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Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie Jul 2024
Topics: Humans; Dysphonia; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Injections, Intramuscular; Pain Perception; Female; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38955148
DOI: 10.1055/a-2226-0626 -
PloS One 2024This study looked at a classical truth logic of multi-propositions that is new in some ways: [1] Alethic modalities were mixed with logical consistency and...
This study looked at a classical truth logic of multi-propositions that is new in some ways: [1] Alethic modalities were mixed with logical consistency and incompatibility in a single plate form, i.e., necessary consistency (NC), possible consistency (PC)/ possible incompatibility (PI) and impossible incompatibility (IPI); [2] multi-propositions were judged by individuals as either NC, PC/PI, or IPI; [3] Four quantifiers; All (∀), No (∼∀), Some (∃), and Some Not (∼∃) of four propositional modes and three shapes ([Formula: see text], ▱ and [Formula: see text]) are used to evaluate predictions; and [4] it inspired by multi-propositional of dual-process theories (DPTs) of deduction and modal syllogistic of multi-propositions, from which logicians have derived general hypotheses. HP 1- Individuals will more likely to endorse inferences as PC/PI rather than NC. HP 2: It's easier to calculate that inference has PC/ PI if it has also NC. Generally, logicians predict more endorsing PC for NC than for PI proposition. HP 3: It's easier to calculate that inference is not NC if it is also not PC. Generally, logicians predict more PI than IPI proposition endorses as NC. A modal syllogistic as a classical truth logic is presented by multi-propositions (two premises and one inference), each one from four modes has quantifiers such as universal quantifiers and existential quantifier; ∀, ∼∀, ∃, and ∼ ∃. They were evaluated by a single-mental model (Experiment I) and a multi-mental model (Experiment II). Logicians applied the immediate inference task (IIT), evaluation task (ET), and production task (PT) to evaluate three experiments. The results of the experiments suggested that students mostly endorsed PC/PI inferences over NC inferences. Even when logicians divided PC/PI separately as PC and PI, individuals endorsed PC most likely as compared to NC, and PI than IPI. Logicians also highlighted fallacies that were continuously resisted and endorsed when students were asked to judge multi-propositions that had NC. The purpose of this experimental study is to present a glimpse of students' endorsement of multi-propositions and explain that each individual has a different working memory and intelligence.
Topics: Logic; Humans; Female; Male; Adult; Young Adult
PubMed: 38954730
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299741 -
PloS One 2024The modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (mBBM) model is utilized in the optical illusion field to describe the propagation of long waves in a nonlinear dispersive medium...
The modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (mBBM) model is utilized in the optical illusion field to describe the propagation of long waves in a nonlinear dispersive medium during a visual illusion (Khater 2021). This article investigates the mBBM equation through the utilization of the rational [Formula: see text]-expansion technique to derive new analytical wave solutions. The analytical solutions we have obtained comprise hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational functions. Some of these exact solutions closely align with previously published results in specific cases, affirming the validity of our other solutions. To provide insights into diverse wave propagation characteristics, we have conducted an in-depth analysis of these solutions using 2D, 3D, and density plots. We also investigated the effects of various parameters on the characteristics of the obtained wave solutions of the model. Moreover, we employed the techniques of linear stability to perform stability analysis of the considered model. Additionally, we have explored the stability of the associated dynamical system through the application of phase plane theory. This study also demonstrates the efficacy and capabilities of the rational [Formula: see text]-expansion approach in analyzing and extracting soliton solutions from nonlinear partial differential equations.
Topics: Models, Theoretical; Humans; Optical Illusions; Nonlinear Dynamics; Algorithms
PubMed: 38954709
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306196 -
PloS One 2024Auditory-verbal hallucinatory experiences (AVH) have a 12% prevalence in the general pediatric population. Literature reports a higher risk of developing AVH in... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Relationship between social cognition and emotional markers and acoustic-verbal hallucination in youth with post-traumatic stress disorder: Protocol for a prospective, 2-year, longitudinal case-control study.
INTRODUCTION
Auditory-verbal hallucinatory experiences (AVH) have a 12% prevalence in the general pediatric population. Literature reports a higher risk of developing AVH in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The persistence of AVHs during adolescence represents a risk of evolution into psychotic disorders. Social cognition and emotional markers could be considered prodromes markers of this evolution. The objectives of this prospective observational study are to observe social cognition and emotional markers correlation with the presence and persistence of AVH over two years and with the evolution of PTSD and psychotic diagnosis.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
This prospective case-control study, longitudinal over two years (with an interim reassessment at six months and one year), will include 40 participants aged 8 to 16 years old with a diagnosis of PTSD and without a diagnosis of psychosis according to the criteria of DSM-5 (K-SADS-PL). Subjects included are divided into two groups with AVH and without AVH matched by gender, age and diagnosis. The primary outcome measure will be the correlation between social cognition and emotional makers and the presence of AVH in the PTSD pediatric population without psychotic disorders. The social cognition marker is assessed with the NEPSY II test. The emotional marker is assessed with the Differential Emotion Scale IV and the Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire. The secondary outcome measures are the correlation of these markers with the persistence of AVH and the evolution of the patient's initial diagnosis two years later.
DISCUSSION
The originality of our protocol is to explore the potential progression to psychosis from PTSD by cognitive biases. This study supports the hypothesis of connections between PTSD and AVH through sensory, emotional and cognitive biases. It proposes a continuum model from PTSD to psychotic disorder due to impaired perception like AVH.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03356028.
Topics: Humans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Adolescent; Child; Case-Control Studies; Male; Female; Prospective Studies; Longitudinal Studies; Emotions; Hallucinations; Social Cognition; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 38954699
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306338 -
PloS One 2024The Precautionary Approach to Fisheries Management requires an assessment of the impact of uncertainty on the risk of achieving management objectives. However, the main...
The Precautionary Approach to Fisheries Management requires an assessment of the impact of uncertainty on the risk of achieving management objectives. However, the main quantities, such as spawning stock biomass (SSB) and fish mortality (F), used in management metrics cannot be directly observed. This requires the use of models to provide guidance, for which there are three paradigms: the best assessment, model ensemble, and Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE). It is important to validate the models used to provide advice. In this study, we demonstrate how stock assessment models can be validated using a diagnostic toolbox, with a specific focus on prediction skill. Prediction skill measures the precision of a predicted value, which is unknown to the model, in relation to its observed value. By evaluating the accuracy of model predictions against observed data, prediction skill establishes an objective framework for accepting or rejecting model hypotheses, as well as for assigning weights to models within an ensemble. Our analysis uncovers the limitations of traditional stock assessment methods. Through the quantification of uncertainties and the integration of multiple models, our objective is to improve the reliability of management advice considering the complex interplay of factors that influence the dynamics of fish stocks.
Topics: Fisheries; Animals; Fishes; Uncertainty; Biomass; Models, Theoretical; Conservation of Natural Resources; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 38954695
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302576 -
Science Signaling Jul 2024Opioids trigger myelin insulation of reward circuit axons in a feedforward loop of addiction.
Opioids trigger myelin insulation of reward circuit axons in a feedforward loop of addiction.
Topics: Humans; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Axons; Myelin Sheath; Reward; Opioid-Related Disorders
PubMed: 38954639
DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adr3505 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Jul 2024Dermatologists routinely see patients with inflammatory skin conditions and aesthetic concerns that involve substantial psychological comorbidity. However, most... (Review)
Review
Dermatologists routinely see patients with inflammatory skin conditions and aesthetic concerns that involve substantial psychological comorbidity. However, most dermatologists do not receive formal training in this area, and many are unsure how to best help treat certain patients holistically. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common and distressing psychiatric condition that disproportionately impacts dermatology patients, including patients living with chronic inflammatory skin conditions such as acne and atopic dermatitis. BDD is characterized by preoccupation with nonexistent or minimally noticeable flaws in physical appearance that cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Adolescent populations may be particularly vulnerable to clinically significant body image dissatisfaction, including BDD, due to the high prevalence of acne and the pervasive role of social media platforms. The rise of social media may exacerbate body image issues through repetitive exposure to idealized and often unrealistic beauty standards. Though screening questionnaires can assist dermatologists in recognizing BDD, dermatologists must collaborate with mental health providers to provide comprehensive care to vulnerable patients, including adolescents.J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(7):545-550. doi:10.36849/JDD.8156.
Topics: Humans; Body Dysmorphic Disorders; Adolescent; Body Image; Acne Vulgaris; Body Dissatisfaction; Dermatology; Social Media; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatologists
PubMed: 38954625
DOI: 10.36849/JDD.8156 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 2024How does the brain process the faces of familiar people? Neuropsychological studies have argued for an area of the temporal pole (TP) linking faces with person...
How does the brain process the faces of familiar people? Neuropsychological studies have argued for an area of the temporal pole (TP) linking faces with person identities, but magnetic susceptibility artifacts in this region have hampered its study with fMRI. Using data acquisition and analysis methods optimized to overcome this artifact, we identify a familiar face response in TP, reliably observed in individual brains. This area responds strongly to visual images of familiar faces over unfamiliar faces, objects, and scenes. However, TP did not just respond to images of faces, but also to a variety of high-level social cognitive tasks, including semantic, episodic, and theory of mind tasks. The response profile of TP contrasted with a nearby region of the perirhinal cortex that responded specifically to faces, but not to social cognition tasks. TP was functionally connected with a distributed network in the association cortex associated with social cognition, while PR was functionally connected with face-preferring areas of the ventral visual cortex. This work identifies a missing link in the human face processing system that specifically processes familiar faces, and is well placed to integrate visual information about faces with higher-order conceptual information about other people. The results suggest that separate streams for person and face processing reach anterior temporal areas positioned at the top of the cortical hierarchy.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Temporal Lobe; Male; Female; Adult; Facial Recognition; Brain Mapping; Recognition, Psychology; Face; Young Adult; Pattern Recognition, Visual
PubMed: 38954551
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321346121 -
ELife Jul 2024Perceiving biological motion (BM) is crucial for human survival and social interaction. Many studies have reported impaired BM perception in autism spectrum disorder,...
Perceiving biological motion (BM) is crucial for human survival and social interaction. Many studies have reported impaired BM perception in autism spectrum disorder, which is characterised by deficits in social interaction. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit similar difficulties in social interaction. However, few studies have investigated BM perception in children with ADHD. Here, we compared differences in the ability to process local kinematic and global configurational cues, two fundamental abilities of BM perception, between typically developing and ADHD children. We further investigated the relationship between BM perception and social interaction skills measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale and examined the contributions of latent factors (e.g. sex, age, attention, and intelligence) to BM perception. The results revealed that children with ADHD exhibited atypical BM perception. Local and global BM processing showed distinct features. Local BM processing ability was related to social interaction skills, whereas global BM processing ability significantly improved with age. Critically, general BM perception (i.e. both local and global BM processing) may be affected by sustained attentional ability in children with ADHD. This relationship was primarily mediated by reasoning intelligence. These findings elucidate atypical BM perception in ADHD and the latent factors related to BM perception. Moreover, this study provides new evidence that BM perception is a hallmark of social cognition and advances our understanding of the potential roles of local and global processing in BM perception and social cognitive disorders.
Topics: Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Male; Female; Motion Perception; Social Interaction; Adolescent; Attention
PubMed: 38954462
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.90313 -
Neuroscience Bulletin Jul 2024The CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as MCP-1) and its cognate receptor CCR2 have well-characterized roles in chemotaxis. CCL2 has been previously shown to...
The CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as MCP-1) and its cognate receptor CCR2 have well-characterized roles in chemotaxis. CCL2 has been previously shown to promote excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this process remains largely unclear. In cultured hippocampal neurons, CCL2 application rapidly upregulated surface expression of GluA1, in a CCR2-dependent manner, assayed using SEP-GluA1 live imaging, surface GluA1 antibody staining, and electrophysiology. Using pharmacology and reporter assays, we further showed that CCL2 upregulated surface GluA1 expression primarily via Gα- and CaMKII-dependent signaling. Consistently, using i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide to induce neuroinflammation, we found upregulated phosphorylation of S831 and S845 sites on AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 in the hippocampus, an effect blocked in Ccr2 mice. Together, these results provide a mechanism through which CCL2, and other secreted molecules that signal through G-protein coupled receptors, can directly regulate synaptic transmission.
PubMed: 38954270
DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01236-9