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Gland Surgery Oct 2020Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, is frequently driven by mutation, which was reported in 35-60% cases in Western... (Review)
Review
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, is frequently driven by mutation, which was reported in 35-60% cases in Western series. Numerous studies have recently emerged from Asian countries and regions; however sufficient summary is lacking to date. mutation serves as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in thyroid cancer, therefore establishing a rate of on the national scale could be of practical significance. We performed systematic reviews of available literature to investigate the prevalence of mutation in series of PTC from various Asian countries and regions. Out of the total 3,966 reports identified via initial screening, 138 studies encompassing over 40,000 PTCs were included for the final analysis. A vast majority (90.2%) of PTCs with known status were from East Asia, including China, South Korea, and Japan, with mutation rates of 71.2%, 75.5%, and 70.6%, respectively. Less abundant Indian and Saudi Arabian series found 45.6% and 46.3% prevalence of in PTC, respectively. Much limited evidence was available from Thailand, Iran, Kazakhstan, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Vietnam, Iraq, and Myanmar. No relevant publications were found from other highly populated countries, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Malaysia. After grouping by geographic region, we found that the highest rate of was reported in the PTC series from East Asia (76.4%). Much lower rate (45-48%) was seen in PTC cohorts from South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East while the Southeast Asian series were in between (57%). Further subgroup analysis revealed that studies employing fresh frozen tissue and fine-needle aspirates showed higher rates of compared to those used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. We found that the PTC series enrolled patients' cohorts after 2010 demonstrated a higher rate of compared to the earlier series. Finally, pediatric PTCs had lower prevalence compared to the baseline rate for the country. In conclusion, despite considerable among and within countries heterogeneity, the Asian PTC series showed a higher prevalence of mutation than that in Western series. Causes of geographic heterogeneity, whether genuine (etiology, genetics) or methodology-related should be further investigated.
PubMed: 33224863
DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-430 -
The American Journal of Dermatopathology Oct 2021Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue has been proposed as a potential tool in the diagnosis of autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs) in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue has been proposed as a potential tool in the diagnosis of autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs) in lieu of standard direct immunofluorescence (DIF) microscopy. To comprehensively determine the diagnostic accuracy of immunoglobulin and complement IHC for diagnosis of AIBDs, we conducted a systematic review and multivariate Bayesian model-based meta-analysis of the literature. Quality and heterogeneity assessment of studies was performed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) checklist and the I2 index, respectively. Electronic searches using PubMed from April 1964 to July 2020 identified 14 articles meeting predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Median sensitivities with 95% credible intervals in pemphigus and pemphigoid were 0.24 (0.01-0.89) and 0.22 (0.02-0.77) with immunoglobulin G (IgG), 0.77 (0.39-0.95) and 0.25 (0.02-0.85) with IgG4, 0.11 (0.02-0.32) and 0.86 (0.56-0.98) with C3d, and 0.84 (0.56-0.97) and 0.75 (0.37-0.94) with C4d, respectively. Specificities were 1.00 (0.00-1.00) with IgG, 0.98 (0.89-1.00) with IgG4, 0.99 (0.97-1.00) with C3d, and 0.99 (0.97-1.00) with C4d. The risk of bias and heterogeneity among studies was a serious problem, decreasing the level of evidence. Our work suggests that, in selected cases, paraffin-based IHC may be a helpful procedure to screen for AIBDs, especially when specialized laboratories and/or biopsy specimens for DIF do not exist. Nevertheless, more studies with a refined quality design are needed to explore the true usefulness of this diagnostic method in AIBDs.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Complement C3d; Complement C4b; Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Immunohistochemistry; Paraffin Embedding; Pemphigoid, Bullous; Pemphigus; Peptide Fragments; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
PubMed: 33055534
DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000001817 -
Biopreservation and Biobanking Aug 2020Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens from nonmalignant tissues derived from cancer patients are a vast and potentially valuable resource for...
Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens from nonmalignant tissues derived from cancer patients are a vast and potentially valuable resource for high-quality genotyping analyses and could have a role in establishing inherited cancer risk. We systematically searched PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Scopus databases for all articles that compared genotyping performance of DNA from nonmalignant FFPE tissue with blood DNA derived from cancer patients irrespective of tumor type. Two independent researchers screened the retrieved studies, removed duplicates, excluded irrelevant studies, and extracted genotyping data from the eligible studies. These studies included, but were not limited to, genotyping technique, reported call rate, and concordance. Thirteen studies were reviewed, in which DNA from nonmalignant FFPE tissues derived from cancer patients was successfully purified and genotyped. All these studies used different approaches for genotyping of DNA from nonmalignant FFPE tissues to amplify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to estimate of loss of heterozygosity. The concordance between genotypes from nonmalignant FFPE tissues and blood derived from cancer patients was observed to be high, whereas the call rate of the tested SNPs was not reported in all included studies. This review illustrates that DNA from nonmalignant FFPE tissues derived from cancer patients can serve as an alternative and reliable source for assessment of germline DNA for various purposes, including assessment of cancer predisposition.
Topics: DNA; Formaldehyde; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotyping Techniques; Germ-Line Mutation; Humans; Loss of Heterozygosity; Neoplasms; Paraffin Embedding; Specimen Handling; Tissue Fixation
PubMed: 32551987
DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0021 -
International Journal of Oncology Aug 2020Over the past two decades, quantitative proteomics has emerged as an important tool for deciphering the complex molecular events involved in cancers. The number of...
Over the past two decades, quantitative proteomics has emerged as an important tool for deciphering the complex molecular events involved in cancers. The number of references involving studies on the cancer metastatic process has doubled since 2010, while the last 5 years have seen the development of novel technologies combining deep proteome coverage capabilities with quantitative consistency and accuracy. To highlight key findings within this huge amount of information, the present review identified a list of tumor invasive biomarkers based on both the literature and data collected on a biocollection of experimental cell lines, tumor models of increasing invasiveness and tumor samples from patients with colorectal or breast cancer. Crossing these different data sources led to 76 proteins of interest out of 1,245 mentioned in the literature. Information on these proteins can potentially be translated into clinical prospects, since they represent potential targets for the development and evaluation of innovative therapies, alone or in combination. Herein, a systematical review of the biology of each of these proteins, including their specific subcellular/extracellular or multiple localizations is presented. Finally, as an important advantage of quantitative proteomics is the ability to provide data on all these molecules simultaneously in cell pellets, body fluids or paraffin‑embedded sections of tumors/invaded tissues, the significance of some of their interconnections is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasms; Proteomics
PubMed: 32468071
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5075 -
Child: Care, Health and Development Sep 2020Unintentional home injury is an important cause of death and disability among children, especially those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Unintentional home injury is an important cause of death and disability among children, especially those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence about the effectiveness of environmental interventions to prevent unintentional child injury and/or reduce injury hazards in the home in LMICs.
METHODS
Seven electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled before and after (CBA) studies published up to 1 April 2018. Potentially eligible citations were screened by title and abstract and full texts of studies obtained. Synthesis was reported narratively, and where possible, meta-analysis was conducted.
RESULTS
Four studies met the inclusion criteria: One CBA study reported changes in injury incidence, and three RCTs reported changes in frequency of home hazards. In one study, child resistant containers were found effective in reducing the incidence of paraffin ingestion by 47% during and by 50% postintervention. A meta-analysis of two trials found that home inspection, safety education and safety devices reduced postintervention mean scores for poisoning hazards [mean difference (MD) -0.77; 95% CI [-1.36, -0.19]] and burn-related unsafe practices (MD -0.37; 95% CI [-0.66, -0.09]) but not for falls or electrical and paraffin burn hazards. A single trial found that home inspection and safety education reduced the postintervention mean scores for fall hazards (MD -0.5; 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33]) but not for ingestion hazards.
CONCLUSION
There is limited evidence that environmental change interventions reduce child injuries but evidence that they reduce some home hazards. More evidence is needed to determine if altering the physical home environment by removing potential hazards reduces injuries in LMICs.
Topics: Accident Prevention; Accidents, Home; Child; Developing Countries; Humans; Protective Devices
PubMed: 32410304
DOI: 10.1111/cch.12772 -
Histochemistry and Cell Biology Jul 2020Molecular pathology allows the identification of causative agents in infectious diseases and detection of biomarkers important for prediction of disease susceptibility,...
Molecular pathology allows the identification of causative agents in infectious diseases and detection of biomarkers important for prediction of disease susceptibility, diagnosis and personalized therapy. Accordingly, nucleic acid-based methods have gained a special role in clinical laboratories particularly to evaluate solid and hematological tumors. Extraction of nucleic acids is commonly performed in microdissected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or cytological samples that had been previously evaluated through the use of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Papanicolau (Pap) stains, respectively. Although the effect of both stains on nucleic acids integrity has been explored by several authors, the results are not consistent and require further examination. Accordingly, the goal of this review was to assess the influence of H&E and Pap stains on DNA and RNA integrity and to address the mechanism by which each staining compromises molecular based-analysis. The analyzed studies demonstrate that H&E- and Pap-staining result in low DNA recovery and some degree of DNA fragmentation. Additionally, it is concluded that hemalum inhibits PCR by interfering with DNA extraction, preventing DNA polymerase attachment and possibly by rescuing divalent cations. Accordingly, proper sample purification and adjustment of PCR conditions are of key importance to achieve satisfactory results by PCR in H&E- and Pap-stained samples. Furthermore, although H&E results in RNA fragmentation, it is possible to perform expression analysis in H&E-stained frozen sections, using RNase-free conditions, low amounts of hematoxylin and a rapid protocol from sample collection to RNA analysis. It The effect of Pap-staining on RNA integrity remains to be determined.
Topics: Animals; DNA; Eosine Yellowish-(YS); Hematoxylin; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Paraffin Embedding; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 32372108
DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01882-w -
Head and Neck Pathology Dec 2020The evaluation of surgically resected papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BRAF mutation has diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
The evaluation of surgically resected papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BRAF mutation has diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. The goal of this meta-analysis was to perform a systematic review of studies using the VE1 clone (specific for detection of the BRAF V600E mutation) on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) thyroid surgical resection specimens for primary papillary thyroid carcinoma. The authors' molecular techniques, immunohistochemistry protocols, and scoring methods for VE1 immunostaining were also evaluated. This study included 4079 PTCs representing data from 23 studies. The results extracted from each study were split into two different groups, direct sequencing group or PCR group, based on the molecular "gold standard" method used to compare VE1 IHC staining. In the direct sequencing group, the IHC sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 0.97-1.00) and specificity 84% (95% 0.72-0.91). In the PCR group the sensitivity was 98% (95% CI 0.96-0.99) and specificity 89% (95% CI 0.82-0.94). Although immunohistochemical procedures varied by author, the overall performance of the VE1 clone shows that it is highly sensitive and relatively specific for detecting the BRAF V600E mutation in surgical resection specimens. However, standardization of immunohistochemical procedural method and scoring/interpretation criteria may improve the reliability and reproducibility for the use of VE1 clone for future practice.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Biomarkers, Tumor; Genetic Techniques; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Mutation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 32358715
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01166-8 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Sep 2020Musculoskeletal diseases involving loss of tissue usually require management with bone grafts, among which autografts are still the gold standard. To overcome autograft...
Musculoskeletal diseases involving loss of tissue usually require management with bone grafts, among which autografts are still the gold standard. To overcome autograft disadvantages, the development of new scaffolds is constantly increasing, as well as the number of in vivo studies evaluating their osteoinductivity in ectopic sites. The aim of the present systematic review is to evaluate the last 10 years of osteoinduction in vivo studies. The review is focused on: (a) which type of animal model is most suitable for osteoinduction evaluation; (b) what are the most used types of scaffolds; (c) what kind of post-explant evaluation is most used. Through three websites (www.pubmed.com, www.webofknowledge.com and www.embase.com), 77 in vivo studies were included. Fifty-eight studies were conducted in small animal models (rodents) and 19 in animals of medium or large size (rabbits, dogs, goats, sheep, and minipigs). Despite the difficulty in establishing the most suitable animal model for osteoinductivity studies, small animals (in particular mice) are the most utilized. Intramuscular implantation is more frequent than subcutis, especially in large animals, and synthetic scaffolds (especially CaP ceramics) are preferred than natural ones, also in combination with cells and growth factors. Paraffin histology and histomorphometric evaluations are usually employed for postimplantation analyses.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Models, Animal; Osteogenesis; Prostheses and Implants; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 32297695
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36949 -
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Feb 2021Botulinum toxin injection, micro-needling injection, and filler injection are the most widely used non-surgical facial cosmetic treatments. Hypersensitivity reactions... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Botulinum toxin injection, micro-needling injection, and filler injection are the most widely used non-surgical facial cosmetic treatments. Hypersensitivity reactions associated with injections have not received sufficient attention due to their low incidence rates. The authors tried to summarize the characteristics of the hypersensitivity caused by cosmetic injections and helped to improve the diagnosis and treatment.
METHODS
A comprehensive search of the PubMed database to September 2019 was performed. Articles were screened using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collected included patient characteristics, injection information (injected material, trade name, location of injection, symptoms of allergy, time of onset), diagnostic examination, treatment, and prognosis.
RESULTS
A total of 14 articles (57 patients) were included. There were 3 patients receiving botulinum toxin injection, 3 patients receiving micro-needling injection, and 46 patients receiving hyaluronic acid injection. Five patients were injected with collagen, polyacrylamide, paraffin, alkyl-imide or hyaluronidase, separately. The symptoms were redness, swelling, itching or induration at the injection site. The diagnosis and treatment methods vary greatly depending on the injection fillers. Removing the injected filler is the primary treatment.
CONCLUSION
Although hypersensitivity reaction is a relatively uncommon adverse event, more practice guidelines and research on diagnosis and treatment are demanded to help improve the outcomes.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Topics: Cosmetic Techniques; Dermal Fillers; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Hypersensitivity; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32206863
DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01684-4 -
The Journal of Dermatological Treatment Sep 2020Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) remain one of the most common non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Surgical options include primary excision with predetermined margins,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) remain one of the most common non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Surgical options include primary excision with predetermined margins, frozen section controlled excision, and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). There is no randomized study comparing recurrence rates between different surgical techniques for periocular BCCs. A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted for recurrence rates. Meta-regression was used for subgroup analysis to compare results in those undergoing MMS versus FSE or paraffin controlled sections (WLE). The pooled recurrence rate for periocular BCCs excised via MMS was 2.9% (95% CI 1.9-4.4%) over an average of 48.8 ± 14.9 months. The pooled recurrence rate for FSE was 1.9% (95% CI 1.9-2.4%) over an average of 70.7 ± 48.0 months. By comparison, the pooled recurrence rate following WLE was 5.9% (95% CI 3.9-8.9%) over an average of 49.2 ± 29.3 months. Meta-regression demonstrated that the recurrence rate for WLE was significantly higher compared to MMS and FSE techniques (<.001) but similar for MMS and FSE (=.65). Our results highlight the importance of intraoperative margin assessment in the management of BCCs in order to reduce recurrence. These factors should be taken into consideration in the workup and management of patients with periocular BCCs.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Humans; Mohs Surgery; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Regression Analysis; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 31769708
DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1698702