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Plant Disease Oct 2023This quantitative review and systematic analysis of the effectiveness of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in disinfesting nonfungal plant pathogens in agricultural... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This quantitative review and systematic analysis of the effectiveness of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in disinfesting nonfungal plant pathogens in agricultural and horticultural cropping systems is a complementary follow-up to a previous study that evaluated the efficacy of QACs against fungal plant pathogens. In the present study, a meta-analysis involving 67 studies was conducted to assess the overall efficacy of QACs against plant pathogenic bacteria, oomycetes, and viruses and to identify factors associated with observed differences in product efficacy. Across all studies, QACs resulted in a significant ( < 0.0001) reduction in either disease intensity or propagule viability with a mean Hedges' ([Formula: see text]) of 1.75, indicating that overall QAC treatments were moderately effective against nonfungal pathogens. Significant differences in product efficacy were observed between organism types ( = 0.0001), with QAC interventions resulting in higher efficacy ( = 0.0002) against oomycetes ([Formula: see text] = 4.20) than against viruses ([Formula: see text] = 1.42) and bacteria ([Formula: see text] = 1.07), which were not different ( = 0.2689) from each other. As a result, bacterium and virus types were combined into a composite set (BacVir). QAC intervention against BacVir resulted in significant differences in efficacy within categorical moderator subgroups for genus ( = 0.0133), target material ( = 0.0001), and QAC product generation ( = 0.0281). QAC intervention against oomycetes resulted in significant differences in efficacy only for genus ( < 0.0001). For the BacVir composite, five random effect (RE) meta-regression models were significant ( = 0.05), where models with dose and time, dose and genus, time and genus, dose and target, and time and target accounted for 62, 61, 52, 83, and 88%, respectively, of the variance in true effect sizes () associated with [Formula: see text]. For oomycetes, three RE meta-regression models were significant ( = 0.05), where models with dose and time, dose and genus, and time and genus accounted for 64, 86, and 90%, respectively, of associated with [Formula: see text]. These results show that while QACs are moderately effective against nonfungal plant pathogens, the observed variability in their efficacy due to dose of active ingredient and contact time of these products can be influenced by organism type, genus within organism type, the target being treated, and the generation of QAC products.
Topics: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Disinfectants; Bacteria
PubMed: 36890133
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2751-RE -
Respiratory Research Feb 2023Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) impact all age groups and have a significant economic and social burden on society, worldwide. Most URTIs are mild and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) impact all age groups and have a significant economic and social burden on society, worldwide. Most URTIs are mild and self-limiting, but due to the wide range of possible causative agents, including Rhinovirus (hRV), Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Coronavirus and Influenza, there is no single and effective treatment. Over-the-counter (OTC) remedies, including traditional medicines and those containing plant derived substances, help to alleviate symptoms including inflammation, pain, fever and cough.
PURPOSE
This systematic review focuses on the role of the major plant derived substances in several OTC remedies used to treat cold symptoms, with a particular focus on the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels involved in pain and cough.
METHODS
Literature searches were done using Pubmed and Web of Science, with no date limitations, using the principles of the PRISMA statement. The search terms used were 'TRP channel AND plant compound', 'cough AND plant compound', 'cough AND TRP channels AND plant compound', 'cough AND P2X3 AND plant compound' and 'P2X3 AND plant compound' where plant compound represents menthol or camphor or eucalyptus or turpentine or thymol.
RESULTS
The literature reviewed showed that menthol activates TRPM8 and may inhibit respiratory reflexes reducing irritation and cough. Menthol has a bimodal action on TRPA1, but inhibition may have an analgesic effect. Eucalyptus also activates TRPM8 and inhibits TRPA1 whilst down regulating P2X3, aiding in the reduction of cough, pain and airway irritation. Camphor inhibits TRPA1 and the activation of TRPM8 may add to the effects of menthol. Activation of TRPV1 by camphor, may also have an analgesic effect.
CONCLUSIONS
The literature suggests that these plant derived substances have multifaceted actions and can interact with the TRP 'cough' receptors. The plant derived substances used in cough and cold medicines have the potential to target multiple symptoms experienced during a cold.
Topics: Humans; Transient Receptor Potential Channels; Menthol; Camphor; TRPM Cation Channels; TRPA1 Cation Channel; Cough; Pain; Analgesics
PubMed: 36755306
DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02347-z -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) allows the evaluation of complex microbial communities, avoiding isolation and cultivation of each microbial species, and... (Review)
Review
Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) allows the evaluation of complex microbial communities, avoiding isolation and cultivation of each microbial species, and does not require prior knowledge of the microbial sequences present in the sample. Applications of mNGS include virome characterization, new virus discovery and full-length viral genome reconstruction, either from virus preparations enriched in culture or directly from clinical and environmental specimens. Here, we systematically reviewed studies that describe novel virus identification through mNGS from samples of different origin (plant, animal and environment). Without imposing time limits to the search, 379 publications were identified that met the search parameters. Sample types, geographical origin, enrichment and nucleic acid extraction methods, sequencing platforms, bioinformatic analytical steps and identified viral families were described. The review highlights mNGS as a feasible method for novel virus discovery from samples of different origins, describes which kind of heterogeneous experimental and analytical protocols are currently used and provides useful information such as the different commercial kits used for the purification of nucleic acids and bioinformatics analytical pipelines.
PubMed: 36556413
DOI: 10.3390/life12122048 -
Molecular Biotechnology Jul 2023Emerging infectious diseases have vigorously devastated the global economy and health sector; cost-effective plant-based vaccines (PBV) can be the potential solution to... (Review)
Review
Emerging infectious diseases have vigorously devastated the global economy and health sector; cost-effective plant-based vaccines (PBV) can be the potential solution to withstand the current health economic crisis. The prominent role of tobacco as an efficient expression system for PBV has been well-established for decades, through this review we highlight the importance of tobacco-based vaccines (TBV) against evolving infectious diseases in humans. Studies focusing on the use of TBV for human infectious diseases were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and science direct from 1995 to 2021 using the keywords Tobacco-based vaccines OR transgenic tobacco OR Nicotiana benthamiana vaccines AND Infectious diseases or communicable diseases. We carried out a critical review of the articles and studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Of 976 studies identified, only 63 studies fulfilling the eligibility criteria were included, which focused on either the in vitro, in vivo, or clinical studies on TBV for human infectious diseases. Around 43 in vitro studies of 23 different infectious pathogens expressed in tobacco-based systems were identified and 23 in vivo analysis studies were recognized to check the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates while only 10 of these were subjected to clinical trials. Viral infectious pathogens were studied more than bacterial pathogens. From our review, it was evident that TBV can be an effective health strategy to combat the emerging viral infectious diseases which are very difficult to manage with the current health facilities. The timely administration of cost-effective TBV can prevent the outburst of viral infections, thereby can protect the global healthcare system to a greater extent.
Topics: Humans; Nicotiana; Vaccines; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle; Malaria Vaccines; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 36528727
DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00627-5 -
PloS One 2022Efforts are ongoing by researchers globally to develop new drugs or repurpose existing ones for treating COVID-19. Thus, this led to the use of oseltamivir, an antiviral... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Efforts are ongoing by researchers globally to develop new drugs or repurpose existing ones for treating COVID-19. Thus, this led to the use of oseltamivir, an antiviral drug used for treating influenza A and B viruses, as a trial drug for COVID-19. However, available evidence from clinical studies has shown conflicting results on the effectiveness of oseltamivir in COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of oseltamivir for treating COVID-19. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the priori protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021270821). Five databases were searched, the identified records were screened, and followed by the extraction of relevant data. Eight observational studies from four Asian countries were included. A random-effects model was used to pool odds ratios (ORs), mean differences (MD), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the study analysis. Survival was not significantly different between all categories of oseltamivir and the comparison groups analysed. The duration of hospitalisation was significantly shorter in the oseltamivir group following sensitivity analysis (MD -5.95, 95% CI -9.91--1.99 p = 0.003, heterogeneity I2 0%, p = 0.37). The virological, laboratory and radiological response rates were all not in favour of oseltamivir. However, the electrocardiographic safety parameters were found to be better in the oseltamivir group. However, more studies are needed to establish robust evidence on the effectiveness or otherwise of oseltamivir usage for treating COVID-19.
Topics: Humans; Oseltamivir; Antiviral Agents; Influenza, Human; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 36454880
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277206 -
Dermatologic Therapy Dec 2022Despite the considerably high prevalence of cutaneous warts, no optimally effective and safe treatment is available. Leaves of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.;...
Despite the considerably high prevalence of cutaneous warts, no optimally effective and safe treatment is available. Leaves of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.; Arecaceae) have long been used in Iran's folk medicine as a remedy for warts. To assess the state-of-the-art evidence on using P. dactylifera L. for warts, we conducted a systematic review using CINAHL (via EBSCO), Embase, Medline (via PubMed), ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science. We conducted an open-label uncontrolled pilot clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a proprietary topical date palm leaf-based ointment for the treatment of various types of nongenital warts. This study consisted of an 8-week treatment phase and a 4-week follow-up phase. The assessed outcomes included complete clearance, patient satisfaction (on Likert scale), and the occurrence of any adverse effect. The systematic review demonstrated that the effects of date palm on warts have not been scientifically studied. Thirty patients entered the study with a mean age of 29.5 years (SD = 14.04); among which 17 were female and 13 were male. The patients presented diverse types of warts: verruca vulgaris 15 (50%), plantar 9 (30%), plane 2 (7%), periungual 2 (7%), and warts at multiple sites 2 (7%). In this trial, 19 patients (63.3%) experienced complete clearance and 5 patients (16.6%) experienced partial clearance. Eight patients (26.67%) dropped out during the study. 21 (70%) patients were very satisfied (score on Likert scale = 5) while 1 (3.3%) patient with partial clearance was somewhat satisfied (score on Likert scale = 4). No adverse effect was observed. The results of this pilot study indicate that the date palm leaf-based ointment is a promising treatment whose efficacy and safety should be further investigated in a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Phoeniceae; Ointments; Pilot Projects; Warts; Plant Leaves; Treatment Outcome; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36346021
DOI: 10.1111/dth.15968 -
Virology Journal May 2022The new coronavirus (COVID-19) has been transmitted exponentially. Numerous studies have been performed in recent years that have shown the inhibitory effect of plant... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The new coronavirus (COVID-19) has been transmitted exponentially. Numerous studies have been performed in recent years that have shown the inhibitory effect of plant extracts or plant-derived compounds on the coronavirus family. In this study, we want to use systematic review and meta-analysis to answer the question, which herbal compound has been more effective?
MAIN BODY
The present study is based on the guidelines for conducting meta-analyzes. An extensive search was conducted in the electronic database, and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, articles were selected and data screening was done. Quality control of articles was performed. Data analysis was carried out in STATA software.
CONCLUSION
Due to the variety of study methods, definitive conclusions are not possible. However, in this study, we attempted to gather all the available evidence on the effect of plant compounds on SARS-COV-2 to be used for the development and use of promising antiviral agents against this virus and other coronaviruses. Trypthantrin, Sambucus extract, S. cusia extract, Boceprevir and Indigole B, dioica agglutinin urtica had a good effect on reducing the virus titer. Also among the compounds that had the greatest effect on virus inhibition, Saikosaponins B2, SaikosaponinsD, SaikosaponinsA and Phillyrin, had an acceptable selectivity index greater than 10. Andrographolide showed the highest selectivity index on SARS-COV-2. Our study confirmed insufficient data to support alkaloid compounds against SARS-COV-2, and the small number of studies that used alkaloid compounds was a limitation. It is recommended to investigate the effect of more alkaloid compounds against Corona virus.
Topics: Alkaloids; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Plant Extracts; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 35597998
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01808-z -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Cancers are a potential cause of death worldwide and represent a massive burden for healthcare systems. Treating cancers requires substantial resources, including...
Cancers are a potential cause of death worldwide and represent a massive burden for healthcare systems. Treating cancers requires substantial resources, including skilled personnel, medications, instruments, and funds. Thus, developing cancer prevention and treatment measures is necessary for healthcare personnel and patients alike. (Polygonaceae family) is a plant used as a culinary ingredient. It exhibits several pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Several classes of phytochemical constituents of have been reported. The important ones might be polyphenol and flavonoid derivatives. In this systematic review, the activities of against cancerous cells were determined and summarized. Data were obtained through a systematic search of electronic databases (EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Thai Thesis Database, Science Direct and Clinical Key). Eight studies met the eligibility criteria. The cancerous cell lines used in the studies were lymphoma, leukemia, oral, lung, breast, colon, and liver cancer cells. Based on this review, extracts significantly affected Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome-carrying human lymphoblastoid (Raji), mouse lymphocytic leukemia (P388), human acute lymphocytic leukemia (Jurkat), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), human T lymphoblast (MOLT-4), human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SAS, SCC-9, HSC-3) through induction of cell apoptosis, arrest of the cell cycle, inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and colonization. The molecular mechanism of against cancers was reported to involve suppressing essential proteins required for cell proliferation, colonization, migration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. They were survivin, cyclin-D, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). The extract of was also involved in the protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by inhibiting the expression of Akt, phosphorylated Akt, mTOR, and phosphorylated mTOR. From the key results of this review, is a promising chemotherapy and chemopreventive agent. Further investigation of its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action should be conducted using standardized extracts. experiments and clinical trials are required to confirm the anticancer activity.
PubMed: 35571080
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875016 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021Viruses cause various human diseases, some of which become pandemic outbreaks. This study synthesized evidence on antiviral medicinal plants in Africa which could... (Review)
Review
Viruses cause various human diseases, some of which become pandemic outbreaks. This study synthesized evidence on antiviral medicinal plants in Africa which could potentially be further studied for viral infections including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. PUBMED, CINAHIL, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Google databases were searched through keywords; antiviral, plant, herb, and Africa were combined using "AND" and "OR". studies, studies, or clinical trials on botanical medicine used for the treatment of viruses in Africa were included. Thirty-six studies were included in the evidence synthesis. Three hundred and twenty-eight plants were screened for antiviral activities of which 127 showed noteworthy activities against 25 viral species. These, were Poliovirus (42 plants), HSV (34 plants), Coxsackievirus (16 plants), Rhinovirus (14plants), Influenza (12 plants), Astrovirus (11 plants), SARS-CoV-2 (10 plants), HIV (10 plants), Echovirus (8 plants), Parvovirus (6 plants), Semiliki forest virus (5 plants), Measles virus (5 plants), Hepatitis virus (3 plants), Canine distemper virus (3 plants), Zika virus (2 plants), Vesicular stomatitis virus T2 (2 plants). Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1), Enterovirus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, Yellow fever virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Human cytomegalovirus each showed sensitivities to one plant. The current study provided a list of African medicinal plants which demonstrated antiviral activities and could potentially be candidates for COVID-19 treatment. However, all studies were preliminary and screening. Further are required for plant-based management of viral diseases.
PubMed: 35002686
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682794 -
Environmental Science & Technology Nov 2021Enveloped viruses are characterized by a lipid-containing envelope that encapsulates the virion, and they have been the cause of major outbreaks and pandemics. Some... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Enveloped viruses are characterized by a lipid-containing envelope that encapsulates the virion, and they have been the cause of major outbreaks and pandemics. Some enveloped viruses are excreted in feces and other bodily fluids of infected people and animals, raising the question of their fate in the aquatic environment. Consequently, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the decay rate constants () of enveloped viruses from 12 families (i.e., , (specifically Phi6), , , , , , , , , , ) in environmental waters and wastewater to evaluate their decay kinetics and identify the environmental and virus characteristics that influence . A total of 812 that met inclusion criteria were identified in the literature, with the number of for each family ranging from 0 to 560, and the virus family averaged values of ranging from 0.11 d and 1.85 d. Virus type (i.e., genus, species, subspecies, or subtype), method of virus enumeration (i.e., culture-based or (RT-)QPCR), and experimental water matrix type, temperature and sterility were found to have significant effects on . Additionally, enveloped viruses were found to have statistically significantly greater than nonenveloped viruses. Multiple linear regression models that allow prediction of log as a function of virus type, enumeration method, water temperature, and water type are provided for six virus families that had sufficient data available for model fitting (i.e., , Phi6, , , , ). Compiled log and multiple regression models can be used to inform management of human and animal waste, operation of water and wastewater facilities, and exposure risks to treatment plant workers and communities living in regions that lack treatment facilities. Given limited data available for some enveloped virus families with a potential water-related transmission route, there is need for additional data collection to aid academic researchers, public health agencies, and water and wastewater professionals involved in outbreak response.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Disinfectants; Humans; Pandemics; Viruses; Wastewater
PubMed: 34665598
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03977