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European Review For Medical and... Jun 2024Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by muscle mass loss. Skeletal muscle is capable of producing and secreting different molecules called myokines, and apelin is one...
OBJECTIVE
Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by muscle mass loss. Skeletal muscle is capable of producing and secreting different molecules called myokines, and apelin is one of them. The literature contains contradictory data on the relationship between apelin and sarcopenia. We decided to investigate the role of apelin in sarcopenia in subjects with disease-related malnutrition (DRM), a group of patients with a high rate of sarcopenia.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
83 elderly patients with DRM assessed according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were included in the study, with a mean age of 69.9±3.8 years. Anthropometric data, muscle mass by ultrasound at the rectus femoris quadriceps (RFQ) level, bioimpedance [skeletal muscle mass (SMM), appendicular SMM (aSMM) and aSMM index (aSMMI)], dynamometry, biochemical parameters, dietary intake, circulating apelin levels were determined in all patients.
RESULTS
a total of 33 patients (37.9%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia, while 54 patients did not present sarcopenia (60.1%). Body weight (-5.5±2.0 kg, p=0.01), calf circumference (-1.9±0.2 cm, p=0.02), phase angle (-0.6±0.2º, p=0.01), reactance (-6.8±2.3 Ohms, p=0.03), resistance (-38.8±12.3 Ohms, p=0.04), SMM (-2.2±0.3 kg, p=0.04), aSMM (-2.2±0.2 kg, p=0.03) and aSMMI (-0.6±0.2 kg, p=0.02), dominant muscle area (-0.6±0.2 cm2, p=0.04), dominant Y axis (-0.4±0.1 cm, p=0.03), dominant X/Y axis (1.1±0.3 cm, p=0.04), strength (-5.1±1.3 kg, p=0.01), albumin (-0.9±0.1 g/dl, p=0.02) and prealbumin (-4.6±0.7 mg/dl, p=0.02) were worse in patients with sarcopenia than non-sarcopenic patients. Circulating apelin levels were similar in both groups. No significant correlation of apelin levels was detected, either with bioimpedance data or with muscle ultrasonography data. The multivariant analysis did not detect a significant association of apelin with the presence of sarcopenia.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study shows a lack of association between apelin and sarcopenia in elderly malnourished patients.
Topics: Humans; Sarcopenia; Apelin; Aged; Malnutrition; Male; Female; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 38946382
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202406_36461 -
Muscle-Protective Effect of Carnosine against Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Myotube.Journal of Nutritional Science and... 2024This study investigated the protective effect of carnosine and its components (L-histidine and β-alanine [HA]) against dexamethasone (Dex)-induced muscle atrophy in...
This study investigated the protective effect of carnosine and its components (L-histidine and β-alanine [HA]) against dexamethasone (Dex)-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Myotubes were treated with Dex (10 μM) to induce muscle atrophy manifested by decreased myotube diameter, low myosin heavy chain content, and increased expression of muscle atrophy-associated ubiquitin ligases (Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and Cbl-b). Carnosine (20 mM) treatment significantly improved the myotube diameter and MyHC protein expression level in Dex-treated C2C12 myotubes. It also downregulated the expression of Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and Cbl-b and suppressed the expression of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3a) mediated by Dex. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species production was increased by Dex but was ameliorated by carnosine treatment. However, HA (20 mM), the component of carnosine, treatment was found ineffective in preventing Dex-induced protein damage. Therefore, based on above results it can be suggested that carnosine could be a potential therapeutic agent to prevent Dex-induced muscle atrophy compared to its components HA.
Topics: Carnosine; Dexamethasone; Muscular Atrophy; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Animals; Mice; Muscle Proteins; Cell Line; Reactive Oxygen Species; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Forkhead Box Protein O3; Tripartite Motif Proteins; Myosin Heavy Chains
PubMed: 38945887
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.70.219 -
Journal of Nutritional Science and... 2024L-Theanine is contained in green tea at 1-3% per dry matter as an amino acid with an umami taste, and the antidepressant effect and protective effect against...
L-Theanine is contained in green tea at 1-3% per dry matter as an amino acid with an umami taste, and the antidepressant effect and protective effect against stress-induced brain atrophy in mice, as well as the related mechanism have been reported. However, effects of theanine on the hippocampus from the proteome analysis and the action mechanism have not been examined. In this study, we mainly investigated the possibility of theanine's cognitive impairment-preventing function and the action mechanism by proteomics in the hippocampus of SAMP8 administered with theanine. In addition to improvement in the aging score with theanine administration, in proteomics, significant suppressions in the expressions of synapsin 2, α-synuclein, β-synuclein, and protein tau were observed by theanine administration, and the expression of CAM kinase II beta and alpha exhibited a significant increase and increasing tendency with theanine administration, respectively. The expression of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein tended to increase by theanine administration. On the other hand, serotonin/tryptophan, GABA/glutamic acid and glutamine/glutamic acid ratios in the hippocampus showed an increasing tendency, a significant increase, and an increasing tendency with theanine administration, respectively. These results suggested that theanine might have been involved in the improvement of neurodegeneration or cognitive impairment by suppressing the productions of synapsin, synuclein and protein tau which are considered to be produced along with aging and oxidation, and by enhancing the production of serotonin by increasing the expression of CAM kinase II, and further by affecting the metabolism of glutamate.
Topics: Animals; Glutamates; Hippocampus; Mice; Male; Aging; Synapsins; Glutamic Acid; alpha-Synuclein; tau Proteins; Proteomics; Dietary Supplements; Serotonin; Diet; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; Cognitive Dysfunction
PubMed: 38945886
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.70.210 -
Clinical Radiology Jun 2024Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by the degeneration of the α-motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. SMA... (Review)
Review
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by the degeneration of the α-motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. SMA is clinically characterized by progressive and symmetrical muscle weakness and muscle atrophy and ends up with systemic multisystem abnormalities. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) has the advantages of non-invasiveness, objective sensitivity, and high reproducibility, and has important clinical value in evaluating the severity of neuromuscular diseases and monitoring the efficacy of treatment. This article summarizes the clinical use of muscular MRI and magnetic resonance neurography in assessing the progress of SMA.
PubMed: 38945793
DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2024.06.004 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2024To investigate the clinical, functional, and imaging characteristics in patients affected by inherited retinal diseases associated with RDH5 and RLBP1 gene variants, and...
PURPOSE
To investigate the clinical, functional, and imaging characteristics in patients affected by inherited retinal diseases associated with RDH5 and RLBP1 gene variants, and to report novel genotype-phenotype correlations.
DESIGN
Retrospective single-center cohort study.
METHODS
Twenty-two patients with molecularly confirmed RLBP1-associated retinopathy and 5 with RDH5-associated retinopathy. Medical records were reviewed to obtain data on family history and ophthalmologic examinations, including retinal imaging and full-field electroretinography (ffERG). Genotype was determined by targeted next-generation sequencing followed by confirmation and familial segregation by Sanger sequencing.
RESULTS
The median (IQR) age at baseline for the RDH5 and RLBP1 cohort was 44.6 (38.2-67.9) years and 36.9 (23.1-45.2) years, respectively. Macular atrophy was found in approximately 80% of eyes from both cohorts. The RLBP1 genotype was associated with a lower macular volume by 0.28 mm (95% CI, -0.46 to -0.11; P = .005) compared to the RDH5 genotype. In both genotypic cohorts, we found a significant annual rate of macular volume loss, estimated at -0.007 mm/y (95% CI, -0.012 to -0.001; P = .02), without any significant difference the two genotypes. Three unrelated patients homozygous for the c.361C>T p.(Arg121Trp) RLBP1 variant showed minimal impairment of both the rod and cone systems function on ffERG and absence of macular atrophy.
CONCLUSIONS
Progressive macular atrophy in addition to congenital night blindness can be identified in adult patients with RDH5-associated retinopathy. Vice versa, hypomorphic RLBP1 variants may cause milder retinal phenotypes rather than the typical severe rod-cone dystrophy with macular atrophy. These findings could prove beneficial to improve the prognostication of patients and help in designing future interventional trials.
PubMed: 38945349
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.06.016 -
Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi... 2024The foundation of healthy aging is the prevention of disability. In modern medical usage, a syndrome refers to a collection of symptoms and signs with a single... (Review)
Review
The foundation of healthy aging is the prevention of disability. In modern medical usage, a syndrome refers to a collection of symptoms and signs with a single underlying cause that may not yet be known. Geriatric syndromes, on the other hand, refer to multifactorial health conditions and occur when the accumulated effects of impairments in multiple systems make an older person vulnerable to situational changes. The use of the term "syndrome" in geriatrics emphasizes the multiple causes of a single manifestation involving an abundance of factors involving multiple organs and systems and is characterized by unique features of common health problems in older adults. It is the geriatric syndromes that can have a significant impact on quality of life and disability. Therefore, early detection of these medical conditions using targeted geriatric assessment is essential in geriatrics. Understanding the essence and feminology of geriatric syndromes, their correct positioning and interpretation is an extremely urgent problem. The main purpose of the presented review is precisely to try to answer these questions. In addition, it has not yet been determined whether geriatric syndromes should be included in the diagnosis (the only exception is sarcopenia syndrome, which was officially included in the 10th International Classification of Diseases in 2016).
Topics: Humans; Aged; Terminology as Topic; Geriatric Assessment; Syndrome; Quality of Life; Geriatrics; Sarcopenia; Aging
PubMed: 38944774
DOI: No ID Found -
Vaccine Jun 2024Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an acute and highly infectious RNA virus known for its immunosuppressive capabilities, chiefly inflicting rapid damage to the...
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an acute and highly infectious RNA virus known for its immunosuppressive capabilities, chiefly inflicting rapid damage to the bursa of Fabricius (BF) of chickens. Current clinical control of IBDV infection relies on vaccination. However, the emergence of novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) has posed a threat to the poultry industry across the globe, underscoring the great demand for innovative and effective vaccines. Our previous studies have highlighted the critical role of IBDV VP5 as an apoptosis-inducer in host cells. In this study, we engineered IBDV mutants via a reverse genetic system to introduce amino acid mutations in VP5. We found that the mutant IBDV-VP5/3m strain caused reduced host cell mortality, and that strategic mutations in VP5 reduced IBDV replication early after infection, thereby delaying cell death. Furthermore, inoculation of chickens with IBDV-VP5/3m effectively reduced damage to BF and induced neutralizing antibody production comparable to that of parental IBDV WT strain. Importantly, vaccination with IBDV-VP5/3m protected chickens against challenges with nVarIBDV, an emerging IBDV variant strain in China, reducing nVarIBDV loads in BF while alleviating bursal atrophy and splenomegaly, suggesting that IBDV-VP5/3m might serve as a novel vaccine candidate that could be further developed as an effective vaccine for clinical control of IBD. This study provides a new clue to the development of novel and effective vaccines.
PubMed: 38944579
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.048 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Jun 2024The degree of atrophy and fatty infiltration of rotator cuff muscle belly is a key predictor for cuff repairability. Traditionally, Goutallier grading of fatty...
Medial Scapular Body (MSB) Goutallier Classification - MRI based reliability and validity of evaluation of the Goutallier classification for grading fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff.
INTRODUCTION
The degree of atrophy and fatty infiltration of rotator cuff muscle belly is a key predictor for cuff repairability. Traditionally, Goutallier grading of fatty infiltration is assessed at sagittal scapular Y-view. Massive rotator cuff tears are associated with tendon retraction and medial retraction of cuff musculature, resulting in medialization of the muscle bulk. Thus, standard Y-view can misrepresent the region of interest and may misguide clinicians when assessing repairability. It is hypothesized that by assessing the muscle belly with multiple medial sagittal MRI sections at medial scapular body, the Medial Scapular Body - Goutallier Classification (MSB-GC) will improve reliability and repeatability giving a more representative approximation to the degree of fatty infiltration, as compared with original Y-view.
METHODS
Fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles were classified based on the Goutallier grade (0 to 4) at three defined sections section 1: original Y-view; section 2: level of suprascapular notch; section 3: three cm medial to suprascapular notch on MRI scans. Six sub-specialist fellowship trained shoulder surgeons, and three musculoskeletal radiologists independently evaluated deidentified MRI scans of included patients.
RESULTS
Out of 80 scans, 78% (n=62) were massive cuff tears involving supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis tendon. Inter-observer reliability (consistency between observers) for Goutallier grade was excellent for all three predefined sections (range:0.87-0.95). Intra-observer reliability (repeatability) for Goutallier grade was excellent for all three sections and four rotator cuff muscles (range:0.83-0.97). There was a moderate to strong positive correlation of Goutallier grades between sections 1 and 3 and between sections 2 and 3 and these were statistically significant (p<0.001). There was a reduction in the severity of fatty infiltration on the Goutallier classification from sections 1 to 3 across all muscles. 42.5% of both supraspinatus and infraspinatus were downgraded by one, 20% of supraspinatus and 3.8% of infraspinatus were downgraded by 2 and 2.5% of supraspinatus were downgraded by 3.
CONCLUSION
This study found that applying the Goutallier classification to more medial MRI sections (MSB-GC) resulted in assignment of lower grades for all rotator cuff muscles. Additionally, this method demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability and repeatability. Inclusion of a more medial view or whole scapula on MRI, especially in advanced levels of tear retraction, could be more reliable and representative for assessment of the degree of fatty infiltration within the muscle bulk that could help predict tear repairability and therefore improve clinical decision-making which should be studied further in clinical studies.
PubMed: 38944373
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.05.013 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jun 2024The discovery that metabolic alterations often coexist with neurodegenerative conditions has sparked interest in the examination of metabolic regulatory factors as...
The discovery that metabolic alterations often coexist with neurodegenerative conditions has sparked interest in the examination of metabolic regulatory factors as potential modulators of brain health. Here, we examined the role of adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and IL6) and insulin on different markers of brain atrophy in participants on the spectrum of Alzheimer's Disease. We included 566 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset with 1063 follow-up time points (average follow-up: one year); and examined the association between metabolic regulatory factors and volumetric MRI values, white matter hyperintensities, and measures of cognitive impairment. Higher leptin, resistin, IL6, and insulin were associated with markers of cerebral atrophy, such as lower total brain volume, or higher ventricular volume. Higher leptin and resistin were also associated with greater impairment in daily life activities. Higher adiponectin was associated with lower ventricle volume. There was no association between adipokines or insulin with white matter hyperintensities. Our findings indicate a co-occurrence between alterations in metabolic regulatory factors and in brain volume along the preclinical to clinical spectrum of Alzheimer's Disease. These results suggest that strategies aimed at promoting metabolic health may positively impact brain health.
PubMed: 38944333
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111077 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2024The association between the total macular burden of hyperreflective foci (HRF) in eyes with intermediate AMD (iAMD) and the onset of persistent choroidal...
PURPOSE
The association between the total macular burden of hyperreflective foci (HRF) in eyes with intermediate AMD (iAMD) and the onset of persistent choroidal hypertransmission defects (hyperTDs) was studied using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).
DESIGN
Post hoc subgroup analysis of a prospective study.
METHODS
A retrospective review of iAMD eyes from subjects enrolled in a prospective SS-OCT study was performed. All eyes underwent 6×6 mm SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA) imaging at baseline and follow-up visits. En face sub-retinal pigment epithelium (subRPE) slabs with segmentation boundaries positioned 64-400 µm beneath Bruch's membrane (BM) were used to identify persistent choroidal hyperTDs. None of the eyes had persistent hyperTDs at baseline. The same subRPE slab was used to identify choroidal hypotransmission defects (hypoTDs) attributable to HRF located either intraretinally (iHRF) or along the RPE (rpeHRF) based on corresponding B-scans. A semiautomated algorithm was used by two independent graders to validate and refine the HRF outlines. The HRF area and the drusen volume within a 5mm fovea-centered circle were measured at each visit.
RESULTS
The median follow-up time for the 171 eyes from 121 patients included in this study was 59.1 months (95%CI: 52.0-67.8 months). Of these, 149 eyes (87%) had HRF, and 82 (48%) developed at least one persistent hyperTD during the follow-up. Although univariable Cox regression analyses showed that both drusen volume and total HRF area were associated with the onset of the first persistent hyperTD, multivariable analysis showed that the area of total HRF was the sole significant predictor for the onset of hyperTDs (P<0.001). ROC analysis identified an HRF area ≥ 0.07 mm² to predict the onset of persistent hyperTDs within one year with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.661 (0.570-0.753), corresponding to a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 74% (P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The total macular burden of HRF, which includes both the HRF along the RPE and within the retina, is an important predictor of disease progression from iAMD to the onset of persistent hyperTDs and should serve as a key OCT biomarker to select iAMD patients at high-risk for disease progression in future clinical trials.
PubMed: 38944135
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.06.023