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The Journal of the Association of... Jun 2024Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events have been shown to occur at higher frequency in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In this study, our...
OBJECTIVES
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events have been shown to occur at higher frequency in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In this study, our aim is to evaluate whether statin is being used appropriately in patients with PAD and also evaluate its usage with the number of vascular beds involved.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed data of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PAD based on invasive or noninvasive imaging. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data collected were described using descriptive statistics. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors for the prescription of statins (HIS). High-intensity statin therapy was defined as atorvastatin ≥40 mg per day, rosuvastatin ≥20 mg per day, or simvastatin ≥80 mg per day, according to American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines.
RESULTS
We analyzed data from 166 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 63.34 years. The most common comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (DM) (68.86%). Statins were used in 82% of patients, among whom only 39% were on high-intensity statins. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) [odds ratio (OR) = 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.06-0.61, = 0.005], on oral anticoagulants (OAC) (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04-0.62, = 0.008) and on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.08-0.47, < 0.000) had lower odds of receiving lower extremity revascularization (LIS) therapy.
CONCLUSION
Despite having a high risk of future adverse cardiac events, patients with PAD are less likely to receive appropriate statin therapy. Involvement of more vascular beds was associated with higher chances of initiating high-intensity statin.
Topics: Humans; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Middle Aged; Male; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Retrospective Studies; Aged; Rosuvastatin Calcium; Atorvastatin
PubMed: 38881136
DOI: 10.59556/japi.72.0522 -
Luminescence : the Journal of... Jun 2024Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are two common conditions that require effective management to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among the medications commonly... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Determination of valsartan and pitavastatin using synchronous spectrofluorimetry and augmented least squares chemometric models: A comparative study with greenness and blueness assessment.
Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are two common conditions that require effective management to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among the medications commonly used for the treatment of these conditions, valsartan and pitavastatin have shown significant efficacy in lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, respectively. In this study, synchronous spectrofluorimetry coupled to chemometric analysis tools, specifically concentration residual augmented classical least squares (CRACLS) and spectral residual augmented classical least squares (SRACLS), was employed for the determination of valsartan and pitavastatin simultaneously. The developed models exhibited excellent predictive performance with relative root mean square error of prediction (RRMSEP) of 2.253 and 2.1381 for valsartan and pitavastatin, respectively. Hence, these models were successfully applied to the analysis of synthetic samples and commercial formulations as well as plasma samples with high accuracy and precision. Besides, the greenness and blueness profiles of the determined samples were also evaluated to assess their environmental impact and analytical practicability. The results demonstrated excellent greenness and blueness scores with AGREE score of 0.7 and BAGI score of 75 posing the proposed method as reliable and sensitive approach for the determination of valsartan and pitavastatin with potential applications in pharmaceutical quality control, bioanalytical studies, and therapeutic drug monitoring.
Topics: Quinolines; Valsartan; Least-Squares Analysis; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 38880967
DOI: 10.1002/bio.4803 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024Mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in combating and controlling the spread of highly mutated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recombinant...
Mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in combating and controlling the spread of highly mutated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recombinant subunit vaccines have shown safety and efficacy in clinical trials, but further investigation is necessary to evaluate their feasibility as mucosal vaccines. This study developed a SARS-CoV-2 mucosal vaccine using spike (S) proteins from a prototype strain and the omicron variant, along with a cationic chitosan adjuvant, and systematically evaluated its immunogenicity after both primary and booster immunization in mice. Primary immunization through intraperitoneal and intranasal administration of the S protein elicited cross-reactive antibodies against prototype strains, as well as delta and omicron variants, with particularly strong effects observed after mucosal vaccination. In the context of booster immunization following primary immunization with inactivated vaccines, the omicron-based S protein mucosal vaccine resulted in a broader and more robust neutralizing antibody response in both serum and respiratory mucosa compared to the prototype vaccine, enhancing protection against different variants. These findings indicate that mucosal vaccination with the S protein has the potential to trigger a broader and stronger antibody response during primary and booster immunization, making it a promising strategy against respiratory pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Administration, Intranasal; Mice; Immunization, Secondary; COVID-19 Vaccines; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Female; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Cross Reactions; Chitosan; Adjuvants, Vaccine; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 38880868
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2364519 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2024Probucol is a hyperlipidemic drug with antioxidant properties. It has been reported to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, reduce oxidative stress, and suppress...
Probucol is a hyperlipidemic drug with antioxidant properties. It has been reported to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, reduce oxidative stress, and suppress neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease models, including Parkinson's disease models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of probucol have been not examined yet. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether probucol can alleviate the effects of a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone, on a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). We evaluated the cell viability and cytotoxicity and apoptosis rates of SH-SY5Y cells treated with rotenone and probucol or edaravone, a known free-radical scavenger. Subsequently, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the cells were evaluated to determine the effects of probucol on mitochondrial function. We found that rotenone caused cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced ROS generation, and impaired MMP. However, probucol could inhibit this rotenone-induced decrease in cell viability, MMP loss, intracellular ROS generation, and apoptosis. These results suggest that probucol exerts neuroprotective effects via MMP stabilization and the inhibition of ROS generation. Additionally, this effect of probucol was equal to or greater than and more persistent than that of edaravone. Thus, we believe probucol may be a promising drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Topics: Probucol; Rotenone; Humans; Reactive Oxygen Species; Neuroprotective Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Apoptosis; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mitochondria; Oxidative Stress; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38880623
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00099 -
Biomaterials Advances Sep 2024Multifunctional wound dressings based on hydrogels are an efficacious and practicable strategy in therapeutic processes and accelerated chronic wound healing. Here,...
Multifunctional wound dressings based on hydrogels are an efficacious and practicable strategy in therapeutic processes and accelerated chronic wound healing. Here, copper (Cu) nanoparticles were added to chitosan/sodium alginate (CS/SA) hydrogels to improve the antibacterial properties of the prepared wound dressings. Due to the super-hydrophobicity of Cu nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a surfactant, and then added to the CS/SA-based hydrogels. The CS/SA/Cu hydrogels were synthesized with 0, 2, 3.5, and 5 wt% Cu nanoparticles. The structural and morphological properties in presence of PEG were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The biodegradation and swelling properties of the hydrogels were investigated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 37 °C for up to 30 days. Cell viability and adhesion, as well as antibacterial behavior, were investigated via MTT assay, FESEM, and disk diffusion method, respectively. The obtained results showed that PEG provided new intra- and intermolecular bonds that affected significantly the hydrogels' degradation and swelling ratio, which increased up to ~1200 %. Cell viability reached ~110 % and all samples showed remarkable antibacterial behavior when CS/SA/Cu containing 2 wt% was introduced. This study provided new insights regarding the use of PEG as a surfactant for Cu nanoparticles in CS/SA hydrogel wound dressing, ultimately affecting the chemical bonding and various properties of the prepared hydrogels.
Topics: Chitosan; Alginates; Copper; Bandages; Surface-Active Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Wound Healing; Metal Nanoparticles; Polyethylene Glycols; Hydrogels; Humans; Cell Survival
PubMed: 38880016
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213918 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Chitosan (CS) is a biopolymer that offers a wide range in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and antimicrobial activity....
Chitosan (CS) is a biopolymer that offers a wide range in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and antimicrobial activity. Syringaldehyde (1) is a naturally occurring organic compound characterized by its use in multiple fields such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, textiles and biological applications. Herein, development of chitosan derivative with physicochemical and anticancer properties via Schiff base formation from the reaction of chitosan with sustainable eco-friendly syringaldehyde yielded the (CS-1) derivative. Moreover, in the presence of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) or sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinkers gave chitosan derivatives (CS-2) and (CS-3NPs) respectively. The chemical structures of the new chitosan derivatives were confirmed using different tools. (CS-3NPs) nanoparticle showed improvement in crystallinity, and (CS-2) derivative revealed the highest thermal stability compared to virgin chitosan. The cytotoxicity activity of chitosan and its derivatives were evaluated against HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and HEp-2 (Human Larynx carcinoma) cell lines. The highest cytotoxicity activity was exhibited by (CS-3NPs) compared to virgin chitosan against HeLa cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of 90.38 ± 1.46% and 30.3% respectively and IC of 108.01 ± 3.94 µg/ml. From the above results, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle (CS-3NPs) has good therapeutic value as a potential antitumor agent against the HeLa cancer cell line.
Topics: Chitosan; Humans; Nanoparticles; HeLa Cells; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 38879643
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64017-4 -
BMC Plant Biology Jun 2024In the course of their life, plants face a multitude of environmental anomaly that affects their growth and production. In recent decades, lead (Pb) gained an increasing...
In the course of their life, plants face a multitude of environmental anomaly that affects their growth and production. In recent decades, lead (Pb) gained an increasing attention as it is among the most significant contaminants in the environment. Therefore, in this study the effects of Pb concentrations (0, 50 and 100 ppm) on Vicia faba plants and attempts to alleviate this stress using chitosan (Chs; 0 and 0.1%) were performed. The results validated that with increasing Pb concentrations, a decline in growth, pigments and protein contents was observed. In the same time, a significant upsurge in the stress markers, both malondialdehyde (MDA) and HO, was observed under Pb stress. Nonetheless, foliar spraying with Chs improves the faba bean growth, pigment fractions, protein, carbohydrates, reduces MDA and HO contents and decreases Pb concentrations under Pb stress. Pb mitigation effects by Chs are probably related with the activity of antioxidant enzymes, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and proline. The application of Chs enhanced the activities of peroxidase, catalase and PAL by 25.77, 17.71 and 20.07%, respectively at 100 ppm Pb compared to their control. Plant genomic material exhibits significant molecular polymorphism, with an average polymorphism of 91.66% across all primers. To assess the genetic distance created among treatments, the dendrogram was constructed and the results of the similarity index ranged from 0.75 to 0.95, indicating genetic divergence. Our research offers a thorough comprehension of the role of Chs in lessening the oxidative stress, which will encourage the use of Chs in agricultural plant protection.
Topics: Vicia faba; Lead; Oxidative Stress; Chitosan; Hydrogen Peroxide; Malondialdehyde; Antioxidants; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
PubMed: 38877427
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05227-w -
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Jun 2024The release of industrial wastewater has adverse effects on both aquatic ecosystems and the environment. Discharging untreated organic dyes into aquatic environments...
The release of industrial wastewater has adverse effects on both aquatic ecosystems and the environment. Discharging untreated organic dyes into aquatic environments significantly amplifies pollution levels in these ecosystems. Ensuring the appropriate disposal of organic colorants and their derivatives before introducing them into wastewater streams is essential to prevent environmental contamination. This study aimed to develop an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to synthesize a chitosan-functionalized silver (Ag) nanocomposite using Solanum trilobatum for color pollutant mitigation. The synthesized CS-Ag nanocomposite was analyzed using various techniques such as UV-visible, FTIR, TEM, and EDS. TEM analysis revealed that the CS-Ag nanocomposite had a spherical nanostructure, with diameters ranging from 17.4 to 43.9 nm. These nanocomposites were tested under visible light irradiation to analyze their photocatalytic character against Congo red (CR). The nanocomposite exhibited a remarkable dye removal efficiency of over 93.6% within 105 min under irradiation. In the experimental recycling study, the CS-Ag nanocomposites demonstrated remarkable stability and reusability. Furthermore, the CS-Ag nanocomposite exhibited promising inhibition activity against bacterial pathogens. Our research revealed that the synthesized nanocomposite has the potential to act as a highly effective photocatalyst and bactericidal agent in various industrial and clinical applications.
Topics: Chitosan; Nanocomposites; Silver; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coloring Agents; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Catalysis; Congo Red; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Wastewater; Light
PubMed: 38877278
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02032-0 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Oct 2024Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were elaborated from chitosan as cationic polymer and carboxy-methylpullulan (CMP), hyaluronic acid (HA) and their derivatives grafted...
Polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and hyaluronic acid or carboxymethylpullulan and their aminoguaiacol derivatives with biological activities as potential drug delivery systems.
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were elaborated from chitosan as cationic polymer and carboxy-methylpullulan (CMP), hyaluronic acid (HA) and their derivatives grafted with aminoguaiacol (G) with different degrees of substitution (DS) with the aim of obtaining nanogels for drug delivery. For each couple of polysaccharides, the charge ratios giving the smaller size with the lower PDI were selected to produce PECs. CMP_CHIT and CMP-G_CHIT PECs had smaller sizes (220-280 nm) than HA_CHIT and HA-G_CHIT PECs (280-390 nm). PECs were stable at 4 °C during 28 days at pH 5. In phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4, at 4 °C, a better stability of PECs based on CMP-G derivatives was observed. The hydrophobic associations between aminoguaiacol groups (highlighted by measurements of pyrene fluorescence) led to a better PECs' stabilization in PBS. The PECs' antioxidant and antibacterial activities were demonstrated and related to the DS. Diclofenac and curcumin were used as drug models: their loading reached 260 and 53 μg/mg PEC, respectively. The release of diclofenac in PBS at 37 °C followed a quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism with release constant between 0.88 and 1.04 h. The curcumin release followed a slow linear increase in PBS/EtOH (60/40 V/V) with an effect of DS.
Topics: Hyaluronic Acid; Chitosan; Curcumin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Guaiacol; Diclofenac; Drug Carriers; Polyelectrolytes; Drug Delivery Systems; Nanogels; Glucans; Escherichia coli; Drug Liberation
PubMed: 38876726
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122330 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Oct 2024Antibiotic abuse is increasing the present rate of drug-resistant bacterial wound infections, producing a significant healthcare burden globally. Herein, we prepared a...
Antibiotic abuse is increasing the present rate of drug-resistant bacterial wound infections, producing a significant healthcare burden globally. Herein, we prepared a pH-responsive CMCS/PVP/TA (CPT) multifunctional hydrogel dressing by embedding the natural plant extract TA as a nonantibiotic and cross-linking agent in carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to prompt wound healing. The CPT hydrogel demonstrated excellent self-healing, self-adaptive, and adhesion properties to match different wound requirements. Importantly, this hydrogel showed pH sensitivity and exhibited good activity against resistant bacteria and antioxidant activity by releasing TA in case of bacterial infection (alkaline). Furthermore, the CPT hydrogel exhibited coagulant ability and could rapidly stop bleeding within 30 s. The biocompatible hydrogel effectively accelerated wound healing in a full-thickness skin defect model by thickening granulation tissue, increasing collagen deposition, vascular proliferation, and M2-type macrophage polarization. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that multifunctional CPT hydrogel offers a candidate material with potential applications for infected skin wound healing.
Topics: Chitosan; Wound Healing; Hydrogels; Animals; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mice; Bandages; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Povidone; Male; Staphylococcus aureus; Biocompatible Materials; Skin
PubMed: 38876718
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122348