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Journal of Dual Diagnosis 2021Substance abuse comorbidity is highly prevalent and is linked to detrimental outcomes in individuals with psychotic disorder, but the role of personality traits as the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Substance abuse comorbidity is highly prevalent and is linked to detrimental outcomes in individuals with psychotic disorder, but the role of personality traits as the underlying mechanism is being increasingly underscored. This study aimed to profile temperamental risks of comorbid substance use disorder in psychotic disorders by performing meta-analyses on personality trait differences between psychotic disorders with comorbidity (dual diagnosis; DD) and without it (psychotic disorders; PSD). A systematic review of English articles using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses. Only original empirical studies including participants with diagnosis of psychotic disorders based on structured diagnostic interviews, with and without substance use disorder evaluated with reliable and valid tests were included. Articles were independently extracted by two authors using predefined data fields, including study quality indicators. All pooled analyses were based on random-effect models. Thirteen studies (β=β885) met our inclusion criteria. All effect-size estimates were calculated based on means and standard deviations of included measures. Separate effect size estimates were obtained for four traits in the UPPS model (negative urgency, low premeditation, low perseverance, sensation seeking), four traits in the HS model (unconscientious disinhibition, negative affect, disagreeable disinhibition, positive affect) and trait anhedonia. Negative urgency (four studies with 262 participants; ESβ=β0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.34, 0.84]), low premeditation (five studies with 349 participants; ES = 0.60; 95% CI [0.39, 0.80]), sensation seeking (seven studies with 550 participants; ES = 0.63; 95% CI [0.17, 1.09]) and unconscientious disinhibition (five studies with 291 participants; ES = 0.36; 95% CI [0.13, 0.59]) were elevated in DD than PSD. Heterogeneity of sensation seeking was significant ( = 86.2%). The findings of the current meta-analysis highlight a unique profile of impulsive and externalizing trait personality domains pertaining to DD. The study emphasizes the importance of emotion regulation interventions targeting impulsivity or negative affect (i.e. negative urgency, low premeditation) in substance abuse comorbidity patients.
Topics: Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Personality; Psychotic Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33404373
DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2020.1839827 -
Medical Education Apr 2021Growth mindset is a motivation theory proposed by Carol Dweck that posits our beliefs about intelligence, and the ability to change mindsets can have impacts on how we... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Growth mindset is a motivation theory proposed by Carol Dweck that posits our beliefs about intelligence, and the ability to change mindsets can have impacts on how we approach challenges, respond to criticism challenges and orient our goals. This study characterised articles on growth mindset theory in health professions education to: summarise the aspects of growth mindset being researched, describe the discussed benefits of growth mindset theory and outline strategies discussed that may promote a growth mindset.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature yielded 4927 articles-articles were reviewed and excluded if they were outside of health professions education and did not discuss Dweck's growth mindset theory. The final review yielded 14 research articles and 13 commentaries, which were characterised and analysed using content analysis.
RESULTS
The included articles were published in 2016 and beyond; the articles represented a diverse context, participant type and approach. Most research studies measured participant mindsets and evaluated the correlation with other variables (eg grit, well-being, anxiety). Articles often highlighted benefits and strategies to promote a growth mindset at the learner, educator and organisation level. The most common learner benefits were to help them be more receptive to feedback as well as increased resiliency and perseverance, educator benefits focused on supporting collaborative relationships and safe learning environments. The most prevalent strategies discussed were teaching learners about growth mindset theory, shifting faculty feedback to emphasise effort and to prioritise feedback across the organisation.
CONCLUSION
The growth mindset framework has been shown in other fields to help others manage educational challenges and enhance learning environments. Researchers are encouraged to explore how interventions such as teaching about and prioritising a growth mindset can support learners, health care professionals, educators and organisations.
Topics: Health Occupations; Humans; Intelligence; Learning; Motivation
PubMed: 32955728
DOI: 10.1111/medu.14381 -
European Eating Disorders Review : the... Jul 2020The aim of the current research was to identify the extent to which reward sensitivity and impulsivity were related to food addiction.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the current research was to identify the extent to which reward sensitivity and impulsivity were related to food addiction.
METHOD
Forty-five studies, published from 2009 to June 2019, investigating reward sensitivity and/or impulsivity with food addiction as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale were reviewed.
RESULTS
Reward sensitivity, as measured by the Sensitivity to Reward (SR) scale, was positively associated with food addiction in two studies, but failed to yield consistent results in other studies when measured with the Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation Scales. Self-report impulsivity, as measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), was consistently associated with food addiction, with attentional impulsivity and motor impulsivity the most consistent subscales. Similarly, food addiction was also consistently associated with Negative Urgency, Positive Urgency, and Lack of Perseverance as measured by the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Food addiction was inconsistently associated with disinhibition, as measured by behavioral tasks, indicating food addiction appears more aligned with self-report measures of impulsivity.
CONCLUSIONS
Research in this field is dominated by university student, overweight and obese samples. Additional research is required to further tease out these relationships.
Topics: Food Addiction; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Reward
PubMed: 32142199
DOI: 10.1002/erv.2732 -
Addictive Behaviors Nov 2019Desire Thinking (DT) is a voluntary cognitive process aimed at orienting to prefigure images, information, and memories about positive target-related experience. It... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Desire Thinking (DT) is a voluntary cognitive process aimed at orienting to prefigure images, information, and memories about positive target-related experience. It comprises of two components: Imaginal Prefiguration and the Verbal Perseveration. DT has been found to be positively associated with alcohol use, gambling, nicotine use, and problematic Internet use. Despite this, neither qualitative nor quantitative reviews have been undertaken to critically summarize findings about the association between DT and addictive behaviours. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the strength of the association between DT and addictive behaviours.
METHOD
In accordance to PRISMA criteria, a research was conducted on PubMed and PsycInfo. A manual search of reference lists was also run. Search terms were: "addiction / gambling / alcohol / tobacco / nicotine / drug / cocaine / marijuana / cannabis / opioid / heroin / methadone / internet" AND "Desire Thinking".
RESULTS
Ten studies were included. Both components of DT were found to be associated with addictive behaviours (alcohol use, nicotine use, gambling, problematic Internet use) in both clinical and community samples. The strength of the association between Verbal Perseveration and addictive behaviours appears to be stronger for alcohol and nicotine use than Internet use. The association between DT and addictive behaviours is not moderated by age.
CONCLUSION
DT is present across different addictive behaviours. The assessment of DT and tailored interventions aimed to reduce the propensity to engage in DT should be considered in the treatment of addictive behaviours.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Cognition; Gambling; Humans; Internet; Substance-Related Disorders; Thinking
PubMed: 31233946
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.007