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Medeniyet Medical Journal Jun 2024The gluteus maximus (GM) is a big quadrilateral musculature that lines the rear portion of the pelvis. It is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. The sciatic nerve,...
The gluteus maximus (GM) is a big quadrilateral musculature that lines the rear portion of the pelvis. It is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. The sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, and posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh are branches of the sacral plexus. The superior and inferior gluteal arteries are the chief arterial supply to the gluteal region. In the present case, there was a dual innervation of the GM. The superior gluteal artery and the superior gluteal nerve was piercing the piriformis and the inferior gluteal artery was running between the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh and the inferior gluteal nerve. According to our literature review, anatomical studies in which this cadaveric procedure has been performed have not been previously reported. The anatomical variations of the gluteal region are important to surgeons, physicians, anatomists, and nurses.
PubMed: 38940504
DOI: 10.4274/MMJ.galenos.2024.83652 -
Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... Jun 2024Informed consent is critical for maintaining the ethical standards associated with the utilization of human donor bodies by tertiary education institutions. Body...
INTRODUCTION
Informed consent is critical for maintaining the ethical standards associated with the utilization of human donor bodies by tertiary education institutions. Body donation programs undertake the responsibility for procuring human donor bodies for didactic and research purposes. However, its processes require scrutiny regarding best practice guidelines and the South African National Health Act (SA-NHA) (2013). Moreover, acknowledging and addressing the current perceptions of human body donation are indispensable in bridging the gap between academia and society. This study aimed to compare informed consent documentation and procedures across South African tertiary education institutions and their affiliated human body donation programs (HBDP) in accordance with international guidelines. The findings were used to create a human body donation form template aligned to current international best practices for consideration by the South African HBDP.
METHODOLOGY
A review of information and consent forms collected from South Africa's eight HBDP was conducted. The analyses consisted of a broad evaluation of information provided, ranging from the terms of use of bodies to the commitments made by HBDP to donors. The results were considered in conjunction with the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and other recent publications on informed consent in HBDP.
RESULTS
Only two of the eight HBDP provided information and consent forms in more than one language. Most allowed donors to select how their bodies will be utilized - education, training and/or research. Some (6/8) made provisions for the next-of-kin to receive the cremains. Only one tertiary educational institution mentioned the occurrence of a memorial service in its documentation. An HBDF template was created aligned to current international best practices for presentation and possible adaption by SA HBDP.
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS
Human body donation forms (HBDF) requires thorough examination for the promotion and sustainability of HBDP. Effective communication by employing standardized non-technical terminology conveyed in language that is understandable and native to potential donors facilitates the deliverance of informed consent. Inconsistencies regarding the use and management of bodies catalyze the weakening perception of human body donation. Thus, this process of securing informed consent for body donation should be conducted in conjunction with public awareness campaigns and underpinned by the necessary policy and legislative reform.
PubMed: 38906340
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152292 -
Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni... 2024Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) is Scottish physiologist, surgeon, artist, philosopher and anatomist. Throughout his professional career, Charles Bell made a number of...
Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) is Scottish physiologist, surgeon, artist, philosopher and anatomist. Throughout his professional career, Charles Bell made a number of important discoveries and published a large number of scientific papers. Bell first presented a detailed description of the clinical picture of facial palsy (later named after him) and a number of other neurological disorders, as well as important information about referred pain and reciprocal inhibition. Exploring the physical expression of emotions, Bell described the anatomical basis of facial expressions, which became the basis and incentive for Charles Darwin's work in this direction. Being a talented artist, the scientist himself illustrated his publications. Bell was one of the first to integrate scientific research in neuroanatomy with clinical practice. His most significant discoveries are collected in the book «The Nervous System of the Human Body» (1830). A number of neurological conditions and patterns were named after him.
Topics: History, 19th Century; Humans; Neurology; Scotland; History, 18th Century; Facial Paralysis; Neuroanatomy
PubMed: 38884439
DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124051128 -
Neurosurgical Review Jun 2024The vein of Rolando, also known as the central sulcal vein, is a critical superficial cerebral vein located in the central sulcus, playing a pivotal role in the venous...
The vein of Rolando, also known as the central sulcal vein, is a critical superficial cerebral vein located in the central sulcus, playing a pivotal role in the venous drainage of the motor and sensory cortices. Named after the Italian anatomist Luigi Rolando, this vein serves as a crucial anatomical landmark in neurosurgery, guiding surgeons to approach critical brain structures with minimal damage. This article explores the anatomy and clinical significance of the vein of Rolando, emphasizing its role in neurosurgery and neuroimaging. Advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI), Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV), and CT Angiography have enhanced the ability to diagnose and preserve this vein, reducing surgical risks. The article also discusses the interconnectedness of the vein of Rolando with other cerebral veins like the vein of Trolard and underscores the importance of understanding venous variations and drainage patterns for successful surgical outcomes. Preventive measures to protect the vein during neurosurgery are essential to prevent complications such as venous congestion and intracranial pressure. This overview highlights the necessity for precise anatomical knowledge and advanced diagnostic tools in optimizing neurosurgical procedures and patient care.
Topics: Humans; Cerebral Veins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neurosurgeons; Neurosurgical Procedures
PubMed: 38878179
DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02517-7 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Determining the fundamental characteristics that define a face as "feminine" or "masculine" has long fascinated anatomists and plastic surgeons, particularly those...
Determining the fundamental characteristics that define a face as "feminine" or "masculine" has long fascinated anatomists and plastic surgeons, particularly those involved in aesthetic and gender-affirming surgery. Previous studies in this area have relied on manual measurements, comparative anatomy, and heuristic landmark-based feature extraction. In this study, we collected retrospectively at Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC) a dataset of 98 skull samples, which is the first dataset of this kind of 3D medical imaging. We then evaluated the accuracy of multiple deep learning neural network architectures on sex classification with this dataset. Specifically, we evaluated methods representing three different 3D data modeling approaches: Resnet3D, PointNet++, and MeshNet. Despite the limited number of imaging samples, our testing results show that all three approaches achieve AUC scores above 0.9 after convergence. PointNet++ exhibits the highest accuracy, while MeshNet has the lowest. Our findings suggest that accuracy is not solely dependent on the sparsity of data representation but also on the architecture design, with MeshNet's lower accuracy likely due to the lack of a hierarchical structure for progressive data abstraction. Furthermore, we studied a problem related to sex determination, which is the analysis of the various morphological features that affect sex classification. We proposed and developed a new method based on morphological gradients to visualize features that influence model decision making. The method based on morphological gradients is an alternative to the standard saliency map, and the new method provides better visualization of feature importance. Our study is the first to develop and evaluate deep learning models for analyzing 3D facial skull images to identify imaging feature differences between individuals assigned male or female at birth. These findings may be useful for planning and evaluating craniofacial surgery, particularly gender-affirming procedures, such as facial feminization surgery.
Topics: Humans; Skull; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Female; Male; Neural Networks, Computer; Deep Learning; Retrospective Studies; Sex Characteristics; Adult; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 38877045
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61879-6 -
Scientific Data Jun 2024The chondrocranium provides the key initial support for the fetal brain, jaws and cranial sensory organs in all vertebrates. The patterns of shaping and growth of the...
The chondrocranium provides the key initial support for the fetal brain, jaws and cranial sensory organs in all vertebrates. The patterns of shaping and growth of the chondrocranium set up species-specific development of the entire craniofacial complex. The 3D development of chondrocranium have been studied primarily in animal model organisms, such as mice or zebrafish. In comparison, very little is known about the full 3D human chondrocranium, except from drawings made by anatomists many decades ago. The knowledge of human-specific aspects of chondrocranial development are essential for understanding congenital craniofacial defects and human evolution. Here advanced microCT scanning was used that includes contrast enhancement to generate the first 3D atlas of the human fetal chondrocranium during the middle trimester (13 to 19 weeks). In addition, since cartilage and bone are both visible with the techniques used, the endochondral ossification of cranial base was mapped since this region is so critical for brain and jaw growth. The human 3D models are published as a scientific resource for human development.
Topics: Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Fetus; Female; X-Ray Microtomography; Skull; Pregnancy; Cartilage
PubMed: 38871782
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03455-1 -
Folia Morphologica Jun 2024The aim of the study was to describe the comprehensive morphological and morphometric features of the foramina and canals at the base of the cranial cavity in Holstein...
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to describe the comprehensive morphological and morphometric features of the foramina and canals at the base of the cranial cavity in Holstein cow using CT images.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was performed on fourteen adult Holstein cow head cadavers. Images taken with MSCT were transferred to the DICOM Viewer program. The MPR and 3D reconstructive tools of the program were used to analyse the foramina and canals.
RESULTS
Although they varied in shape and size, foramina and canals were found bilaterally in all animals. It was observed that the orbitorotund foramen, jugular foramen and oval foramen had a canalicular structure, with the distance between the extra-intra cranial openings measured as 15.0 mm, 5.9 mm and 6.2 mm, respectively. The hypoglossal canal, which was found to be single in 43%, double in 50% and triple in 7% in each body half, was the canal with the most variation in number and shape. The orbitorotund foramen, a canal with an area of 180.6 mm² and a diameter of 18.1 × 12.4 mm is the widest at the skull base, while the optic canal is the narrowest and longest opening with an area of 33.4 mm², a diameter of 8.4 × 5.5 and a length of 17.5 mm.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that our knowledge of skull base morphometry in animals is extremely limited. Although the study was conducted on a limited number of materials, it may benefit both regional anatomy knowledge in terms of the data presented and veterinary anatomists, radiologists and clinicians in terms of methodology.
PubMed: 38856316
DOI: 10.5603/fm.100461 -
Journal of Medical Education and... 2024Anatomy education plays a critical role in medical practice, and the level of anatomical knowledge among students and physicians significantly impacts patient care. This...
OBJECTIVES
Anatomy education plays a critical role in medical practice, and the level of anatomical knowledge among students and physicians significantly impacts patient care. This article presents a pilot project aimed at exploring the effectiveness of the Area9's Rhapsode platform, an intelligent tutoring system that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to personalize learning and collect data on mastery acquisition.
METHODS
The study focused on liver anatomy (microscopic and macroscopic anatomy, embryology, clinical anatomy) and employed a flipped classroom approach, incorporating adaptive learning modules and an interactive in-class session. A total of 123 first-year medicine students (55 M/68F) participated to the study. Content and resources of the module were adaptable to various digital devices. Statistics were compiled based, on the one hand, on the measurement of mastery for every single learning objective provided automatically by the platform via the student interactions with the system probes (questions); on the other hand, metacognition data were worked out by crossing mastery data with the self-awareness declared in every question and learning resource by each learner.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
At the outset of the study, students displayed a 18.11% level of conscious incompetence and a 19.43% level of unconscious incompetence. Additionally, 50.86% of students demonstrated conscious competence. By the conclusion of the learning module, the level of conscious incompetence had decreased to 1.87%, and 98.73% of students exhibited conscious mastery of the materials. The results demonstrated improved learning quality, positive repurposing of study time, enhanced metacognitive awareness among students, with most students demonstrating conscious mastery of the materials and a clear understanding of their level of competence. This approach, by providing valuable insights into the potential of AI-based adaptive learning systems in anatomy education, could address the challenges posed by limited teaching hours, shortage of anatomist, and the need for individualized instruction.
PubMed: 38854913
DOI: 10.1177/23821205241248023 -
Cureus May 2024Anatomical preservation and functional integrity of the facial nerve (FN) are the main concerns of parotid surgery. Even though a variety of anatomical landmarks have...
INTRODUCTION
Anatomical preservation and functional integrity of the facial nerve (FN) are the main concerns of parotid surgery. Even though a variety of anatomical landmarks have been proposed and widely utilized, temporal or permanent postoperative FN palsy is still a significant comorbidity of parotid surgery. Therefore, the literature must fully elucidate the consistency of the anatomical relationship between the FN and the retromandibular vein (RMV).
METHODS
We conducted a cadaveric study of 24 hemifaces to map the relationship between the FN and the RMV. Three distinct patterns were identified. Fourteen of the hemifaces were males, and 10 were females. Thirteen cadaveric dissections were performed on the right side and 11 on the left side.
RESULTS
Our study found three distinct patterns and proposed a classification system. Type I (66.7%) is when the nerve lies exclusively lateral to the RMV. Type II (29.2%) is when the FN lies superficial to the RMV, but its mandibular branch lies deep to the anterior branch of the RMV, and type III (4.1%) is when the FN lies exclusively medial to the RMV.
CONCLUSION
The FN and RMV relationship is not constant, and surgeons should be aware of every anatomical variation. Especially in cases where the FN is estimated to lie more in-depth to the level of the RMV, a retrograde approach may be required to avoid a FN injury.
PubMed: 38832166
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59637 -
Biology Open Jun 2024The supracondylar foramen with a (seemingly) osseous peripheral arch noticed on the medio-distal feline humeri had remained disputed among anatomists. Some scholars have...
The supracondylar foramen with a (seemingly) osseous peripheral arch noticed on the medio-distal feline humeri had remained disputed among anatomists. Some scholars have argued in favor of homology between this foramen and the supracondyloid foramen formed in presence of the ligament of Struthers in humans. Other theories include its presence as a retinaculum holding the median nerve and brachial artery to their anatomical position in a flexed elbow. Unfortunately, these theories lack investigative rigor. The emergence of non-invasive imaging modalities, such as micro-computed tomography, has enabled researchers to inspect the internal anatomy of bones without dismantling them. Thus, a micro-computed tomographic investigation was conducted on three feline (Felis catus) humeri specimens while the internal anatomy of the supracondylar foramina was examined. Unlike the humerus, the thin peripheral arch of the feline supracondylar foramen failed to elicit any osseous trabeculae or foci of calcification. While adhering to the humeral periosteum at its origin, the non-osseous arch, typical of a muscular tendon, attaches into the bony saddle related to the medial humeral epicondyle suggestive of a tendon or aponeurotic extension of a (vestigial) brachial muscle, with the coracobrachialis longus emerging to be the most likely candidate.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Humerus; Biological Evolution; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 38818877
DOI: 10.1242/bio.060420