-
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024In this study, our primary aim was to explore the genomic landscape of Barka cattle, a breed recognized for high milk production in a semi-arid environment, by focusing...
In this study, our primary aim was to explore the genomic landscape of Barka cattle, a breed recognized for high milk production in a semi-arid environment, by focusing on genes with known roles in milk production traits. We employed genome-wide analysis and three selective sweep detection methods (, ratio, and ) to identify candidate genes associated with milk production and composition traits. Notably, , , and were consistently identified by all methods. Functional annotation highlighted their roles in crucial biological processes such as fatty acid metabolism, mammary gland development, and milk protein synthesis. These findings contribute to understanding the genetic basis of milk production in Barka cattle, presenting opportunities for enhancing dairy cattle production in tropical climates. Further validation through genome-wide association studies and transcriptomic analyses is essential to fully exploit these candidate genes for selective breeding and genetic improvement in tropical dairy cattle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Genome-Wide Association Study; Milk; Female; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Quantitative Trait Loci; Lactation; Genome; Phenotype
PubMed: 38892330
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116142 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2024Cow's milk and dairy products are the primary sources of OBCFAs, which have beneficial health properties. The goal of this study was to identify the factors that... (Review)
Review
Cow's milk and dairy products are the primary sources of OBCFAs, which have beneficial health properties. The goal of this study was to identify the factors that influence the content of OBCFAs in cow's milk and to indicate which OBCFAs can serve as biomarkers for fermentation processes. The content of OBCFAs in milk depends on the species of ruminants, with studies showing that this varies between 3.33% (in goat's milk) and 5.02% (in buffalo's milk). These differences also stem from the animals' energy balance, lactation phases, forage-to-concentrate ratio, and the presence of bioactive compounds in feeds, as well as management practices and environmental conditions. The OBCFAs in milk fat mainly come from rumen bacteria, but can also be synthesized de novo in the mammary gland, making them potentially useful noninvasive indicators of rumen fermentation. The concentration of BCFA is lower in colostrum and transitional milk than in full lactation milk. The proportions of total OBCFAs are higher in first- and second-parity cows. The most effective predictors of the biohydrogenation of fatty acids in the rumen are likely C18:2 -9, -11, -C16:0, and -C13:0. OBCFAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for rumen function, because their synthesis depends on specific bacteria. Strong predictors of subclinical ruminal acidosis include -C14:0, -C13:0, and C15:0. The concentration of ∑ OBCFA >C16 in milk is associated with fat mobilization and serves as a significant marker of the energy balance in cows.
PubMed: 38891752
DOI: 10.3390/ani14111706 -
Cells May 2024Subcutaneous adipocytes are crucial for mammary gland epithelial development during pregnancy. Our and others' previous data have suggested that adipo-epithelial...
Subcutaneous adipocytes are crucial for mammary gland epithelial development during pregnancy. Our and others' previous data have suggested that adipo-epithelial transdifferentiation could play a key role in the mammary gland alveolar development. In this study, we tested whether adipo-epithelial transdifferentiation occurs in vitro. Data show that, under appropriate co-culture conditions with mammary epithelial organoids (MEOs), mature adipocytes lose their phenotype and acquire an epithelial one. Interestingly, even in the absence of MEOs, extracellular matrix and diffusible growth factors are able to promote adipo-epithelial transdifferentiation. Gene and protein expression studies indicate that transdifferentiating adipocytes exhibit some characteristics of milk-secreting alveolar glands, including significantly higher expression of milk proteins such as whey acidic protein and β-casein. Similar data were also obtained in cultured human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell adipocytes. A miRNA sequencing experiment on the supernatant highlighted mir200c, which has a well-established role in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition, as a potential player in this phenomenon. Collectively, our data show that adipo-epithelial transdifferentiation can be reproduced in in vitro models where this phenomenon can be investigated at the molecular level.
Topics: Cell Transdifferentiation; Humans; Female; Adipocytes; Epithelial Cells; Animals; MicroRNAs; Mammary Glands, Animal; Organoids; Coculture Techniques; Mice; Models, Biological
PubMed: 38891075
DOI: 10.3390/cells13110943 -
Nature Communications Jun 2024In many cancers, a stem-like cell subpopulation mediates tumor initiation, dissemination and drug resistance. Here, we report that cancer stem cell (CSC) abundance is...
In many cancers, a stem-like cell subpopulation mediates tumor initiation, dissemination and drug resistance. Here, we report that cancer stem cell (CSC) abundance is transcriptionally regulated by C-terminally phosphorylated p27 (p27pT157pT198). Mechanistically, this arises through p27 co-recruitment with STAT3/CBP to gene regulators of CSC self-renewal including MYC, the Notch ligand JAG1, and ANGPTL4. p27pTpT/STAT3 also recruits a SIN3A/HDAC1 complex to co-repress the Pyk2 inhibitor, PTPN12. Pyk2, in turn, activates STAT3, creating a feed-forward loop increasing stem-like properties in vitro and tumor-initiating stem cells in vivo. The p27-activated gene profile is over-represented in STAT3 activated human breast cancers. Furthermore, mammary transgenic expression of phosphomimetic, cyclin-CDK-binding defective p27 (p27CK-DD) increases mammary duct branching morphogenesis, yielding hyperplasia and microinvasive cancers that can metastasize to liver, further supporting a role for p27pTpT in CSC expansion. Thus, p27pTpT interacts with STAT3, driving transcriptional programs governing stem cell expansion or maintenance in normal and cancer tissues.
Topics: Neoplastic Stem Cells; Humans; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; Animals; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Female; Phosphorylation; Breast Neoplasms; Hyperplasia; Mice; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Cell Self Renewal; Cell Line, Tumor; Mammary Glands, Animal; Jagged-1 Protein
PubMed: 38886396
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48742-y -
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and... Jun 2024Mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a relatively rare, low-grade tumor affecting the salivary glands. We report a 62-year-old female who was diagnosed with MASC...
Mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a relatively rare, low-grade tumor affecting the salivary glands. We report a 62-year-old female who was diagnosed with MASC of the left parotid gland and underwent left Total conservative parotidectomy with condylectomy and reconstruction with right anterolateral free flap and left facial nerve (frontal branch) reconstruction with a cable graft. As there is no standard treatment protocol developed for the management of MASC, this report focuses on the various management options that have been followed to date.
PubMed: 38883468
DOI: 10.1007/s12070-024-04540-y -
Cureus May 2024Secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland (SCSG) is a rare head and neck tumor in adults and exceptional at the pediatric age. Its varied histological subtypes and...
Secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland (SCSG) is a rare head and neck tumor in adults and exceptional at the pediatric age. Its varied histological subtypes and distinct clinical presentation pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Therefore, standardized guidelines are of utmost importance for the care of these patients, especially in children. Here we present an 11-year-old male presented with a left cheek mass initially diagnosed as lipoma. A wide resection was performed and SCSG was revealed in the histopathologic and immunohistochemistry analysis. The presentation of this case provides valuable information on the diagnostic and therapeutic complexities of SCSG. It emphasizes the need for standardized guidelines and further research to optimize pediatric patient outcomes. Overall, this case report is a crucial resource for clinicians and researchers, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and early intervention in managing SCSG.
PubMed: 38883019
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60355 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in the mammary gland of dairy cows suffering from ketosis. Prohibitin 2 (PHB2) plays a crucial role in regulating...
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in the mammary gland of dairy cows suffering from ketosis. Prohibitin 2 (PHB2) plays a crucial role in regulating mitophagy, which clears impaired mitochondria to maintain normal mitochondrial function. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate how PHB2 mediates mitophagy, thereby influencing mitochondrial function in the bovine mammary epithelial cell MAC-T. First, mammary gland tissue and blood samples were collected from healthy cows (control; n = 15, BHB <0.6 mM) and cows with clinical ketosis (CK; n = 15, BHB >3.0 mM). Compared with the control group, the CK group exhibited lower dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, milk protein, milk lactose, and serum glucose. In contrast, milk fat, serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and BHB were greater in CK group. The protein abundance of PHB2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), mitofusin 2 (MFN2) in whole cell lysates (WCL), as well as PHB2, sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also called p62), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II), and ubiquitinated proteins in mitochondrial fraction were significantly lower in the CK group. ATP content of mammary gland tissue in CK group was lower than that of healthy cows. Second, MAC-T were cultured and treated with NEFA (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mM). MAC-T treated with 1.2 mM NEFA displayed decreased protein abundance of PHB2, PGC-1α, MFN2 in WCL, as well as protein abundance of PHB2, p62, LC3-II, and ubiquitinated proteins in mitochondrial fraction. The content of ATP and JC-1 aggregates in 1.2 mM NEFA group were lower than in the 0 mM NEFA group. Additionally, 1.2 mM NEFA disrupted the fusion between mitochondria and lysosomes. MAC-T were then pretreated with 100 nM rapamycin, followed by treatment with or without NEFA. Rapamycin alleviated impaired mitophagy and mitochondria dysfunction induced by 1.2 mM NEFA. Third, MAC-T were transfected with small interfering RNA to silence PHB2 or a plasmid for overexpression of PHB2, followed by treatment with or without NEFA. The silencing of PHB2 aggravated 1.2 mM NEFA induced impaired mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas the overexpression of PHB2 alleviated these effects. Overall, this study provides evidence that PHB2, in regulation of mitophagy, is a mechanism for bovine mammary epithelial cells to counteract NEFA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
PubMed: 38876225
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24800 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024Nutritional strategies that improve an animal's resilience to various challenges may improve animal health and welfare. One such nutrient is niacin which has reduced...
Nutritional strategies that improve an animal's resilience to various challenges may improve animal health and welfare. One such nutrient is niacin which has reduced inflammation in mice, humans, and swine; however, niacin's anti-inflammatory effects have not been investigated in cattle. Our objective was to determine whether rumen-protected niacin (RPN) alters lactating dairy cows' inflammatory response to intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges, whether RPN resulted in any carry-over effects, and whether repeated LPS challenges result in signs of immune tolerance or innate immune training. Twenty healthy, late-lactation Holstein cows (232 ± 65 d in milk; 39 ± 5.8 kg/d of milk) were enrolled in a randomized complete block experiment which lasted 70 d. Cows received 26 g/d of RPN or no top-dress (CON) for the first 42 d of the experiment. During the final milking of d 27 and 55, cows were challenged in their rear-right mammary gland (RR) with 100 µg of LPS suspended in 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline. Milk yield, milk conductivity, and feed intake were measured daily. Milk composition was measured on d 14, 23, 24, 30, 37, 45, and 52. Blood samples were collected at 0, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after each LPS challenge, whereas RR quarter milk samples were collected at 0, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after each LPS challenge. Body temperature was measured continuously during each challenge with an intravaginal thermometer. Linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to analyze the results. Before LPS challenge, RPN did not affect feed intake or milk production, but it reduced SCS (1.24 ± 0.41 vs. 0.05 ± 0.45). After challenge, RPN did not affect feed intake, milk production, milk composition, SCS, body temperature, plasma glucose, or plasma insulin concentrations. Our results suggest RPN reduced peak plasma haptoglobin and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) during the 1st LPS challenge. Plasma haptoglobin tended to be less after the 2nd challenge for cows previously supplemented RPN while LBP was similar for each treatment group after the 2nd challenge. The 2nd LPS challenge resulted in decreased plasma haptoglobin compared with the 1st LPS challenge, suggestive of tolerance but it also induced a greater peak SCS than the 1st LPS challenge. Our results suggest that repeated LPS challenges promote a systemic tolerance but heightened local response to LPS-induced mastitis. Feeding RPN reduced SCS before challenge and reduced plasma acute phase proteins after challenge suggesting that RPN may reduce systemic inflammation without altering the local inflammatory responses.
PubMed: 38876216
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24974 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Jun 2024Prunella vulgaris L., a medicinal and edible homologous plant, is often used to treat conditions such as breast hyperplasia, thyroid enlargement and lymphatic...
The anti-hyperplasia effect of polysaccharide from Prunella vulgaris L. on mammary gland hyperplasia in rats through regulation of the AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathway and intestinal flora.
BACKGROUND
Prunella vulgaris L., a medicinal and edible homologous plant, is often used to treat conditions such as breast hyperplasia, thyroid enlargement and lymphatic tuberculosis. Research has demonstrated that it is particularly effective in the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia (MGH). However, the material basis and mechanism of its efficacy are still unclear.
RESULTS
Our results showed that in rats with MGH, polysaccharide from Prunella vulgaris L. (PVP) led to a reduction in the levels of estradiol, prolactin and malondialdehyde, while simultaneously increasing the concentrations of progesterone (P), superoxide dismutase (SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT) in the serum. In addition, results obtained from 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that PVP had the capacity to increase the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in MGH rats, as well as modify the structure of the microbiota. Correlation analysis revealed that the levels of P, SOD, MnSOD and CAT were positively associated with Allobaculum, Romboutsia, Faecalibaculum and Clostridium, while negatively correlated with Turicibacter.
CONCLUSIONS
The mechanism of PVP in treating MGH might be through inhibiting the phosphorylation of the AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathway and then activating the expression of downstream antioxidant enzymes, such as MnSOD and CAT. At the same time, PVP could restore intestinal flora homeostasis in rats with MGH by regulating the flora changes of Allobaculum, Romboutsia, Clostridium and Faecalibaculum, thereby reducing oxidative stress in rats with MGH. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
PubMed: 38872513
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13652 -
Annales D'endocrinologie Jun 2024Adipose tissue is highly plastic, as illustrated mainly by the transdifferentiation of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes, depending on environmental conditions.... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue is highly plastic, as illustrated mainly by the transdifferentiation of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes, depending on environmental conditions. However, during gestation and lactation in rodent, there is an amazing phenomenon of transformation of subcutaneous adipose tissue into mammary glandular tissue, known as pink adipose tissue, capable of synthesizing and secreting milk. Recent work using transgenic lineage-tracing experiments, mainly carried out in Saverio Cinti's team, has demonstrated very convincingly that this process does indeed correspond to a transdifferentiation of white adipocytes into mammary alveolar cells (pink adipocytes) during gestation and lactation. This phenomenon is reversible, since during the post-lactation phase, pink adipocytes revert to the white adipocyte phenotype. The molecular mechanisms underlying this reversible transdifferentiation remain poorly understood.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Female; Adipose Tissue; Lactation; Pregnancy; Cell Transdifferentiation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Adipocytes, White; Cell Plasticity; Mammary Glands, Human; Adipocytes
PubMed: 38871512
DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.05.004