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Pharmacological Reports : PR Oct 2022Drugs prescribed for psychiatric disorders in adolescence should be studied very extensively since they can affect developing and thus highly plastic brain differently... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Drugs prescribed for psychiatric disorders in adolescence should be studied very extensively since they can affect developing and thus highly plastic brain differently than they affect the adult brain. Therefore, we aimed to summarize animal studies reporting the behavioral consequences of chronic exposure to the most widely prescribed antidepressant drug among adolescents i.e., fluoxetine.
METHODS
Electronic databases (Medline via Pubmed, Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect) were systematically searched until April 12, 2022, for published, peer-reviewed, controlled trials concerning the effects of chronic fluoxetine administration vs. vehicle on anxiety and depression measures in naïve and stress-exposed adolescent rodents. All of the relevant studies were selected and critically appraised, and a meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed.
RESULTS
A total of 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In naïve animals, chronic adolescent fluoxetine administration showed dose-related anxiogenic-like effects, measured as a reduction in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. No significant effects of chronic adolescent fluoxetine on depression-like behavior were reported in naïve animals, while in stress-exposed rodents chronic adolescent fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility time in the forced swim test compared to vehicle.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that although chronic fluoxetine treatment proves positive effects in animal models of depression, it may simultaneously increase anxiety in adolescent animals in a dose-related manner. Although the clinical implications of the data should be interpreted with extreme caution, adolescent patients under fluoxetine treatment should be closely monitored.
Topics: Animals; Fluoxetine; Rodentia; Depression; Anxiety; Antidepressive Agents; Plastics; Behavior, Animal
PubMed: 36151445
DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00420-w -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Sep 2022In recent years, the efficacy of nano-drugs has not been significantly better than that of the drugs themselves, mainly because nano-drugs enter the tumor vasculature,... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the efficacy of nano-drugs has not been significantly better than that of the drugs themselves, mainly because nano-drugs enter the tumor vasculature, stay near the blood vessels, and cannot enter the tumor tissues or tumor cells to complete the drug delivery process. Although intratumor injection can significantly decrease this risk, the side effects are strong. The advent of drug delivery carrier materials offers an opportunity to avoid the side effects of systemic drug delivery and the damage caused by tumor resection, holding great promise for the future of cancer therapy. Here, we systematically review recent research advances in the classification of drug delivery carrier materials and the delivery process in drug delivery systems. This review is divided into several main sections, first, we summarize the classification of tumor drug carrier materials, including drug delivery vectors and gene delivery vectors, , which are introduced in detail, respectively. Then we describe the carrier materials to deliver the drug cascade and the transition pathways for drug delivery, including stabilization transitions, charge inversions, and size changes. Finally, we discuss the current design strategies and research progress of drug vectors and provide a summary and outlook. This review aims to summarize different drug delivery vehicles and delivery processes to provide ideas for effective cancer therapy.
Topics: Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36048171
DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01326f -
American Journal of TherapeuticsRemdesivir (RDV) is the main antiviral for the treatment of moderate to severe forms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several studies revealed a shortening time...
BACKGROUND
Remdesivir (RDV) is the main antiviral for the treatment of moderate to severe forms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several studies revealed a shortening time to clinical improvement of COVID-19 and mortality benefits in patients receiving RDV. The patients with renal disease were excluded from large clinical trials of RDV, and the probable nephrotoxicity of the drug, its metabolites, and the vehicle (sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin) have led to the recommendation against using RDV in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <30 mL/min.
AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY
This systematic review aimed to collect data about the necessity and safety administration of RDV in the setting of renal impairment.
DATA SOURCES
Search through databases including MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and PubMed was performed. The studies were carried out in adults and enrolled patients with different types of renal impairment (ie, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, kidney transplant, and renal replacement therapy) were included. Eligible studies were assessed, and required data were extracted.
RESULTS
Twenty-two cross-sectional studies, cohorts, case reports, and case series were included in this review. The mortality rate was between 7.3% and 50%, and various severity of COVID-19 was included in the studies. None of them reported an increase in adverse effects attributed to RDV administration. A decrease in inflammatory mediators and other benefits were obvious.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the manufacturer's labeling does not recommend RDV administration in patients with severe renal impairment, it seems that nephrotoxicity is less concerning in the population of these patients. Moreover, RDV may be helpful in acute kidney injury induced by the viral invasion of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of the use of RDV in kidney failure. Larger, well-designed, and pharmacokinetic studies are required to have a safe and logical recommendation about the use of RDV in patients with renal disorders.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adult; Alanine; Antiviral Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 35984955
DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001543 -
Drug and Alcohol Review Nov 2022Policy enforcement is crucial to achieve impacts on alcohol-related harm. It is not clear what level of enforcement intensity or 'dosage' is necessary for addressing... (Review)
Review
ISSUES
Policy enforcement is crucial to achieve impacts on alcohol-related harm. It is not clear what level of enforcement intensity or 'dosage' is necessary for addressing drink driving and related harms. Given competing enforcement demands and agencies' resource constraints, understanding how much enforcement is sufficient to deter drink driving is critical.
APPROACH
This systematic literature review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines to examine research about dosage effects of enforcement and related visibility on drink-driving outcomes, including motor vehicle crashes and fatalities. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Effective Practice and Organization of Care tool and the JBI checklist.
KEY FINDINGS
The 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria for this review differed in measures of enforcement dosage and outcomes, making it difficult to synthesise results across studies and draw conclusions about a threshold or optimal level of enforcement. Although most included studies found that sustained enforcement was associated with reductions in drink driving or related harms, only two studies tested an optimal dosage. Due to study design limitations, a substantial percentage of these studies must be considered with caution.
IMPLICATIONS
Additional research with rigorous study designs with appropriate controls is needed to determine an optimal high visibility enforcement dosage level to help law enforcement agencies make realistic decisions about allocating enforcement resources to address drink driving.
CONCLUSION
Consistent evidence about a drink-driving enforcement dosage threshold is lacking, partly due to an insufficient number of well-designed studies. Addressing challenges of conducting rigorous studies in community settings is crucial.
Topics: Humans; Accidents, Traffic; Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; Driving Under the Influence; Law Enforcement
PubMed: 35894270
DOI: 10.1111/dar.13519 -
AAPS PharmSciTech May 2022Aqueous colloidal dispersions of water-insoluble polymers (APDs) avoid hassles associated with the use of organic solvents and offer processing advantages related to... (Review)
Review
Aqueous colloidal dispersions of water-insoluble polymers (APDs) avoid hassles associated with the use of organic solvents and offer processing advantages related to their low viscosity and short processing times. Therefore, they became the main vehicle for pharmaceutical coating of tablets and multiparticulates, a process commonly employed using pan and fluidized-bed machinery. Another interesting although less common processing approach is co-spray drying APDs with drugs in aqueous systems. It enables the manufacture of capsule- and matrix-type microspheres with controllable size and improved processing characteristics in a single step. These microspheres can be further formulated into different dosage forms. This systematic review is based on published research articles and aims to highlight the applicability and opportunities of co-spray drying drugs with APDs in drug delivery.
Topics: Drug Compounding; Excipients; Polymers; Solubility; Spray Drying; Tablets; Water
PubMed: 35538248
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02293-x -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Aug 2022Aquagenic urticaria (AquaU) is a rare variant of chronic inducible urticaria where wheals occur after skin contact with water. Information on clinical manifestations and...
BACKGROUND
Aquagenic urticaria (AquaU) is a rare variant of chronic inducible urticaria where wheals occur after skin contact with water. Information on clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes is limited, which makes the management of AquaU challenging.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review disease features and relevant triggers of AquaU and patients' response to treatment.
METHODS
Related articles were searched by use of the terms "aquagenic urticaria" and "aquagenic angioedema" until June 2021 and reviewed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis recommendations.
RESULTS
A total of 77 patients with AquaU were investigated in 59 studies including 47 case reports and 12 case series. AquaU predominantly presented in women (47 patients, 61%), and the mean age of onset of the disease was 19.6 ± 10.8 years (range: 0-54 years). Wheals commonly occurred in localized areas and regardless of the water temperature. Based on the reviewed evidence, AquaU can be classified as familial AquaU (FAquaU, 18.2%) and acquired AquaU (AAquaU, 81.8%). Although many treatments were used in both subtypes of AquaU, the use of second-generation H antihistamines (2AH) was reported most often to achieve marked improvement in both subtypes. The use of topical therapies in AquaU, which most commonly use hydrophobic vehicles, is poorly documented and of controversial efficiency.
CONCLUSIONS
AquaU is proposed to be classified into 2 subtypes, FAquaU and the more common AAquaU. Treatment with a 2AH is recommended as the first-line treatment for both types of AquaU. Further studies are required to fill knowledge gaps.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Female; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Temperature; Urticaria; Water; Young Adult; Chronic Inducible Urticaria
PubMed: 35533998
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.033 -
Clinical Parkinsonism & Related... 2022Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition associated with significant morbidity. Currently, there are limited pharmacological options and...
BACKGROUND
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition associated with significant morbidity. Currently, there are limited pharmacological options and none of the therapies available are disease-modifying. This systematic review and -analysis considers a novel drug class through the research question - in pre-clinical rodent models of PD, is GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy neuroprotective when compared to vehicle controls?
METHODS
A literature search was conducted to locate relevant pre-clinical studies. Two separate outcomes were considered. The primary outcome was indicators of dopaminergic neurotransmission. The secondary outcome was indicators of motor symptoms. Untreated PD models were compared to PD-models treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists. The final -analysis was conducted using the Cochrane RevMan software and represented continuous data using the inverse variance statistical method and random effects analysis model. The final study statistic was represented as an SMD value with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Study heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed using I values and funnel plots respectively.
RESULTS
Eleven studies fit the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. For the primary outcome (n = 128), there was a statistically significant relative improvement of dopaminergic neurotransmission (SMD 1.71, 95% CI = 0.74-2.68, p = 0.0005, I = 76%). For the secondary outcome (n = 280), there was a statistically significant improvement in motor outcomes (SMD 2.11, 95% CI = 1.14-3.09, p < 0.0001, I = 89%).
CONCLUSIONS
GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy is neuroprotective in pre-clinical models of PD. This study provides the clinical foundation and research support for the design of rigorous clinical trials to further investigate these results in human PD populations.
PubMed: 35128376
DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100133 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Jul 2022Cannabis and alcohol are frequently detected in fatal and injury motor vehicle crashes. While epidemiological meta-analyses of cannabis and alcohol have found... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Cannabis and alcohol are frequently detected in fatal and injury motor vehicle crashes. While epidemiological meta-analyses of cannabis and alcohol have found associations with an increase in crash risk, convergent evidence from driving performance measures is insufficiently quantitatively characterized. Our objectives were to quantify the magnitude of the effect of cannabis and alcohol-alone and in combination-on driving performance and behaviour.
METHODS
Systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and TRID. Of the 616 studies that underwent full-text review, this meta-analysis represents 57 studies and 1725 participants. We extracted data for hazard response time, lateral position variability, lane deviations or excursions, time out of lane, driving speed, driving speed variability, speed violations, time speeding, headway, headway variability and crashes from experimental driving studies (i.e. driving simulator, closed-course, on-road) involving cannabis and/or alcohol administration. We reported meta-analyses of effect sizes using Hedges' g and r.
RESULTS
Cannabis alone was associated with impaired lateral control [e.g. g = 0.331, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.212-0.451 for lateral position variability; g = 0.198, 95% CI = 0.001-0.395 for lane excursions) and decreased driving speed (g = -0.176, 95% CI = -0.298 to -0.053]. The combination of cannabis and alcohol was associated with greater driving performance decrements than either drug in isolation [e.g. g = 0.480, 95% CI = 0.096-0.865 for lateral position variability (combination versus alcohol); g = 0.525, 95% CI = 0.049-1.002 for time out of lane (versus alcohol); g = 0.336, 95% CI = 0.036-0.636 for lateral position variability (combination versus cannabis; g = 0.475, 95% CI = 0.002-0.949 for time out of lane (combination versus cannabis)]. Subgroup analyses indicated that the effects of cannabis on driving performance measures were similar to low blood alcohol concentrations. A scarcity of data and study heterogeneity limited the interpretation of some measures.
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis indicates that cannabis, like alcohol, impairs driving, and the combination of the two drugs is more detrimental to driving performance than either in isolation.
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Automobile Driving; Blood Alcohol Content; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabis; Driving Under the Influence; Ethanol; Hallucinogens; Humans; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 35083810
DOI: 10.1111/add.15770 -
The International Journal on Drug Policy Mar 2022Children are often exposed to increased rates of secondary harm such as physical harm, motor vehicle incidents, maltreatment, and neglect because of others' or their own... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Children are often exposed to increased rates of secondary harm such as physical harm, motor vehicle incidents, maltreatment, and neglect because of others' or their own alcohol consumption. Alcohol supply reduction, or alcohol control policies, are often enacted to mitigate alcohol harms within the community. The current systematic narrative review aims to synthesise recent literature that examines how alcohol supply reduction policies impact the physical health, mental health, and offending behaviour of children and adolescents.
METHODS
Eight databases and grey literature sources were systematically searched, and results were synthesised by policy under evaluation. Twenty-one peer reviewed articles and ten grey literature articles were included after screening of 7,135 original articles. Included articles examined the alcohol control policies of the minimum legal drinking age, price control, and trading restrictions, with the most common outcomes under evaluation being related to the physical health or offending behaviour of adolescents.
RESULTS
Overall, the current review identified that the impact of alcohol policy on children and adolescents varied depending on the policy type, policy environment and assessed outcome. Common limitations within the literature include inability to control for covariates, use of alcohol related outcomes unsuitable to children and adolescents, and use of cross-sectional data and regression-discontinuity analysis in lieu of actual policy changes.
CONCLUSIONS
The current review highlights the need to further evaluate the impact of actual alcohol-related policy changes on children and adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Public Policy; Underage Drinking
PubMed: 35065451
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103581 -
Italian Journal of Food Safety Nov 2021Foods are essential vehicles in human exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria which serve as reservoirs for resistance genes and a rising food safety concern....
Foods are essential vehicles in human exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria which serve as reservoirs for resistance genes and a rising food safety concern. Antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR), is an increasing problem globally and poses a serious concern to human health. This study was designed to synthesize data regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area. A comprehensive literature search on the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria from 2015 to 2020 was conducted using three databases; PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. After screening and selection, 26 out of 82 articles were used for the qualitative data synthesis. Of the total of one thousand three hundred and twenty-six MDR bacteria reportedly isolated in all twenty-six articles, the highest prevalence (660) was observed in drinks, including water, while the lowest (20) was observed in the article which combined results for both protein and vegetable-based foods. had the most frequency of occurrence, appearing as MDR bacteria in ten out of the twenty-six articles. appeared as MDR in seven out of the twenty-six articles included in this study, in all seven articles where it was reported, it had the highest percentage (85.4%) prevalence as MDR bacteria. Public health personnel need to ensure critical control during the production and handling of foods and drinks, as well as create more awareness on proper hygienic practices to combat the spread of MDR bacteria becoming a growing food safety issue (Zurfluh ., 2019; Mesbah ., 2017; Campos ., 2019). Foods can be contaminated by different means, including exposure to irrigation water, manure, feces or soil with pathogenic bacteria. Foods can also become contaminated as they are harvested, handled after harvest or during processing if food safety standards are not correctly applied (Meshbah ., 2017). Food-borne diseases caused by resistant organisms are one of the most important public health problems as they contribute to the risk of development of antibiotic resistance in the food production chain (Hehempour-Baltork ., 2019). Apart from pathogenic bacteria causing foodborne diseases, foods that are raw or not processed following standard procedures can introduce several antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to consumers (Gekemidis ., 2018). Antibiotic resistance, though harbored in non-pathogenic bacteria, can potentially be spread through horizontal gene transfer to other species including opportunistic pathogens that are present in the environment or after consumption of ARB-contaminated foods. When ARB-contaminated foods are consumed, the spread of antibiotic resistant genes may affect the gut microbiome thereby contributing to the pool of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) in the human gut (Gekemidis , 2018). MDR bacteria have been defined as bacteria that are resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent present in three or more antimicrobial classes (Sweeny ., 2018). There has been an increase in drug resistance in pathogens isolated from food for human consumption with species of and being considered among the most important pathogens due to their ability to effect zoonotic transfer of resistant genes (Canton ., 2018; Maneilla-Becerra ., 2019). However, other pathogens, such as spp., some species of , spores of type F, and , have been linked to food-borne diseases in humans who have consumed seafood or other animal foods (Maneilla-Becerra ., 2019). Some other resistant bacteria associated with foods include spp spp. (Maneilla-Becerra ., 2019) This study was therefore designed to synthesize data (2015-2020) regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area.
PubMed: 35018289
DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9417