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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Mar 2023Dental caries is a common chronic oral disease in humans resulting from tooth demineralization caused by acid production of bacterial plaque, which leads to the...
Dental caries is a common chronic oral disease in humans resulting from tooth demineralization caused by acid production of bacterial plaque, which leads to the destruction of enamel and dentin and oral inflammation. However, it is still a challenge that the function of natural active ingredients in currently available oral care products is not comprehensive, especially the lack of remineralization. Here, inspired by the strong biological adhesion ability of mussels and ancient oral disease plant therapy, a multifunctional strategy is proposed to construct a bioactive tooth surface to treat dental caries. It has been demonstrated that the Turkish gall extract (TGE) can inhibit adhesion of cariogenic bacteria and and destroy biofilms on the tooth surface. Meanwhile, TGE can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors. Notably, the TGE coating can induce the growth of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals and , recovering the enamel mechanical properties under normal oral conditions. MD simulations interpreted the adsorption mechanism by which the hydroxyl groups in TGE bind to phosphate group (PO) on the tooth surface, attracting calcium ions (Ca) as nucleation sites for remineralization. This work underlines the importance of TGE coating in remineralization, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammation activity as a promising strategy for dental caries.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Streptococcus mutans; Tooth Demineralization; Biofilms; Tooth Remineralization
PubMed: 36940092
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21672 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Jun 2023New therapies involving natural products and nanobiotechnology open additional perspectives to reduce endodontic infections. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol extracted...
New therapies involving natural products and nanobiotechnology open additional perspectives to reduce endodontic infections. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol extracted from the dry rhizome of curcuma long Linn with therapeutic properties for application in nanobiotechnology and as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. This study aimed to synthesize a novel polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with curcumin (NP+Cur), and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against endodontic biofilms. Additionally, its biocompatibility using oral keratinocytes was assessed. The polymeric NP+Cur was prepared by the nanoprecipitation method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were calculated for the three endodontic bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces viscosus). Antibacterial activity of NP+Cur against single- and multispecies biofilm pre-formed on the botton 24-well plate and into dentin tubules of bovine teeth were evaluated by colony forming units and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The pre-irradiation time was 5 min followed by exposure to blue light-emitting diode at 450 nm for the photodynamic treatment. Cell viability using oral keratinocytes was assessed by Alamar Blue assay. MIC and MBC showed antibacterial activity of NP+Cur against endodontic bacteria. A treatment of pre-formed biofilms of endodontic bacteria with NP+Cur also significantly decreased bacterial viability. The concentration of 325 μg/mL of photoactivated NP+Cur was the one that most reduced the viability of the endodontic bacteria evaluated. Regarding biocompatibility, NP+Cur 325 μg/mL and pure nanoparticles showed a cell viability greater than 80%. The novel polymeric nanoparticles loaded with curcumin may be a promising adjunct use to treatment of endodontic infections.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Curcumin; Nanoparticles; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Polymers
PubMed: 36773754
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103322 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Oct 2023The study aimed to formulate a nanoemulsion, combine it with aqueous extracts of herbal powders, and test its efficiency as caries-preventing mouthwash. Formulation of...
The study aimed to formulate a nanoemulsion, combine it with aqueous extracts of herbal powders, and test its efficiency as caries-preventing mouthwash. Formulation of nanoemulsion using microfluidizer, characterization of nanoemulsion, minimum inhibitory concentration, adherence test, biofilm assay, and artificial mouth assay was carried out. The biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces viscosus, and a combination of the three cultures were developed and treated with formulations to study the inhibitory effect of the samples. In artificial mouth assay, human tooth samples were used as surfaces to grow the biofilm of S. mutans, and daily, the teeth were treated with the formulations to test their real-time efficiency. The nanoemulsion was characterized using dynamic light scattering and the size of the particles was within the 100-300 nm range. Above 50 °C, the nanoemulsion combined with plant extract lost its emulsified state within 2 h of incubation, while the nanoemulsion was stable. Nanoemulsion with plant extract inhibited the adherence of L. casei (73%) and biofilm of L. casei (66%). In artificial mouth assay, after 10 days of nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion with plant extract showed DIAGNOdent pen values 3.5 and 2 respectively whereas the negative control value was 14.4 indicating caries initiation. The nanoemulsion with plant extract showed anti-adherence and anti-biofilm activity and hence can be used as a potent anticariogenic mouthwash.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Anti-Infective Agents; Streptococcus mutans; Plant Extracts; Tooth; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36708491
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04356-6 -
International Journal of Dentistry 2022The application of herbal and/or chemical antimicrobial mouthwashes in addition to the mechanical methods of bacteria removal helps reduce the periopathogens and thus...
BACKGROUND
The application of herbal and/or chemical antimicrobial mouthwashes in addition to the mechanical methods of bacteria removal helps reduce the periopathogens and thus increase the periodontal tissues' health. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Thymex (TMX) syrup on three periodontal facultative anaerobes in vitro and compare it with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash.
METHODS
In this in vitro experiment, the disc diffusion method was used to measure the inhibitory halo diameter (IhD) of , , and . The paper discs containing TMX and CHX were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar media and cultured with the mentioned bacteria. Moreover, a blank disc containing distilled water was used as a control. From each of the three bacterial species, five samples were taken, and after 18 hours of storage in the incubator, the IhDs were measured in millimeters. A one-way ANOVA test and an independent sample -test were used to compare the mean differences of IhDs between groups. The significance level was considered to be 0.05.
RESULTS
The IhDs ranged between 6.2-8.8 mm and 12.3-34 mm for TMX and CHX, respectively. CHX showed a more inhibitory effect on all three species of bacteria compared to TMX mouthwash ( < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the inhibitory effect of TMX on bacterial growth, CHX showed significantly more antibacterial activity than TMX against three studied bacterial species.
PubMed: 36620479
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6359841 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022For dental caries and periodontal diseases initiated by dental plaque (as bacterial communities) and to inhibit the growth of oral pathogenic bacteria, oral care...
For dental caries and periodontal diseases initiated by dental plaque (as bacterial communities) and to inhibit the growth of oral pathogenic bacteria, oral care products containing antiseptic active ingredients are highly recommended, nonetheless, side effects of such actives are a concern (teeth discoloration/staining and taste perception, for example). In this context, we challenged xylityl sesquicaprylate, an antiseptic compound from natural resources, as an active ingredient to be used in an alcohol-free mouthwash formulation. The xylityl sesquicaprylate sample was compared to a respective blank mouthwash formulation and one containing triclosan. The in vitro efficacy was screened by the time-kill assay against eight microorganisms. The xylityl sesquicaprylate-containing mouthwash (0.45% w/w) presented a particularly interesting profile of efficacy against Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia, with results of greater magnitude to reduce the log10 of those microorganisms in comparison with the triclosan sample.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Mouthwashes; Triclosan; Dental Caries; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 36615226
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010028 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Sep 2022The present study aims to study antibacterial effects and cellular mechanisms of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles loaded with piroctone olamine (Fe3O4@PO NPs) against...
BACKGROUND
The present study aims to study antibacterial effects and cellular mechanisms of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles loaded with piroctone olamine (Fe3O4@PO NPs) against some cariogenic bacteria ( and
METHODS
Nanoparticles was synthesized by the coprecipitation method. Antibacterial effects of Fe3O4@PO NPs were performed by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). We also evaluated the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein leakage to assess whether antibacterial effects may be dependent on these mechanisms.
RESULTS
The results demonstrated that PO showed the lowest antibacterial effect compared to other drugs tested with MICs values of 53.33 and 64 μg/ml for and , respectively. In contrast, the highest antibacterial effect was related to Fe3O4@PONPs with MICs values of 2.66 and 3.33 μg/ml for and , respectively. Fe3O4@PONPs, Fe3O4MNP, and PO markedly increased (p < 0.001) ROS production and protein leakage of tested bacteria at ≥¼ MIC, ≥1/3 MIC, and ½ MIC, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the present survey revealed the promising antibacterial effects of Fe3O4@PONP against some cariogenic bacteria; whereas it triggered the ROS production and protein leakage as the possible antibacterial mode of action of anti-infective agents. However, additional surveys are necessary to elucidate the accurate mechanisms of these nanoparticles.
PubMed: 36147164
DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104291 -
Infection and Immunity Oct 2022Root caries in geriatric patients is a growing problem as more people are maintaining their natural teeth into advanced age. We determined the levels of various...
Root caries in geriatric patients is a growing problem as more people are maintaining their natural teeth into advanced age. We determined the levels of various bacterial species previously implicated in root caries disease or health using quantitative real-time PCR in a pilot study of 7 patients with 1 to 4 root caries lesions per person. Levels of 12 different species on diseased roots compared to healthy (contralateral control) roots were measured. Four species were found at significantly higher levels on diseased roots (Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella parvula/dispar, Actinomyces naeslundii/viscosus, and Capnocytophaga granulosa) compared across all plaque samples. The level of colonization by these species varied dramatically (up to 1,000-fold) between patients, indicating different patients have different bacteria contributing to root caries disease. Neither of the two species previously reported to correlate with healthy roots (C. granulosa and Delftia acidovorans) showed statistically significant protective roles in our population, although D. acidovorans showed a trend toward higher levels on healthy teeth (0.08). There was a significant positive correlation between higher levels of S. mutans and V. parvula/dispar on the same diseased teeth. mixed biofilm studies demonstrated that co-culturing S. mutans and V. parvula leads to a 50 to 150% increase in sucrose-dependent biofilm mass compared to S. mutans alone, depending on the growth conditions, while V. parvula alone did not form biofilms. The presence of V. parvula also decreased the acidification of S. mutans biofilms when grown in artificial saliva and enhanced the health of mixed biofilms.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Streptococcus mutans; Root Caries; Saliva, Artificial; Pilot Projects; Veillonella; Biofilms; Sucrose; Dental Caries
PubMed: 36129298
DOI: 10.1128/iai.00355-22 -
European Review For Medical and... Aug 2022The aim of the study was to determine the bacterial-adherence to the experimental pellicle pretreated with commercially available oral-rinse/ photosensitizer (mimicking...
The effect of selected commercially available mouth-rinses vs. curcumin photosensitizers in an artificial mouth model mimicking their use before meals on early colonizers single species biofilm.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to determine the bacterial-adherence to the experimental pellicle pretreated with commercially available oral-rinse/ photosensitizer (mimicking use of oral-rinse/ photosensitizer before meals).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An artificial mouth (NAM) system was used for the development of single-species biofilm (Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguinis respectively). Two commercially available oral-rinses containing active ingredients [Essential oils (EO) and Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) were used. Curcumin photosensitizer (PS) was used as a photosensitizer against the microbes. For the adherence study, the experimental pellicle on the beads (in the capillary tubes of the NAM system) was pretreated with the oral-rinse and photosensitizer before the inoculation of bacteria; this would resemble the use of rinse/ photosensitizer before meal. The bacterial population of the biofilm was determined using serial dilution assay and expressed as colony forming unit per ml. Deionized distilled water was used in place of oral-rinse/photosensitizer and served as a negative-control. For the qualitative study, bacterial population viewing was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
RESULTS
It was observed that on treatment with the oral-rinses the bacterial population of S.mitis, S.sanguinis and A.viscosus (adherence) was significantly reduced where the reduction was less for EO-based oral-rinse compared with that of CHX and curcumin PS in the following sequence EO
CONCLUSIONS
From the results, it appears that curcumin photosensitizer and oral-rinses contain CHX to be preferably used before-meal and EO after-meal.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Biofilms; Curcumin; Meals; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 35993642
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202208_29415 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022To investigate the degradation effect of bovine trypsin on multispecies biofilm of periodontitis-related bacteria and to provide an experimental reference for exploring...
To investigate the degradation effect of bovine trypsin on multispecies biofilm of periodontitis-related bacteria and to provide an experimental reference for exploring new methods for controlling biofilms of periodontitis-related microorganisms, the multispecies biofilm of periodontitis-related microorganisms was established. Standard strains of subsp. , , and were co-cultured to form the biofilm. The experimental groups were treated with bovine trypsin, distilled water was applied as the blank control group, and phosphate saline buffer (pH = 7.4) as the negative control group. Morphological observation and quantitative analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), live bacteria, and dead bacteria were conducted using a laser confocal microscope. The morphological changes of EPS and bacteria were also observed using a scanning electron microscope. The results of morphological observations of modeling were as follows. EPS aggregated as agglomerates, and bacteria flora were wrapped by them, showing a three-dimensional network structure, and channel-like structures were inside the biofilm. Live bacteria were distributed on the surface of the EPS or embedded in them, dead bacteria aggregated between live flora and the bottom layer of biofilms. After being treated with bovine trypsin, the three-dimensional network structure and the channel-like structure disappeared, and the EPS and live and dead bacteria decreased. Quantitative analysis results are as follows. When biofilm was treated for 30 s, 1 min, and 3 min, the minimum effective concentrations of bovine trypsin to reduce EPS were 2 mg/ml ( < 0.05), 0.5 mg/ml ( < 0.05), and 0.25 mg/ml ( < 0.05), respectively. The minimum effective concentrations of bovine trypsin to reduce the live or dead bacteria were 2 mg/ml ( < 0.05), 0.5 mg/ml ( < 0.05), and 0.5 mg/ml ( < 0.05), respectively. There was no significant difference in the ratio of live/dead bacteria after the biofilm was treated for 30 s with bovine trypsin at the concentration of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml ( > 0.05), and the minimum effective concentration to reduce the ratio of live bacteria/dead bacteria was 0.25 mg/ml ( < 0.05) after treatment for 1 min and 3 min. Therefore, bovine trypsin can destroy biofilm structure, disperse biofilm and bacteria flora, and reduce the EPS and bacterial biomass, which are positively correlated with the application time and concentration.
PubMed: 35992661
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951291 -
Journal of Indian Society of... 2022, commonly known as frangipani or West Indian jasmine, is a traditional and ancient folklore medicine known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant...
CONTEXT
, commonly known as frangipani or West Indian jasmine, is a traditional and ancient folklore medicine known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The extracts from obtained from the leaves, bark, and flowers, are commonly used to manage bacterial, fungal, and viral infections such as herpes, scabies, and fungal infections. The constituents of the plant have shown promising antihelmintic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic properties. Although studies have confirmed that extracts from species are effective against microbial infections and cancer, its role in managing oral diseases, particularly the chronic inflammatory disease of the gums (gingivitis and periodontitis), has never been explored. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the flower extract against oral and periodontal pathogens compared to chlorhexidine and doxycycline.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
This was an study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The ethanolic extract was prepared from the freshly plucked flowers. The antimicrobial properties of the extract were evaluated by testing the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal bactericidal concentration, and well-diffusion assay against , and . The results were compared to chlorhexidine and doxycycline. The cytotoxicity was checked by the against human-derived gingival fibroblast and keratinocytes.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
One-way ANOVA for the mean zones of inhibition against all the microorganisms was done.
RESULTS
extract inhibited the growth for all the tested oral and periodontal pathogens at 25 μg/ml. The well-diffusion assay of extract was comparable to chlorhexidine but was not statistically significant compared to doxycycline.
CONCLUSION
can be used as a promising alternative to chlorhexidine for the management of oral and periodontal infections.
PubMed: 35959306
DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_329_21