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Medical and Veterinary Entomology Jun 2024Some dipteran flies play an important role in the transmission of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and metazoan parasites in humans and other...
Some dipteran flies play an important role in the transmission of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and metazoan parasites in humans and other animals. Despite this importance, knowledge of the prevalence and molecular characteristics of some pathogens in flies is limited, and no data are available for Türkiye. In this study, we investigated the possible vector role of muscid fly species for the transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Desportes (Chytridiopsida: Enterocytozoonidae), Encephalitozoon spp., Coxiella burnetii Derrick (Legionellales: Coxiellaceae) and Thelazia spp. using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. The flies were trapped in different animal-related places and surroundings from two different geographical regions of Türkiye including Central Anatolia and Middle Black Sea. According to the morphological keys, 850 (85%), 141 (14.1%) and 6 (0.6%) of the total of 1000 fly specimens identified as Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) and Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae), respectively. The other species including Haematobia irritans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), Muscina stabulans Fallén (Diptera: Muscidae) and Hydrotaea ignava Harris (Diptera: Muscidae) were each represented by a single specimen. Screening of the pathogens identified E. bieneusi only in M. domestica with a prevalence of 2.4%. Sequence analyses identified three known genotypes, Type IV, BEB6 and BEB8, and one novel genotype named AEUEb of E. bieneusi in M. domestica. Coxiella burnetii was detected in M. domestica and S. calcitrans with prevalences of 2.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The one specimen of H. ignava was also positive for C. burnetii. Encephalitozoon spp. and Thelazia spp. were not found in the examined specimens. Our results contribute to the current knowledge on the vector potential of muscid flies and their possible role in the transmission dynamics of certain pathogens, especially in regions where diseases are prevalent and affect public and animal health.
PubMed: 38864653
DOI: 10.1111/mve.12734 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... May 2024Microsporidia are single-celled intracellular parasites that cause opportunistic diseases in humans. is a prevalent human-infecting species that invades the small...
Microsporidia are single-celled intracellular parasites that cause opportunistic diseases in humans. is a prevalent human-infecting species that invades the small intestine. Dissemination to other organ systems is also observed, and is potentially facilitated by macrophages. The macrophage response to infection and the developmental trajectory of the parasite are not well studied. Here we use single cell RNA sequencing to investigate transcriptional changes in both the host and parasite during infection. While a small population of infected macrophages mount a response, most remain transcriptionally unchanged, suggesting that the majority of parasites may avoid host detection. The parasite transcriptome reveals large transcriptional changes throughout the life cycle, providing a blueprint for parasite development. The stealthy microsporidian lifestyle likely allows these parasites to harness macrophages for replication and dissemination. Together, our data provide insights into the host response in primary human macrophages and the developmental program.
PubMed: 38853846
DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596468 -
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Jun 2024The genus Vairimorpha was proposed for several species of Nosema in 1976 (Pilley, 1976), almost 70 years after Nosema apis Zander (Zander, 1909). Tokarev and colleagues...
The genus Vairimorpha was proposed for several species of Nosema in 1976 (Pilley, 1976), almost 70 years after Nosema apis Zander (Zander, 1909). Tokarev and colleagues proposed the redefinition of 17 microsporidian species in four genera, Nosema, Vairimorpha, Rugispora, and Oligosporidium, based on phylogenetic trees of two genetic markers (SSU rRNA and RPB1) (Tokarev et al., 2020). Several issues should invalidate this new classification, leading to the synonymization of Vairimorpha within Nosema.
PubMed: 38852837
DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108146 -
Parasitology Research Jun 2024Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common cause of human microsporidiosis and can infect a variety of animal hosts worldwide. In Thailand, previous studies have shown that...
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common cause of human microsporidiosis and can infect a variety of animal hosts worldwide. In Thailand, previous studies have shown that this parasite is common in domestic animals. However, information on the prevalence and genotypes of this parasite in other synanthropic wildlife, including bats, remains limited. Several pathogens have been previously detected in bats, suggesting that bats may serve as a reservoir for this parasite. In this study, a total of 105 bat guano samples were collected from six different sites throughout Thailand. Of these, 16 from Chonburi (eastern), Ratchaburi (western), and Chiang Rai (northern) provinces tested positive for E. bieneusi, representing an overall prevalence of 15.2%. Based on ITS1 sequence analysis, 12 genotypes were identified, including two known genotypes (D and type IV) frequently detected in humans and ten novel potentially zoonotic genotypes (TBAT01-TBAT10), all belonging to zoonotic group 1. Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei), commonly found in Southeast Asia, was identified as the host in one sample that was also positive for E. bieneusi. Network analysis of E. bieneusi sequences detected in this study and those previously reported in Thailand also revealed intraspecific divergence and recent population expansion, possibly due to adaptive evolution associated with host range expansion. Our data revealed, for the first time, multiple E. bieneusi genotypes of zoonotic significance circulating in Thai bats and demonstrated that bat guano fertilizer may be a vehicle for disease transmission.
Topics: Chiroptera; Animals; Thailand; Enterocytozoon; Genotype; Microsporidiosis; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Humans; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Zoonoses; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; DNA, Fungal
PubMed: 38850488
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08253-7 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Jun 2024sp. F41 is a potent insecticidal metabolite producing actinomycetes isolated from the topsoil, and the complete genome sequence was determined. The genome consists of...
sp. F41 is a potent insecticidal metabolite producing actinomycetes isolated from the topsoil, and the complete genome sequence was determined. The genome consists of 8,343,496 bp, with 7,221 genes and a GC content of 71.84%.
PubMed: 38842340
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00306-24 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2024Gene editing techniques are widely and effectively used for the control of pathogens, but it is difficult to directly edit the genes of Microsporidia due to its unique...
Gene editing techniques are widely and effectively used for the control of pathogens, but it is difficult to directly edit the genes of Microsporidia due to its unique spore wall structure. Innovative technologies and methods are urgently needed to break through this limitation of microsporidia therapies. Here, we establish a microsporidia-inducible gene editing system through core components of microsporidia secreted proteins, which could edit target genes after infection with microsporidia. We identified that NB29 is a secretory protein and found to interact with itself. The NB29-N3, which lacked the nuclear localization signal, was localized in the cytoplasm, and could be tracked into the nucleus after interacting with NB29-B. Furthermore, the gene editing system was constructed with the Cas9 protein expressed in fusion with the NB29-N3. The system could edit the exogenous gene and the endogenous gene after overexpression of NB29 or infection with .
Topics: Nosema; Animals; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Fungal Proteins; Gene Editing
PubMed: 38817125
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08647 -
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms May 2024A novel microsporidium was observed in wild swamp guppies Micropoecilia picta from Levera Pond within Levera National Park Grenada, West Indies. Initial observations...
A novel microsporidium was observed in wild swamp guppies Micropoecilia picta from Levera Pond within Levera National Park Grenada, West Indies. Initial observations indicated similarity with Pseudoloma neurophilia, an important pathogen in zebrafish Danio rerio. P. neurophilia exhibit broad host specifity, including members of the family Poecillidae, and both parasites infect the central nervous system. However, spore morphology and molecular phylogeny based on rDNA showed that the swamp guppy microsporidium (SGM) is distinct from P. neurophilia and related microsporidia (Microsporidium cerebralis and M. luceopercae). Spores of the SGM were smaller than others in the clade (3.6 µm long). Differences were also noted in histology; the SGM formed large aggregates of spores within neural tissues along with a high incidence of numerous smaller aggregates and single spores within the surface tissue along the ventricular spaces that extended submeninx, whereas P. neurophilia and M. cerebralis infect deep into the neuropile and cause associated lesions. Analysis of small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences showed that the SGM was <93% similar to these related microsporidia. Nevertheless, one of 2 commonly used PCR tests for P. neurophilia cross reacted with tissues infected with SGM. These data suggest that there could be other related microsporidia capable of infecting zebrafish and other laboratory fishes that are not being detected by these highly specific assays. Consequently, exclusive use of these PCR tests may not accurately diagnose other related microsporidia infecting animals in laboratory and ornamental fish facilities.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Microsporidia; Microsporidiosis; Phylogeny; Poecilia; Grenada
PubMed: 38813854
DOI: 10.3354/dao03789 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024The genus harbors opportunistic pathogenic species, among which is pathogenic for honeybees although little studied. Recently, virulent strains of colonizing the...
The genus harbors opportunistic pathogenic species, among which is pathogenic for honeybees although little studied. Recently, virulent strains of colonizing the mite's mouth were found vectored into the honeybee body, leading to septicemia and death. also occurs as an opportunistic pathogen in the honeybee's gut with a low absolute abundance. The population seems controlled by the host immune system, but its presence may represent a hidden threat, ready to arise when honeybees are weakened by biotic and abiotic stressors. To shed light on the pathogen, this research aims at studying 's development dynamics in the honeybee body and its interactions with the co-occurring fungal pathogen . Firstly, the degree of pathogenicity and the ability to permeate the gut epithelial barrier of three strains, isolated from honeybees and belonging to different species (, , and ), were assessed by artificial inoculation of newborn honeybees with different doses (10, 10, and 10 cells/mL). The absolute abundance of in the gut and in the hemocoel was assessed in qPCR with primers targeting the gene. Moreover, the absolute abundance of was assessed in the gut of honeybees infected with at different development stages and supplied with beneficial microorganisms and fumagillin. Our results showed that all tested strains could pass through the gut epithelial barrier and proliferate in the hemocoel, with being the most pathogenic. Moreover, under cage conditions, better proliferates when a infection is co-occurring, with a positive and significant correlation. Finally, fumagillin and some of the tested beneficial microorganisms could control both and development. Our findings suggest a correlation between the two pathogens under laboratory conditions, a co-occurring infection that should be taken into consideration by researches when testing antimicrobial compounds active against , and the related honeybees survival rate. Moreover, our findings suggest a positive control of by the environmental microorganism in a in vivo model, confirming the potential of this specie as beneficial bacteria for honeybees.
Topics: Animals; Bees; Serratia; Nosema; Serratia marcescens; Gastrointestinal Tract; Serratia Infections; Cyclohexanes; Serratia liquefaciens; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Sesquiterpenes
PubMed: 38808063
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1323157 -
Microorganisms May 2024Multiple microbial detections in stool samples of indigenous individuals suffering from chronic gastroenteric disorder of a likely infectious origin, characterized by...
Collider Bias Assessment in Colombian Indigenous Wiwa and Kogui Populations with Chronic Gastroenteric Disorder of Likely Infectious Etiology Suggests Complex Microbial Interactions Rather Than Clear Assignments of Etiological Relevance.
Multiple microbial detections in stool samples of indigenous individuals suffering from chronic gastroenteric disorder of a likely infectious origin, characterized by recurring diarrhea of variable intensity, in the rural north-east of Colombia are common findings, making the assignment of etiological relevance to individual pathogens challenging. In a population of 773 indigenous people from either the tribe Wiwa or Kogui, collider bias analysis was conducted comprising 32 assessed microorganisms including 10 bacteria ( spp., spp., enteroaggregative (EAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), spp., Shiga toxin-producing (STEC), spp./enteroinvasive (EIEC), and spp.), 11 protozoa ( spp., spp., spp., , , /// complex, , , , and ), 8 helminths ( spp., , spp., , spp., spp., spp. and spp.), microsporidia ( spp.) and fungal elements (microscopically observed conidia and pseudoconidia). The main results indicated that negative associations potentially pointing towards collider bias were infrequent events (n = 14), while positive associations indicating increased likelihood of co-occurrence of microorganisms quantitatively dominated (n = 88). Microorganisms showing the most frequent negative associations were EPEC (n = 6) and spp. (n = 3), while positive associations were most common for spp. (n = 16), (n = 15), spp./EIEC (n = 12), spp. (n = 11) and spp. (n = 10). Of note, positive associations quantitively dominated for spp. In conclusion, collider bias assessment did not allow clear-cut assignment of etiological relevance for detected enteric microorganisms within the assessed Colombian indigenous population. Instead, the results suggested complex microbial interactions with potential summative effects. Future studies applying alternative biostatistical approaches should be considered to further delineate respective interactions.
PubMed: 38792799
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050970 -
Microorganisms Apr 2024spp. and Microsporidia are opportunistic microorganisms with remarkable zoonotic transmission potential due to their capacity to infect humans and animals. The aim of...
spp. and Microsporidia are opportunistic microorganisms with remarkable zoonotic transmission potential due to their capacity to infect humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of these microorganisms in stool samples of animal and human origin. In total, 369 stool samples (205 from human patients with diarrhea and 164 of animal origin) were included in the study. spp. and Microsporidia presence were determined by using multiplex nested PCR. Positive results were analyzed by using Sanger sequencing of the amplicon, utilizing BLASTN and ClustalX software to confirm identification. spp. were found in 0.97% and 4.26% of human and animal samples, respectively. was detected in human and animal stools in 6.82% and 3.05% of the samples, respectively. No associations were found when analyzing the presence of spp. and and the demographic and clinical variables of patients and animals. This study demonstrates the presence of these microorganisms in human and animal samples from different species, and the most interesting findings are the detection of spp. in pets (e.g., rodents) that are not usually included in this type of study, and the identification of in patients with diarrhea without underlying disease.
PubMed: 38792745
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050918