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Somatosensory & Motor Research Jun 2024The benefits of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy (BFRT) have gained attention in recent times. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Blood flow restriction therapy with exercise are no better than exercise alone in improving athletic performance, muscle strength, and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
The benefits of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy (BFRT) have gained attention in recent times.
OBJECTIVE
This review aimed to evaluate the immediate (up to 24 hours), intermediate (up to 6 weeks), and long term (6-10 weeks) effects of BFRT plus exercises (EX) compared to EX only on athletic performance (sprint and jump performance), muscle strength, and hypertrophy in athletes and physically active population.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted to select randomized controlled trials across four electronic databases from inception till April 2021. The search yielded twenty-seven studies in total.
RESULTS
Based on eligibility criteria, twenty-one studies were analyzed. No differences were found between both groups for immediate (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.31, 0.27) and long-term effects (SMD -0.30, 95%CI -0.90, 0.30) on sprint performance. For jump performance, no significant effect was observed immediately (SMD -0.02 (95% CI -1.06, 1.02) and long term (SMD -0.40 (95% CI -1.46, 0.67). Similarly, muscle torque at intermediate (SMD 0.90 (95% CI -1.01, 2.81) and long term (SMD -0.54 (95% CI -1.19, 0.12), muscle strength at intermediate (SMD 1.12 (95% CI 0.20, 2.04), and long term (SMD -0.07 (95% CI -0.56, 0.42) also showed non-significant effects. Muscle hypertrophy at intermediate (SMD 0.16 (95% CI -0.31, 0.63) and long term (SMD -0.20 (95% CI -0.90, 0.50) were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
There was no significant difference observed in BFRT plus EX group compared to the EX-group on athletic performance, muscle strength, and muscle hypertrophy.
Topics: Humans; Muscle Strength; Athletic Performance; Blood Flow Restriction Therapy; Muscle, Skeletal; Hypertrophy; Exercise Therapy
PubMed: 36825612
DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2023.2181328 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Mar 2023Langer, K, Simon, C, and Wiemeyer, J. Strength training in climbing: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 751-767, 2023-The aim of this review was to provide...
Langer, K, Simon, C, and Wiemeyer, J. Strength training in climbing: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 751-767, 2023-The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the state of research on strength training in climbing and to answer the question how climbing performance, maximum grip strength, upper-limb strength endurance, maximum upper-limb strength, and upper-limb power as dependent variables are affected by different types of training. Moreover, we addressed the question which training methods and training parameters are most effective in increasing climbing and bouldering performance. Searches of MEDLINE (PubMed), SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were conducted for studies that met the following criteria: (a) examining effects of training on at least one of the dependent variables, (b) controlled longitudinal design with pretest and posttest, and (c) detailed information on training parameters and subjects. Twelve studies were included into the review. The quality of the studies was rated according to the PEDro scale, and the training interventions were classified according to training method (maximum strength [MS], hypertrophy [HYP], and endurance [END]), specificity (specific, semispecific, and unspecific), and static or dynamic exercises. For 9 of the 12 studies, effect sizes were calculated and the treatments compared. The results showed (a) positive effects of strength training on all variables, (b) a trend toward a mixture of MS and HYP or END training, (c) a trend toward semispecific exercise, and (d) similar effects for dynamic and static exercise with a trend toward a mixture of both. Coaches and athletes are recommended to combine static and dynamic semispecific exercises in a HYP and MS or END training.
Topics: Humans; Resistance Training; Muscle Strength; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 36820707
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004286 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2023The effects of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) supplementation on skeletal muscle are currently unclear. The purpose of this systematic review was to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The effects of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) supplementation on skeletal muscle are currently unclear. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize all available evidence regarding the influence of n-3PUFA supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and function in healthy young and older adults. Four databases were searched (Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and SportDiscus). Predefined eligibility criteria were determined according to Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, and Study Design. Only peer-reviewed studies were included. The Cochrane RoB2 Tool and the NutriGrade approach were used to access risk of bias and certainty in evidence. Effect sizes were calculated using pre-post scores and analyzed using a three-level, random-effects meta-analysis. When sufficient studies were available, subanalyses were performed in the muscle mass, strength, and function outcomes according to participant's age (<60 or ≥60 years), supplementation dosage (<2 or ≥2 g/day), and training intervention ("resistance training" vs. "none or other"). Overall, 14 individual studies were included, total 1443 participants (913 females; 520 males) and 52 outcomes measures. Studies had high overall risk of bias and consideration of all NutriGrade elements resulted in a certainty assessment of moderate meta-evidence for all outcomes. n-3PUFA supplementation had no significant effect on muscle mass (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.07 [95% CI: -0.02, 0.17], P = 0.11) and muscle function (SMD = 0.03 [95% CI: -0.09, 0.15], P = 0.58), but it showed a very small albeit significant positive effect on muscle strength (SMD = 0.12 [95% CI: 0.006, 0.24], P = 0.04) in participants when compared with placebo. Subgroup analyses showed that age, supplementation dose, or cosupplementation alongside resistance training did not influence these responses. In conclusion, our analyses indicated that n-3PUFA supplementation may lead to very small increases in muscle strength but did not impact muscle mass and function in healthy young and older adults. To our knowledge, this is the first review and meta-analysis investigating whether n-3PUFA supplementation can lead to increases in muscle strength, mass, and function in healthy adults. Registered protocol: doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2FWQT.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Aged; Middle Aged; Muscle, Skeletal; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Muscle Strength; Health Status; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36811583
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.11.005 -
Annals of Plastic Surgery Feb 2023Energy-based treatments include ultrasound, lasers, cryolipolysis, and radiofrequency. The most recent energy treatment for noninvasive body contouring is...
BACKGROUND
Energy-based treatments include ultrasound, lasers, cryolipolysis, and radiofrequency. The most recent energy treatment for noninvasive body contouring is electromagnetic treatments-a hot topic in plastic surgery today. A systematic review to assess efficacy and safety has not been published.
METHODS
An electronic search was performed using PubMed to identify the literature describing electromagnetic treatments. Measurements from imaging studies were tabulated and compared.
RESULTS
Fourteen clinical studies were evaluated. Two studies included simultaneous radiofrequency treatments. In 11 studies, the Emsculpt device was used; in 2 studies, the Emsculpt-Neo device was used. One study included a sham group of patients. The usual protocol was 4 treatments given over a 2-week period. No complications were reported. Eight studies included abdominal measurement data obtained using magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or ultrasound. Photographic results were typically modest. Photographs showing more dramatic results also showed unexplained reductions in untreated areas.Measurement variances were high. The mean reduction in fat thickness was 5.5 mm. The mean increment in muscle thickness was 2.2 mm. The mean decrease in muscle separation was 2.9 mm (P = 0.19). Early posttreatment ultrasound images in 1 study showed an echolucent muscle layer, compared with a more echodense layer at the baseline, consistent with tissue swelling after exercise. Almost all studies were authored by medical advisors for the device manufacturer.
DISCUSSION
Measurement data show small reductions in fat thickness, occurring almost immediately after the treatments. Adipocyte removal without tissue swelling would be unique among energy-based treatments. Similarly, muscle hypertrophy is not known to occur acutely after exercise; muscle swelling likely accounts for an early increment in muscle thickness. Any improvement in the diastasis recti is likely fictitious.
CONCLUSIONS
Electromagnetic treatments, either administered alone or in combination with radiofrequency, are safe. However, the evidence for efficacy is tenuous. Measured treatment effects are very small (<5 mm). Conflict of interest and publication bias are major factors in studies evaluating energy-based alternatives. The evidence-based physician may not be satisfied that an equivocal treatment benefit justifies the time and expense for patients.
Topics: Humans; Body Contouring; Follow-Up Studies; Patient Satisfaction; Lipectomy; Electromagnetic Phenomena
PubMed: 36688862
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003387 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... May 2023Kassiano, W, Costa, B, Nunes, JP, Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Cyrino, ES. Which ROMs lead to Rome? a systematic review of the effects of range of motion on muscle...
Kassiano, W, Costa, B, Nunes, JP, Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Cyrino, ES. Which ROMs lead to Rome? a systematic review of the effects of range of motion on muscle hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): 1135-1144, 2022-Resistance exercise range of motion (ROM) influences muscular adaptations. However, there are no consistent practical guidelines about the optimal ROM for maximizing muscle hypertrophy. The objective of this article was to systematically review the literature for studies that compared the effects of full ROM (fROM) and partial ROM (pROM) on muscle hypertrophy. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify articles from the earliest record up to and including April 2022. We calculated the effect size (ES) scores of the variables of interest. Eleven studies were included in the review. Full ROM and pROM performed in the initial part of the ROM elicited greater muscle hypertrophy of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps brachii, and brachialis distal sites (between-groups ES: 0.20-0.90) than pROM performed in the final part of the ROM. fROM elicited greater muscle growth on the gluteus maximus and adductors than pROM in the final part of the ROM (between-groups ES: 0.24-0.25). Initial pROM produced more favorable proximal rectus femoris hypertrophy than fROM (between-groups ES: 0.35-0.38). pROM in the middle part of the ROM elicited greater triceps brachii hypertrophy than fROM (between-group ES: 1.21). In conclusion, evidence suggests that when training at a longer muscle length-through either pROM or fROM-some muscles, such as quadriceps femoris, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii, tend to experience optimal growth. Thus, the use pROM in the initial part of the excursion in combination with fROM training should be considered when prescribing hypertrophy-oriented resistance training programs.
Topics: Humans; Muscle Strength; Rome; Muscle, Skeletal; Quadriceps Muscle; Range of Motion, Articular; Resistance Training; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 36662126
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004415 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Dec 2022There is clinical interest in determining the effects of low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy compared with... (Review)
Review
Effects of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy Compared with Traditional Resistance Training in Healthy Adults Older Than 60 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
BACKGROUND
There is clinical interest in determining the effects of low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy compared with traditional high- and low-load (HL and LL) resistance training in healthy older adults and the influence of LL-BFR training cuff-pressure on these outcomes.
METHODS
A search was performed on the MEDLINE, PEDro, CINHAL, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases.
RESULTS
The analysis included 14 studies. HL resistance training produces a small increase in muscle strength (eight studies; SMD, -0.23 [-0.41; -0.05]) but not in muscle hypertrophy (six studies; (SMD, 0.08 [-0.22; 0.38]) when compared with LL-BFR resistance training. Compared with traditional LL resistance training, LL-BFR resistance training produces small-moderate increases in muscle strength (seven studies; SMD, 0.44 [0.28; 0.60]) and hypertrophy (two studies; SMD, 0.51 [0.06; 0.96]). There were greater improvements in muscle strength when higher cuff pressures were applied versus traditional LL resistance training but not versus HL resistance training.
CONCLUSIONS
LL-BFR resistance training results in lower muscle strength gains than HL resistance training and greater than traditional LL resistance training in healthy adults older than 60 years. LL-BFR resistance training promotes a similar muscle hypertrophy to HL resistance training but is greater than that of traditional LL resistance training. Applying cuff pressures above the limb occlusion pressure could enhance the increases in muscle strength compared with traditional LL resistance training.
PubMed: 36556004
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247389 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Mar 2023Monserdà-Vilaró, A, Balsalobre-Fernández, C, Hoffman, JR, Alix-Fages, C, and Jiménez, SL. Effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training using continuous or... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Monserdà-Vilaró, A, Balsalobre-Fernández, C, Hoffman, JR, Alix-Fages, C, and Jiménez, SL. Effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training using continuous or intermittent protocols on muscle hypertrophy: Systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 688-709, 2023-The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to explore the effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training (CT) incorporating continuous or intermittent endurance training (ET) on whole-muscle and type I and II muscle fiber hypertrophy compared with resistance training (RT) alone. Randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting changes in cross-sectional area at muscle fiber and whole-muscle levels after RT compared with CT were included. Searches for such studies were performed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL electronic databases. The data reported in the included studies were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMDs). Twenty-five studies were included. At the whole-muscle level, there were no significant differences for any comparison (SMD < 0.03). By contrast, RT induced greater type I and type II muscle fiber hypertrophy than CT when high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was incorporated alone (SMD > 0.33) or combined with continuous ET (SMD > 0.27), but not compared with CT incorporating only continuous ET (SMD < 0.16). The subgroup analyses of this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that RT induces greater muscle fiber hypertrophy than CT when HIIT is included. However, no CT affected whole-muscle hypertrophy compared with RT.
Topics: Humans; Endurance Training; Hypertrophy; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training
PubMed: 36508686
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004304 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Dec 2022Anderson, OK, Martinez-Ferran, M, Lorenzo-Calvo, J, Jiménez, SL, and Pareja-Galeano, H. Effects of nitrate supplementation on muscle strength and mass: a systematic...
Anderson, OK, Martinez-Ferran, M, Lorenzo-Calvo, J, Jiménez, SL, and Pareja-Galeano, H. Effects of nitrate supplementation on muscle strength and mass: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3562-3570, 2022-This systematic review examines the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation (SUP) on muscle strength and hypertrophy when combined with physical exercise. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched for full-text articles published between January 2000 and June 2020. For inclusion, studies had to report on the effects of SUP administered as acute or chronic doses together with a standardized exercise protocol on muscle strength and hypertrophy compared with placebo in healthy adults who were sedentary, physically active, or professional athletes. Twelve studies (1,571 subjects) were finally selected. In 5 studies, the SUP regime was acute, and in 7, it was chronic. SUP was nitrate-rich beetroot juice in 9 studies, a potassium nitrate capsule in 1, and increased dietary nitrate in 2. Ingested nitrate was 64-1,200 mg. Of the 12 studies, 6 observed an ergogenic effect of SUP compared with placebo. These findings indicate that muscle strength gains are possible provided the dose, format, frequency, period, and exercise test are appropriate. Best results were observed with a minimum acute dose of 400 mg of nitrate provided as beetroot juice/shot taken 2-2.5 hours before exercise involving low- and high-intensity muscle contractions. This SUP regime seems to improve muscle efficiency in terms of reduced phosphocreatine and energy costs (P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and improved time to exhaustion.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Nitrates; Muscle, Skeletal; Dietary Supplements; Muscle Strength; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 36417361
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004101 -
World Neurosurgery Feb 2023Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve throughout the carpal tunnel. It is the most common entrapment... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve throughout the carpal tunnel. It is the most common entrapment neuropathy, with an estimated prevalence of 4%-7%. Surgical management is more effective in moderate to severe and severe CTS. CTS recurs in approximately 20% of patients, and up to 12% of these patients require reoperation. Knowledge of normal anatomy and variations would improve the success rate of the index surgery. Atypical causes of CTS were reported, including ganglion cysts, synovial hypertrophy, lipomas, bone fracture, bone fragments, tumor of soft tissues or bones, neurofibromas, neuromas, vascular malformations, and accessory muscles. Accessory muscles are commonly detected in upper limbs. However, their concomitant presentation with CTS has rarely been reported. We aimed to present different accessory muscles diagnosed during CTS surgery through a systematic review of the literature with our exemplary case.
METHODS
A systematic review/meta-analysis was performed concomitant with a case presentation.
RESULTS
Accessory muscles associated with CTS were as follows: palmaris longus, 28.6%; lumbrical muscles, 19.3%; palmaris profundus, 17.8%; flexor digitorum superficialis, 16.1%; transverse carpal muscle, 5%; flexor digitorum indicis, 4.2%; flexor superficialis indicis, 4.2%; flexor sublimis, 0.8%; accessory superficialis longus, 0.8%; flexor pollicis longus, 0.8%; abductor digiti minimi, 0.8%; abductor digiti quinti, 0.8%; and flexor digitorum superficialis brevis, 0.8%. Accessory muscles were mostly noticed during CTS surgery (88.2%).
CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of possible variations within the carpal tunnel would improve the surgeon's capability during CTS surgery.
Topics: Humans; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Muscle, Skeletal; Hand; Nerve Compression Syndromes; Ligaments, Articular
PubMed: 36379360
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.11.045 -
Genes Nov 2022Polymorphism (rs1805086), , () of the myostatin gene () has been associated with a skeletal muscle phenotype (hypertrophic response in muscles due to strength training).... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Polymorphism (rs1805086), , () of the myostatin gene () has been associated with a skeletal muscle phenotype (hypertrophic response in muscles due to strength training). However, there are not enough reliable data to demonstrate whether rs1805086 K and R allelic variants are valid genetic factors that can affect the strength phenotype of athletes' skeletal muscles. The aim is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of rs1805086 polymorphism with the strength phenotype of athletes. This study analyzed 71 research articles on and performed a meta-analysis of rs1805086 polymorphism in strength-oriented athletes and a control (non-athletes) group. It was found that athletes in the strength-oriented athlete group had a higher frequency of the minor variant than that in the control group (OR = 2.02, = 0.05). Thus, the obtained results convincingly demonstrate that there is an association between the studied polymorphism and strength phenotype of athletes; therefore, further studies on this association are scientifically warranted.
Topics: Myostatin; Genotype; Polymorphism, Genetic; Muscle, Skeletal; Mutation
PubMed: 36360291
DOI: 10.3390/genes13112055