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Veterinary Immunology and... Jun 2024Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland affecting milk production and quality in dairy herds, is often associated with Staphylococcus spp. in goats. Neutrophils...
Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland affecting milk production and quality in dairy herds, is often associated with Staphylococcus spp. in goats. Neutrophils are crucial in combating infections by migrating into milk and deploying various defense strategies, including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of DNA, histones, and bactericidal proteins. This study investigated whether NETs are released by goat neutrophils stimulated in vitro by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus warneri, two common pathogens of goat mastitis. PMNs were isolated from blood from healthy adult goats. We evaluated goat NET formation by stimulating cells with: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) as a positive control, cytochalasin for inhibition of actin polymerization, S. aureus, and S. warneri. NET formation was observed in response to chemical stimulation and bacterial presence, effectively trapping pathogens. Variations in NET formation between S. aureus and S. warneri suggest pathogen-specific responses. These findings suggest that the formation of NETs may be an important complementary mechanism in the defense against mastitis in goats. In conclusion, this study unveils a novel defense mechanism in goats, indicating the role of NETs against S. aureus and S. warneri in mastitis.
PubMed: 38943998
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110793 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jun 2024Rhapontici Radix ethanol extract (RRE) is derived from the dried root of Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC belonging to the Asteraceae family. RRE exhibits significant...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Rhapontici Radix ethanol extract (RRE) is derived from the dried root of Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC belonging to the Asteraceae family. RRE exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, the potential of RRE in mastitis treatment requires further investigation.
AIM OF THIS STUDY
This research was performed to examine the protective properties of RRE against mastitis and the mechanisms underlying the effects of RRE.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RRE components were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS and DPPH methods. Isochlorogenic acid B (ICAB) was obtained commercially. MTT assay was utilized to assess RRE or ICAB cytotoxicity in bovine mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cells. Immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the pathological alterations in mammary tissue. The protein levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators were analyzed using ELISA, and the expression of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, as well as p65 nuclear translocation, were analyzed through Western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques, respectively. Target proteins of RRE were screened by RNA-seq and tandem mass tag analyses. Protein interaction was revealed and confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation and CRISPR/Cas9-based knockdown and overexpression of target genes.
RESULTS
ICAB was revealed as one of the main components in RRE, and it was responsible for 84.33% of RRE radical scavenging activity. Both RRE and ICAB mitigated the infiltration of T lymphocytes in the mammary glands of mice, leading to decreased levels of inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and iNOS) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MAC-T cells. Furthermore, RRE and ICAB suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor and p65, thereby impeding p65 nuclear translocation in mouse mammary glands and MAC-T cells. In addition, RRE and ICAB attenuated the LPS-triggered activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, p38, and extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2. Importantly, co-treated with LPS and ICAB in MAC-T cells, an upregulation of G-protein coupled receptor 161 (GPR161) and transmembrane protein 59 (TMEM59) was observed; the interact between TMEM59 and was found, leading to inhibition of NF-κB activity and inflammatory cytokine production.
CONCLUSION
ICAB is a prominent antioxidant in RRE. RRE and ICAB reduce mammary inflammation via MAPK and NF-κB pathways and the interaction between TMEM59 and GPR161 mediates the control of ICAB in NF-κB signaling.
PubMed: 38942158
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118462 -
Annals of Agricultural and... Jun 2024Correlations between the number of milk somatic cells (SCC), the number of microorganisms, and the content of basic components of milk were studied on five farms (F1-F5)...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Correlations between the number of milk somatic cells (SCC), the number of microorganisms, and the content of basic components of milk were studied on five farms (F1-F5) with cows of the same breed, but with different milking systems.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
From each farm, 50 Holstein Friesien milk samples were collected once a month (250 samples/month; n=3,000) during March 2022 - February 2023. Samples from farms F1 and F5 were tested for fat, protein, lactose, no fat dry matter content (FTIR spectroscopy), for the SCC (Fossomatic 7), and for the differential cells (Vetscan DC-Q).
RESULTS
The highest fat content was confirmed on farm F5 (3.85 ± 1.70%) and F4 (3.82 ± 0.21%) with automatic milking system (AMS). However, from the point of view of protein content, these farms showed slightly lower values (<0.05). F1 did not meet the minimum required amount for fat content (2.84 ± 0.81%) set by the legislation of the Slovakia. The comparison shows that there is not much difference in cell size between healthy cells and mastitis cells. The average size of healthy cells was approximately 8.77 ± 0.49 μm. In the monitored period, the average values determined were at the level of 292,000/mL (5.46 ± 0.72 log10 SCC) in cow milk samples, while for the rest of the year, the values remained at 256,000/mL (5.40 ± 0.80 log10 SCC). F1 was categorized as a positive farm with a high TLC (total milk leucocyte count) concentration (5.58 log10 cells/mL, 406.65 ± 53.80 × 10 cells/mL) and a predominant NEU fraction (61%). Farms F2, F4, and F5 were classified as negative farms (TLC was 4.70 ± 0.26 log10 cells/ml).
CONCLUSIONS
According to the results, the size of SCCs in healthy milk does not differ from SCCs found in mastitis milk. From the results, it can be concluded that the transition to the latest generation of robotic milking method can positively affect milk production and its quality.
Topics: Animals; Milk; Dairying; Female; Cell Count; Cattle; Lactose; Slovakia; Milk Proteins; Lactation
PubMed: 38940103
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/187170 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2024
PubMed: 38938920
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S482116 -
Open Veterinary Journal May 2024Beta-glucan (β-glucan) is a polysaccharide containing β-glycosidic bonds that is an important structure part of different yeast cells.
BACKGROUND
Beta-glucan (β-glucan) is a polysaccharide containing β-glycosidic bonds that is an important structure part of different yeast cells.
AIM
The purpose of the study is to characterize β-glucan obtained from isolated from caprine mastitis
METHODS
The β-glucan was extracted by using utilizing an Alkaline-acidic extraction technique. The dry weight of extracted β-glucan was 7.47/150 g with 4.98%.
RESULTS
The findings demonstrated that the extracted β-glucan had similarity in the primary peak 5.78 of liquid samples using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography when compared to the standard form of β-glucan. However, scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that the standard of β-glucan was distinct in morphology but similar to β-glucan isolated from in terms of particle sizes in the range of 1.60-2.65 m and the lack of cell wall traces. The findings of an investigation using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) of extracted and standard β-glucan, showed the principal elements discovered were carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), nickel (Ni), and gold (Au) were also present, but in less amounts.
CONCLUSION
The extracted β-glucan displayed a high degree of similarity and purity to the standard β-glucan, according to the findings of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) research.
Topics: Animals; Goats; beta-Glucans; Candida albicans; Female; Goat Diseases; Mastitis; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
PubMed: 38938423
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i5.22 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Jun 2024
PubMed: 38937237
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.06.001 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2024Subclinical mastitis is a common and economically significant disease that affects dairy sheep production. Thermal imaging presents a promising avenue for non-invasive...
Subclinical mastitis is a common and economically significant disease that affects dairy sheep production. Thermal imaging presents a promising avenue for non-invasive detection, but existing methodologies often rely on simplistic temperature differentials, potentially leading to inaccurate assessments. This study proposes an advanced algorithmic approach integrating thermal imaging processing with statistical texture analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Our method achieves a high classification accuracy of 84% using the support vector machines (SVM) algorithm. Furthermore, we introduce another commonly employed evaluation metric, correlating thermal images with commercial California mastitis test (CMT) results after establishing threshold conditions on statistical features, yielding a sensitivity (the true positive rate) of 80% and a specificity (the true negative rate) of 92.5%. The evaluation metrics underscore the efficacy of our approach in detecting subclinical mastitis in dairy sheep, offering a robust tool for improved management practices.
PubMed: 38929416
DOI: 10.3390/ani14121797 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Jun 2024
Correction: Determination of antimicrobial and modulatory activity of bacterial resistance by nettle (Cnidoscolus urens) extracts in multiresistant bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis.
PubMed: 38926316
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01428-5 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jun 2024Phytochemicals isolated from essential oils are effective alternatives for inhibiting microbial pathogens. Bovine protothecal mastitis is the cause of a reduction in...
Phytochemicals isolated from essential oils are effective alternatives for inhibiting microbial pathogens. Bovine protothecal mastitis is the cause of a reduction in milk production and the secretion of thin, watery milk with white flakes. In the present study, we performed in vitro susceptibility testing of the phytochemicals carvacrol, citral, and thymol in Prototheca strains isolated from cases of protothecosis in small animals and cow feces. The susceptibility of the algae to carvacrol, citral, and thymol was assessed using the modified CLSI M27-A3 broth microdilution method. The ranges of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC%) of the phytochemicals in all isolates were 0.03% to 0.125% for carvacrol, 0.03% to 0.25% for citral, and 0.06% to 0.25% for thymol. Based on these results, carvacrol, citral, and thymol appear effective against Prototheca species at the tested concentrations, and may thus be useful for environmental disinfection in barns.
PubMed: 38925982
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0032 -
Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan... 2024We hypothesized that teats with a teat apex score (TAS) of 4 on a 4-point scale would exhibit elevated levels of denatured collagen compared with teats with lower TAS....
We hypothesized that teats with a teat apex score (TAS) of 4 on a 4-point scale would exhibit elevated levels of denatured collagen compared with teats with lower TAS. We procured keratin layer and smooth muscle samples from Holsteins with TAS ranging from 1 to 4, as well as from crossbred heifers (Japanese Black male and Holstein female) with TAS of 1. Teats with a TAS of 4 demonstrated increased total collagen content, higher amounts of type I collagen (the harder, thicker variant), and reduced amounts of type III collagen (the softer, thinner variant) compared with teats with lower TAS. Teats with TAS of 3 and 4 exhibited evidence of damaged collagen in smooth muscle layers compared with teats with TAS of 1. Additionally, we identified 47-kDa heat shock protein-positive fibroblasts in the smooth muscles of teats with TAS of 3 and 4. Therefore, the smooth muscle of teats with a TAS of 4 exhibited increased amounts of denatured collagen in comparison to teats with lower TAS.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Muscle, Smooth; Collagen; Keratins; Mammary Glands, Animal; Protein Denaturation; Male; Collagen Type I; Fibroblasts; Collagen Type III
PubMed: 38923230
DOI: 10.1111/asj.13969