/L, = 0.37, = 69%) and aspartate transaminase (MD = -1.65 IU/L, 95% CI: -4.48, 1.17 IU/L, = 0.25, = 72%) levels or waist circumference values (MD = -0.23 cm, 95% CI: -1.23, 0.76 cm, = 0.65, = 0%). However, a significant effect on body mass index was observed (MD = -0.57 kg/m, 95% CI: -1.08, -0.06 kg/m, = 0.03, = 51%) for subjects who received olive oil compared to those who received an alternative diet or placebo. The findings of the present meta-analysis suggest a modestly positive impact of olive oil intake on body weight in people with NAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Olive Oil; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38542768
DOI: 10.3390/nu16060857