-
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020Studies on human and mouse gastrointestinal microbiota have correlated the composition of the microbiota to a variety of diseases, as well as proved it vital to prevent...
Studies on human and mouse gastrointestinal microbiota have correlated the composition of the microbiota to a variety of diseases, as well as proved it vital to prevent colonization with resistant bacteria, a phenomenon known as colonization resistance. Antibiotics dramatically modify the gut community and there are examples of how antibiotic usage lead to colonization with resistant bacteria [e.g., dicloxacillin usage selecting for ESBL-producing carriage], as shown by Hertz et al. Here, we investigated the impact of five antibiotics [cefotaxime, cefuroxime, dicloxacillin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin] on the intestinal microbiota in mice. Five different antibiotics were each given to groups of five mice. The intestinal microbiotas were profiled by use of the IS-pro analysis; a 16S-23S rDNA interspace [IS]-region-based profiling method. For the mice receiving dicloxacillin and clindamycin, we observed dramatic shifts in dominating phyla from day 1 to day 5. Of note, diversity increased, but overall bacterial load decreased. For ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime there were few overall changes. We speculate that antibiotics with efficacy against the abundant anaerobes in the gut, particularly Bacteroidetes, can in fact be selected for resistant bacteria, disregarding the spectrum of activity.
PubMed: 32316518
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040191 -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2020An 85-year-old man with a background of transfusion-dependent chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and chronic kidney disease stage III presented with symptomatic anaemia,...
An 85-year-old man with a background of transfusion-dependent chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and chronic kidney disease stage III presented with symptomatic anaemia, acute kidney injury, sepsis and high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA). Initial treatment with intravenous antibiotics and blood transfusion was complicated by transfusion-associated circulatory overload, necessitating diuresis and non-invasive ventilation. Despite gradual clinical improvement, the patient's HAGMA persisted, and no cause was identified on urine testing or renal ultrasound. As the patient was on long-term dicloxacillin for infective endocarditis prophylaxis and regular paracetamol, pyroglutamic acidosis (PGA) (5-oxoproline acidosis) was considered. This was later confirmed with elevated serum levels, and the HAGMA resolved following cessation of these medications. Although considered an uncommon cause of HAGMA, PGA is likely also under-recognised, and to our knowledge, this may be the second reported case in the context of dicloxacillin.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Dicloxacillin; Endocarditis; Humans; Male
PubMed: 32273269
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233306 -
Efficient detection and assessment of human exposure to trace antibiotic residues in drinking water.Water Research May 2020Human exposure to antibiotic residues in drinking water has not been well evaluated. This study is the first attempt to simultaneously and efficiently identify and...
Human exposure to antibiotic residues in drinking water has not been well evaluated. This study is the first attempt to simultaneously and efficiently identify and quantify 92 antibiotic residues in filtered tap water (multistage filtration at the tap) (n = 36) collected from 10 areas of a large city in southern China, 10 Chinese brands of bottled/barreled water (n = 30) and six foreign brands of bottled water (n = 18) obtained from the Chinese market. The average and median concentrations of all the detected antibiotic compounds was 182 and 92 ng/L in filtered tap water, 180 and 105 ng/L in Chinese brands of bottled/barreled water, and 666 and 146 ng/L in foreign brands of bottled water, respectively. A total of 58 antibiotics were detected in the filtered tap water, and 45 and 36 antibiotics were detected in the Chinese and foreign brands of bottled water, respectively. More types of antibiotics were detected in Chinese brands of bottled water than in the other bottled waters. In addition, Chinese waters had high roxithromycin concentrations, while the foreign brands of bottled water had high concentrations of dicloxacillin. The average and median values of the estimated overall daily intake of all the detected antibiotics were 4.3 and 2.3 ng/kg/day when only filtered tap water was drunk, 4.0 and 2.5 ng/kg/day when Chinese brands of bottled water was drunk, and 16.0 and 4.9 ng/kg/day when foreign brands of bottled water was drunk. Further study is needed to develop a more comprehensive estimation of human exposure to antibiotic residues in the environment and a more in-depth understanding of the potential hazard of ingested antibiotic residues to the human microbiome.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Cities; Drinking Water; Humans
PubMed: 32200333
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115699 -
Clinical Case Reports Mar 2020Photoinduced acute exanthematous pustulosis is a rare condition; only few cases of photo-AEP have been described previously with drugs such as norfloxacin,...
Photoinduced acute exanthematous pustulosis is a rare condition; only few cases of photo-AEP have been described previously with drugs such as norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin. In this case, the reaction is seen after intake of dicloxacillin.
PubMed: 32185054
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2681 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jul 2020
Topics: Anticoagulants; Atrial Fibrillation; Brain Ischemia; Dicloxacillin; Embolism; Floxacillin; Heart Valves; Humans; Ischemic Stroke; Stroke; Warfarin
PubMed: 32080844
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1813 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Jan 2020Simultaneous infection in tuberculosis (TB) is rare. The mixed infection between Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) and M. tuberculosis (MTB) has not been reported in...
BACKGROUND
Simultaneous infection in tuberculosis (TB) is rare. The mixed infection between Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) and M. tuberculosis (MTB) has not been reported in children. The aim of this report was to describe a pediatric case with a pulmonary abscess caused by the duality SAG-MTB co-infection.
CASE PRESENTATION
An 11-year-old boy with an acute onset of throbbing pain of two-day evolution located in the anterior chest wall. The patient reported a history of fever, cough and rhinorrhea during the last seven days. An anterior chest radiography revealed a heterogenic opacity at the lower right lobe while the lateral projection showed an obliteration at the anterior diaphragmatic insertion. Parenteral Ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg/day) and Dicloxacillin (200 mg/kg/day) was started. The abscess was subsequently drained and analyzed. After a year of follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic.
CONCLUSION
This case represents the first reported case of pulmonary co-infection involving MTB and SAG in an immunocompetent pediatric patient.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Coinfection; Drainage; Humans; Immunocompetence; Lung Abscess; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pleural Effusion; Radiography, Thoracic; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus anginosus; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 31914982
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-1044-y -
Bioorganic Chemistry Jan 2020A series of eight new flavone derivatives containing a piperazine chain with different substitution were synthesized and their structures were determined.
BACKGROUND
A series of eight new flavone derivatives containing a piperazine chain with different substitution were synthesized and their structures were determined.
METHODS
Their antiradical and antioxidant activities were evaluated using superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate) radical cation (ABTS) scavenging (as measure total antioxidant status TAS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (TAC), and hydrogen peroxide decomposition. The antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were compared with standard antioxidants trolox, ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as positive controls, reference antibiotics (doxycycline, dicloxacillin), and medicinal plants (Menthae piperita, Cistus incanus). Chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in conjunction with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) as the spin trap were the measurement techniques.
RESULTS
The results show that the synthesized compounds exhibit weak, albeit a wide spectrum of antiradical and antioxidant activities. The TAS values were measured as trolox equivalents, ranging from 209.6 ± 6.1 to 391.1 ± 8.2 µM TE/g; the TAC values were in ranges from 10.8 ± 0.5 to 49.5 ± 0.5 µM TE/g being higher than that of dicloxacillin (241.0 ± 16.5 and 9.73 ± 0.8 µM TE/g, respectively), but lower than ascorbic acid, BHT, doxycycline, and medicinal plants. Best antioxidant activities were found for the piperazinyl analogues with methoxy group on phenyl piperazine ring.
CONCLUSION
We suggest that the synthesized compounds may be used as lead molecules for optimization of molecular structure to maximize the antioxidant potency.
Topics: Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavones; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Piperazine; Structure-Activity Relationship; Superoxides
PubMed: 31884144
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103513 -
Archives of Dermatological Research May 2020Erythroderma can occur in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) prevalence is increased in CTCL patients and contributes to CTCL disease...
Erythroderma can occur in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) prevalence is increased in CTCL patients and contributes to CTCL disease flares. Our primary aim was to describe S. aureus infections, including resistance patterns and the antibiotic treatment regimens used, in erythrodermic CTCL patients. This was a retrospective chart review of erythrodermic CTCL patients who had S. aureus infection or colonization and were treated at the UT MD Anderson Cancer Center's Melanoma Skin Center between 2012 and 2016. Twenty-six erythrodermic CTCL patients had 50 documented S. aureus colonization or infection events. Patients had an improvement in body surface area (BSA) or modified Severity Weighted Assessment Tool (mSWAT) in 53% events treated for S. aureus. Seventeen of the 50 (34%) events were due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). One-third (33%) of MRSA events were initially treated with dicloxacillin. The MRSA isolates were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (92%) and doxycycline (88%). Patients treated in the outpatient setting (OR 0.073; 95% CI 0.008-0.627; p = 0.017) and patients with a previous history of topical anti-S. aureus decolonization treatments before S. aureus event as stand-alone (OR 0.125; 95% CI 0.018-0.887; p = 0.038) or in combination treatment with systemic antibiotics (OR 0.094; 95% CI 0.009-0.944; p = 0.045) were less likely to see improvement in BSA or mSWAT from S. aureus treatment. Treatment of S. aureus improved CTCL skin score in a high number of erythrodermic patients. The MRSA prevalence was high in erythrodermic CTCL patients. Clinicians should consider using empiric MRSA antibiotic coverage for these patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Female; Humans; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Skin Infections
PubMed: 31776647
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-02015-7 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Jan 2020In the present research, the application of a polypyrrole coating on FeO magnetic nanoparticles (PPy/FeO MNPs) as a sorbent was confirmed. The synthesized magnetic...
Magnetic solid-phase extraction of four β-lactams using polypyrrole-coated magnetic nanoparticles from water samples by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography analysis.
In the present research, the application of a polypyrrole coating on FeO magnetic nanoparticles (PPy/FeO MNPs) as a sorbent was confirmed. The synthesized magnetic composites were characterized by TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD. Four β-lactams (oxacillin (OXA), cloxacillin (CLOX), dicloxacillin (DIC), and flucloxacillin (FLU)) were selected as analytes for the experiment. The extracted β-lactams were determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography-diode array detector (MEKC-DAD). The crucial parameters influencing the extraction efficiency and separation were studied and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection are 1.0 µg L for OXA, CLOX, FLU, and 0.8 µg L for DIC. The calibration curves are linear in the range of 2.5-200.0 µg L. The proposed method was applied for the determination of the β-lactams in water samples with satisfactory results. The intra-day relative standard deviations and the inter-day relative standard deviations range from 1.09% to 4.58% and from 2.95% to 7.80%, respectively. It can be concluded that this method is sensitive, convenient, and feasible for the determination of the β-lactams in water samples.
Topics: Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; Limit of Detection; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Polymers; Pyrroles; Reproducibility of Results; Solid Phase Extraction; Water; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 31564564
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460541 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Mar 2020The antibiotics dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin induce cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of warfarin. We explored the influence of these drug-drug interactions on... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The antibiotics dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin induce cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of warfarin. We explored the influence of these drug-drug interactions on the clinical effectiveness of warfarin therapy due to atrial fibrillation or heart valve replacement. Using the population-based Danish registers, we performed a propensity-score matched cohort study including around 50,000 episodes of dicloxacillin/flucloxacillin matched to phenoxymethylpenicillin and to no antibiotic, respectively. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by comparing 21-day (days 7-28) risks of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism (SE) following initiation of each exposure. When compared with phenoxymethylpenicillin, dicloxacillin/flucloxacillin was associated with an HR of ischemic stroke/SE of 2.09 (95% CI 1.51-2.90; strongest for dicloxacillin (HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.56-3.02)). Use of an untreated comparator strengthened the association (HR 2.84; 95% CI 1.97-4.09). Dicloxacillin should be used with caution in patients receiving warfarin. This may also apply to flucloxacillin; however, more data on the risks associated with flucloxacillin exposure during warfarin therapy are needed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticoagulants; Atrial Fibrillation; Brain Ischemia; Cohort Studies; Dicloxacillin; Drug Interactions; Embolism; Female; Floxacillin; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin V; Registries; Stroke; Warfarin; Young Adult
PubMed: 31563140
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1662