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Preventive Veterinary Medicine May 2024Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) is a chronic wasting disease of cattle caused primarily by Mycobacterium bovis. Controlling bovine TB requires highly sensitive,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) is a chronic wasting disease of cattle caused primarily by Mycobacterium bovis. Controlling bovine TB requires highly sensitive, specific, quick, and reliable diagnostic methods. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated molecular diagnostic tests for M. bovis detection to inform the selection of the most viable assay. On a per-test basis, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) showed the highest overall sensitivity of 99.0% [95% CI: 86.2%-99.9%] and specificity of 99.8% [95% CI: 96.2%-100.00%]. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) outperformed conventional PCR and nested PCR (nPCR) with a diagnostic specificity of 96.6% [95% CI: 88.9%-99.0%], while the diagnostic sensitivity of 70.8% [95% CI: 58.6-80.5%] was comparable to that of nPCR at 71.4% [95% CI: 60.7-80.2%]. Test sensitivity was higher with the input of milk samples (90.9% [95% CI: 56.0%-98.7%]), while specificity improved with tests based on major M. bovis antigens (97.8% [95% CI: 92.3%-99.4%]), the IS6110 insertion sequence (95.4% [95% CI: 87.6%-98.4%]), and the RD4 gene (90.7% [95% CI: 52.2%-98.9%]). The design of the currently available molecular diagnostic assays, while mostly based on nonspecific gene targets, prevents them from being accurate enough to diagnose M. bovis infections in cattle, despite their promise. Future assay development should focus on the RD4 region since it is the only target identified by genome sequence data as being distinctive for detecting M. bovis. The availability of a sufficiently accurate diagnostic test combined with the routine screening of milk samples can decrease the risk of zoonotic transmissions of M. bovis.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Mycobacterium bovis; Tuberculosis, Bovine; Pathology, Molecular; Sensitivity and Specificity; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 38574490
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106190 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Deer tuberculosis is a chronic zoonotic infectious disease, despite the existence of socio-economic and zoonotic risk factors, but at present, there has been no...
BACKGROUND
Deer tuberculosis is a chronic zoonotic infectious disease, despite the existence of socio-economic and zoonotic risk factors, but at present, there has been no systematic review of deer tuberculosis prevalence in mainland China. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the overall prevalence of deer TB in mainland China and to assess possible associations between potential risk factors and the prevalence of deer tuberculosis.
METHODOLOGY
This study was searched in six databases in Chinese and English, respectively (1981 to December 2023). Four authors independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles to establish the inclusion exclusion criteria. Using the meta-analysis package estimated the combined effects. Cochran's Q-statistic was used to analyze heterogeneity. Funnel plots (symmetry) and used the Egger's test identifying publication bias. Trim-and-fill analysis methods were used for validation and sensitivity analysis. we also performed subgroup and meta-regression analyses.
RESULTS
In this study, we obtained 4,400 studies, 20 cross-sectional studies were screened and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Results show: The overall prevalence of tuberculosis in deer in mainland China was 16.1% (95% confidence interval (CI):10.5 24.6; (Deer tuberculosis infected 5,367 out of 22,215 deer in mainland China) 5,367/22215; 1981 to 2023). The prevalence in Central China was the highest 17.5% (95% CI:14.0-21.9; 63/362), and among provinces, the prevalence in Heilongjiang was the highest at 26.5% (95% CI:13.2-53.0; 1557/4291). was the most commonly infected species, with a prevalence of 35.3% (95% CI:18.5-67.2; 6/17). We also assessed the association between geographic risk factors and the incidence of deer tuberculosis.
CONCLUSION
Deer tuberculosis is still present in some areas of China. Assessing the association between risk factors and the prevalence of deer tuberculosis showed that reasonable and scientific-based breeding methods, a suitable breeding environment, and rapid and accurate detection methods could effectively reduce the prevalence of deer tuberculosis. In addition, in the management and operation of the breeding base, improving the scientific feed nutrition standards and establishing comprehensive standards for disease prevention, immunization, quarantine, treatment, and disinfection according to the breeding varieties and scale, are suggested as ways to reduce the prevalence of deer tuberculosis.
PubMed: 38440384
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1333975 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Apr 2024Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, zoonotic infectious disease caused by that infects not only humans but also animals such as pigs, cows, buffaloes, sheep, and goats.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, zoonotic infectious disease caused by that infects not only humans but also animals such as pigs, cows, buffaloes, sheep, and goats. Among them, pigs are one of the main food animals in the world. If pigs are infected with , meat products will be negatively affected, causing economic losses to the livestock industry. There is currently no systematic epidemiological assessment of swine TB in the world, so it is important to know the prevalence of swine, and these data are currently lacking, so we performed a statistical analysis. We searched 6791 articles and finally included data from 35,303 pigs from 15 countries or territories, showing a combined prevalence of TB in pigs of 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.2 to 15.9). Among them, the prevalence rate of swine TB in Europe was 15.2% (95% CI: 11.1 to 20.7, 2491/25,050), which was higher compared with other continents, and the difference was significant; the positive rate of PCR method was higher in the detection method subgroup, which was 15.7% (95% CI: 8.0 to 31.0, 376/2261); was detected in pigs in the typing group (9.5%, 95% CI: 6.7 to 13.5, 1364/21,430). The positive rate is higher compared with . This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to determine the global prevalence of TB in swine herds. Although the seroprevalence of swine TB in this article is very low, the harm of TB cannot be ignored. It is important to take effective control and preventive measures to stop the spread of TB to reduce the impact of diseased pigs on animal husbandry and human health.
Topics: Female; Animals; Humans; Cattle; Swine; Sheep; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Tuberculosis; Mycobacterium bovis; Risk Factors; Goats; Buffaloes; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 38306180
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0068 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) arises from a group of rare inherited errors of immunity that result in selective susceptibility of otherwise... (Review)
Review
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) arises from a group of rare inherited errors of immunity that result in selective susceptibility of otherwise healthy people to clinical disease caused by low virulence strains of mycobacteria, such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and environmental mycobacteria. Patients have normal resistance to other pathogens and no overt abnormalities in routine immunological and hematological evaluations for primary immunodeficiencies. At least 19 genes and 34 clinical phenotypes have been identified in MSMD. However, there have been no systematic reports on the clinical characteristics and genetic backgrounds of MSMD in China. In this review, on the one hand, we summarize an update findings on molecular defects and immunological mechanisms in the field of MSMD research globally. On the other hand, we undertook a systematic review of PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, and Wanfang to identify articles published before Jan 23, 2022, to summarize the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of MSMD in China. All the English and Chinese publications were searched without any restriction on article types.
Topics: Humans; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium bovis; Prognosis; China
PubMed: 36569938
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926781 -
PloS One 2022During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommended that courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of intravesical BCG maintenance therapy duration on recurrence rate in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC): Systematic review and network meta-analysis according to EAU COVID-19 recommendations.
PURPOSE
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommended that courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy lasting more than 1 year could be safely terminated for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Thus, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis according to EAU's COVID-19 recommendations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We conducted a network meta-analysis of recurrence rate in patients with NMIBC receiving induction therapy (M0) and those receiving maintenance therapy lasting 1 year (M1) and more than 1 year (M2).
RESULTS
Nineteen studies of 3,957 patients were included for the network meta-analysis. In a node-split forest plot using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modeling, there were no differences between the M1 and M2 groups in recurrence rate [odds ratio (OR) 0.95 (0.73-1.2)]. However, recurrence rate in the M0 group was higher than that in the M1 [OR 1.9 (1.5-2.5)] and M2 [OR 2.0 (1.7-2.4)] groups. P-score tests using frequentist inference to rank the treatments in the network demonstrated that the therapy used in the M2 group (P-score 0.8701) was superior to that used in the M1 (P-score 0.6299) and M0 groups (P-score 0). In rank-probability tests using MCMC modeling, the M2 group showed the highest rank, followed by the M1 and M0 groups.
CONCLUSION
In the network meta-analysis, there were no differences between those receiving BCG maintenance therapies in terms of recurrence rate. In the rank tests, therapy lasting more than 1-year appears to be most effective. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1-year maintenance therapy can be used, but after the COVID-19 pandemic, therapy lasting more than 1-year could be beneficial.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intravesical; BCG Vaccine; Bayes Theorem; COVID-19; Duration of Therapy; Humans; Mycobacterium bovis; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Network Meta-Analysis; Pandemics; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urology
PubMed: 36074771
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273733 -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2022Invasive Alien Species (IAS), i.e. species introduced by humans outside their natural geographic range, may act as host or vectors of pathogens of both human and animal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Invasive Alien Species (IAS), i.e. species introduced by humans outside their natural geographic range, may act as host or vectors of pathogens of both human and animal health relevance. Although it has been recognized that IAS should deserve more attention from a public and animal health perspective, data on the pathogens hosted by these species are not systematically collected and this prevents accurate assessments of IAS-specific risks of disease transmission. To support the future development of disease risk assessments, we systematically reviewed the scientific literature related to the pathogens of the eleven mammal species included in the European list of IAS of concern to gain insight in the amount and quality of data available. Data were analyzed to assess the current knowledge on the pathogens harbored by mammal IAS in natural conditions, through the identification of the main factors associated with research intensity on IAS pathogens and with the IAS observed pathogen species richness, the estimation of the true pathogen species richness for each IAS, and a meta-analysis of prevalence for the pathogens of health relevance. While the review confirmed that mammal IAS harbor pathogens of human and animal health relevance such as rabies virus, West Nile Virus, Borrelia burgdorferi and Mycobacterium bovis, results also highlighted strong information gaps and biases in research on IAS pathogens. In addition, the analyses showed an underestimation of the number of pathogens harbored by these species and the existence of high levels of uncertainty in the prevalence of the pathogens of health significance identified. These results highlight the need towards more efforts in making the available information on IAS pathogens accessible and systematically collected in order to provide data for future investigations and risk assessments, as well as the need of relying on alternative sources of information to assess IAS disease risk, like expert opinions.
Topics: Animals; European Union; Introduced Species; Mammals; Risk Assessment; Species Specificity
PubMed: 35863572
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157448 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jun 2022Little is known about zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) due to Mycobacterium bovis burden across the globe. The aim of this study was to describe zTB surveillance programs in...
BACKGROUND
Little is known about zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) due to Mycobacterium bovis burden across the globe. The aim of this study was to describe zTB surveillance programs in selected WHO signatory countries and to assess the relationship of the disease with the country's income level and the risk of M. bovis transmission.
METHODS
We searched the main articles databases and grey literature for guide documents published between 1980 and 2019. For inclusion, the articles and guide documents had to be in English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, or Italian. Only original articles and narrative and systematic reviews were accepted and the guide documents were required to be available on official websites. We excluded articles that did not focus on epidemiology, control and surveillance. We used bovine TB cases in livestock and wildlife populations as a proxy for the country's risk of zTB using data from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) published from 2015 to 2018. Countries were classified according to income level (World Bank's classification) and strength of zTB surveillance. The study was registered in PROSPERO under number CRD42018090603.
FINDINGS
We included 13 articles and 208 guide documents including data from 119/194 countries (61.3%). We found a lack of surveillance data about zTB in over half (89.9%) of the 119 WHO signatory countries. Most surveillance systems perform passive surveillance and are not integrated into the One Health perspective, which was operating in 4/119 (3.4%) countries, all high-income. Many of these countries (71/119, 59.7%) have M. bovis circulating in their cattle herds, but only ~10% of them have implemented zTB surveillance activities.
INTERPRETATION
Our findings highlight weaknesses in zTB surveillance worldwide, with a consequent lack of information that could support an adequate understanding of disease burden, especially in countries at major risk for M. bovis transmission. To meet this challenge, efforts will be needed to promote intersectoral policies, implementing the One Health strategy.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Developed Countries; Income; Mycobacterium bovis; One Health; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Bovine
PubMed: 35666731
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010428 -
World Journal of Orthopedics May 2022() is an emerging cause of hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and different species of this organism may be responsible for the same.
BACKGROUND
() is an emerging cause of hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and different species of this organism may be responsible for the same.
AIM
To evaluate the profile of hip and knee PJI cases as published in the past 30 years.
METHODS
A literature search was performed in PubMed using the MeSH terms "Prosthesis joint infection" AND "Mycobacterium" for studies with publication dates from January 1, 1990, to May 30, 2021. To avoid missing any study, another search was performed with the terms "Arthroplasty infection" AND "Mycobacterium" in the same period as the previous search. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses chart was used to evaluate the included studies for further review. In total, 51 studies were included for further evaluation of the cases, type of pathogen, and treatment of PJI caused by .
RESULTS
Seventeen identified were reportedly responsible for hip/knee PJI in 115 hip/knee PJI cases, whereas in two cases there was no mention of any specific () was detected in 50/115 (43.3%) of the cases. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) included (26/115, 22.6%), (10/115, 8.6%), (8/115, 6.9%), and (8/115, 6.9%). Majority of the cases (82/114, 71.9%) had an onset of infection > 3 mo after the index surgery, while in 24.6% (28/114) the disease had an onset in ≤ 3 mo. Incidental intraoperative PJI diagnosis was made in 4 cases (3.5%). Overall, prosthesis removal was needed in 77.8% (84/108) of the cases to treat the infection. Overall infection rate was controlled in 88/102 (86.3%) patients with PJI. Persistent infection occurred in 10/108 (9.8%) patients, while 4/108 (3.9%) patients died due to the infection.
CONCLUSION
At least 17 can be responsible for hip/knee PJI. Although is the most common causal pathogen, NTM should be considered as an emerging cause of hip/knee PJI.
PubMed: 35633748
DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v13.i5.503 -
Annals of Vascular Surgery Jul 2022Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has been used as immunotherapy against several malignancies. In particular,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has been used as immunotherapy against several malignancies. In particular, intravesical instillation of BCG has become a well-accepted adjuvant treatment for bladder cancer. BCG vascular infections are a rare complication of BCG therapy. Many aspects of these infections, including the presentations, risk factors, and treatment strategies, are poorly understood. Through a systematic review of the existing literature, we aimed to identify potential associations between this condition and patient characteristics, presentations, its treatments, and outcomes.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases for cases of BCG vascular infections from inception to June 2021. English-language reports of BCG vascular infections were included.
RESULTS
A total of 74 cases of BCG vascular infections were included. Seventy-three (99%) cases were male patients, all of whom were exposed to BCG through bladder instillation. Fifty (68%) cases were diagnosed more than 12 months after exposure to BCG. Twenty-six (35%) cases presented with arterial rupture at the time of diagnosis. Concurrent BCG infections in nonvascular locations were present in 37 (50%) cases. The most common locations of BCG vascular infection were the abdominal aorta (57%), prosthetic grafts (15%), and thoracic aorta (12%). The most common treatment for BCG infection was open repair with synthetic graft in situ replacement for the abdominal aorta and endovascular repair for the thoracic aorta. The 30-day mortality, among the 59 cases where these data were reported, was 10%.
CONCLUSIONS
We observed that many aspects of BCG vascular infections are similar to other forms of vascular infections. The high incidence of rupture or fistulation and the propensity toward abdominal aortic involvement and its prognosis are similar to those described in other vascular infections. However, our study also highlights 2 idiosyncratic features of BCG vascular infections: association with male sex and concurrent musculoskeletal infections.
Topics: Administration, Intravesical; BCG Vaccine; Female; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium bovis; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 35248739
DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.01.027 -
Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jan 2022Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is a globally distributed chronic disease of animals. The bacteria can be transmitted to humans via the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is a globally distributed chronic disease of animals. The bacteria can be transmitted to humans via the consumption of unpasteurised (raw) milk, thus representing an important public health risk. To investigate the risk of zoonotic transmission of M. bovis via raw milk, this study systematically reviewed published studies to estimate the prevalence of M. bovis in on-farm bulk-tank milk (BTM) and individual cow's milk (IM) by meta-analysis. In total, 1,339 articles were identified through seven electronic databases and initially screened using titles and abstracts. The quality of 108 potentially relevant articles was assessed using full texts, and 67 articles comprising 83 studies (76 IM and 7 BTM), were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of M. bovis in IM and BTM was summarised according to the diagnostic test used, and the tuberculin skin test (TST) infection status of the individual cows (for IM) or herds (for BTM). Heterogeneity was quantified using the I-squared statistic. Prediction intervals (95% PIs) were also estimated. For IM, the overall prevalence was summarised at 5% (95%CI: 3%-7%). In TST positive cows, prevalence was summarised at 8% (95%CI: 4%-13%). For BTM, the overall prevalence independent of individual herd TST infection status was summarised at 5% (95%CI: 0%-21%). There was considerable heterogeneity evident among the included studies, while PIs were also wide. Inconsistency in the quality of reporting was also observed resulting in missing information, such as the TST infection status of the individual animal/herd. No study reported the number of M. bovis bacteria in test-positive milk samples. Several studies reported the detection of M. tuberculosis and M. africanum in milk. Despite international efforts to control tuberculosis, this study highlights the risk of zoonotic transmission of M. bovis via unpasteurised milk and dairy products made using raw milk.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Female; Milk; Mycobacterium bovis; Prevalence
PubMed: 35091379
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102166